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Topic: Cryptanalysis of the Enigma

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	Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
		Enigma, and most rotor designs, had a fundamental flaw: the rightmost rotor would rotate a set number of places before the next would rotate (26 in the initial version).
		Enigma had an additional fundamental weakness: the machine had the property that a letter would never be encrypted to itself.
		However, when the German Navy began using Enigma in the mid-1920s, decryption of their messages was impossible in practice, as it was also when the German Army began to use a slightly different version in the early 1930's.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/c/cr/cryptanalysis_of_the_enigma.html (1887 words)

	Lesson 0.8: Cracking the Enigma Machine
		However, machines like the Enigma required more advanced mathematical theory and the Polish were the first to realise the necessity for mathematicians.
		Knowing the plugboard settings would be important for recovering the plaintext, but for this part of the cryptanalysis, one of the components that was relied upon for enhancing security was irrelevant.
		The Enigma intercepts came to be known by the codename ULTRA and while they were perhaps not directly responsible for winning the war as sometimes credited, the information provided by the Bletchley Park cryptanalysts certainly shortened the war and saved many lives.
	math.usask.ca /encryption/lessons/lesson00/page8.html (1179 words)

	Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
		Enigma is the name of a family of ciphering machines made famous by their use in World War II and the successful analysis of the cipher by Allied codebreakers.
		Enigma, and the rotor machines generally, were just what was needed since they were seriously polyalphabetic, using a different substitution alphabet for each letter of plaintext, and automatic, requiring no extraordinary abilities from their users.
		The effort which broke the German military Enigma more or less began in 1929 when the Poles intercepted an Enigma machine being shipped from Berlin to Warsaw which was mistakenly not protected as diplomatic baggage.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma (3110 words)

	Cryptology
		The cryptanalysis of single-key cryptosystems depends on one simple fact - that some traces of the original structure of the plaintext may be visible in the ciphertext.
		Cryptanalysis of public key ciphers is therefore virtually indistinguishable from research into any other area of mathematics.
		The first was the theoretical reconstruction of the Enigma cipher device itself including the internal wiring and the interdependence between different components of the machine.
	www.ridex.co.uk /cryptology (10089 words)

	Enigma machine Summary
		The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services of a number of nations (countries) — most famously by Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
		For a message to be correctly encrypted and decrypted, both sender and receiver have to set up their Enigma in the same way; the rotor selection and order, the starting position and the plugboard connections need to be identical; these settings have to be agreed on beforehand, and were distributed in codebooks.
		Enigma I is also known as the Wehrmacht, or Services Enigma, and was used extensively by the German military services and other government organisations, both prior to and during World War II.
	www.bookrags.com /Enigma_machine (6915 words)

	The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma
		Enigma cryptographers had a choice of how many different cables could be inserted (from zero to thirteen) and which letters were connected.
		The third variable component of Enigma was the initial rotational position of the three rotors containing the wired discs.
		Since the fourth rotor had no ratchets and the Enigma had no fourth stepping lever, the fourth rotor did not move; once the Enigma operator had set the initial rotational position by hand, it remained constant for the duration of the message.
	www.nsa.gov /publications/publi00004.cfm (3887 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Enigma was designed to defeat basic cryptanalysis techniques by continually changing the substitution alphabet.
		The two "Enigma doubles" were shipped to Paris, whence Gustave Bertrand brought one to London for the British, turning it over at Victoria Station, as he was to recall in his Enigma, to Stewart Menzies of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service.
		The first capture of Enigma material occurred in February 1940, when rotors VI and VII, the wiring of which was at that time unknown, were captured from the crew of U-33.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma (3460 words)

	Cryptanalysis of the Enigma . 1920s . Bletchley Park . Warsaw . Jerzy Rozycki . 1930s . Unterseeboot 110 . U-boat . ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In general, unsteckered Enigma could be attacked using hand methods, while breaking versions with a plugboard was more involved, and often required the use of machines.
		The Enigma machine had a number of properties that proved very useful to cryptanalysts.
		Firstly, a letter could never be encrypted to itself with the exception of the early models A and B, which lacked a reflector.
	www.uk.fraquisanto.net /Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma (545 words)

	Cryptanalysis of the Enigma . World War II . Ultra . World War I . William F. Friedman . Jerzy Rozycki . Henryk ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Enigma machine was widely thought to be unbreakable in practice in the 1920s, when a variant of the commercial Model D was first used by the Kriegsmarine German Navy.
		The Heer German Army, Navy, Luftwaffe Air Force, Nazi party, Gestapo, and German diplomats all used Enigma machines, but there were several variants eg, the Abwehr used a four-rotor machine without a plugboard, and Naval Enigma used different key management than the Army or Air Force, making its traffic far more difficult to cryptanalyze.
		Różycki was a civilian cryptologist with the Poland Polish Biuro Szyfrów Cipher Bureau from September 1, 1932, together with fellow Poznan University Poznań University mathematics alumni and Cipher Bureau cryptology-course graduates Marian Rejewski and Henryk Zygalski.
	www.uk.knowledge-info.org /Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma-UK-7515775-fn (1249 words)

	Enigma on Flickr - Photo Sharing!
		The plugboard, keyboard, lamps and finger-wheels of the rotors emerging from the inner lid of a three-rotor German military Enigma machine (version with labels)In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages.
		The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services of a number of nations — most famously by Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
		Although the Enigma cipher has cryptographic weaknesses, in practice it was only in combination with other significant factors (mistakes by operators, procedural flaws, an occasional captured machine or codebook) that Allied codebreakers were able to decipher messages.
	www.flickr.com /photos/83025347@N00/364688715 (337 words)

	What is cryptanalysis? - a definition from Whatis.com
		- Cryptanalysis refers to the study of ciphers, ciphertext, or cryptosystems (that is, to secret code systems) with a view to finding weaknesses in them that will permit retrieval of the plaintext from the ciphertext, without necessarily knowing the key or the algorithm.
		However, successful cryptanalysis has made the enormous resources often devoted to it more than worthwhile: the breaking of the German Enigma code during WWII, for example, was one of the key factors in an early Allied victory.
		Today, cryptanalysis is practiced by a broad range of organizations: governments try to break other governments' diplomatic and military transmissions; companies developing security products send them to cryptanalysts to test their security features and to a hacker or cracker to try to break the security of Web sites by finding weaknesses in the securing protocols.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci214432,00.html (960 words)

	Cryptanalysis of the Enigma - Art History Online Reference and Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Enigma, like other rotor machines, was designed to defeat these basic cryptanalysis techniques by continually changing the substitution alphabet.
		Enigma generated a long sequence of substitution alphabets, different for any given set and ordering of rotors.
		James J Gillogly, "Ciphertext-only Cryptanalysis of Enigma," Cryptologia, 19 (4), 1995, pp.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma (2998 words)

	Pocket Enigma®: The revised Review
		The Enigma was probably the most famous cipher machine and was widely used by the Germans.
		The Pocket Enigma® is like a one-rotor Enigma machine in a compact disk case.
		Cryptanalysis of an unknown rotor : A slightly harder case presents itself when an unknown rotor is used.
	home.egge.net /~savory/pocket_enigma.htm (2106 words)

	Letter from Erskin
		In wartime, the maximum length of a naval Enigma signal was supposed to be 80 groups (320 letters) (para.
		But if he was relying instead on Hut 3's summaries of German signals, there would appear to be nothing to indicate that any of the German forces broke the relevant prohibition in the various cipher regulations as often, or as seriously, as his article suggests.
		Since the point is of considerable historical importance, it would therefore be interesting to know on which specific files in the DEFE 3 series the 1943 signals to which he refers are to be found, and whether their contents relate to the German navy, army, or air force.
	members.fortunecity.com /jpeschel/erskin.htm (966 words)

	Solving the Enigma - History of the Cryptanalytic Bombe
		Certainly the Germans’ faith in the Enigma was not unfounded because of the astronomical mathematical possibilities.
		It was, then, the offensive use of radio intelligence, the increased number and perfected technique and teamwork of carrier task groups, and the greater effectiveness through the improved radar and extended ranges of land-based [aircraft] that accounted for the destruction of the German refueling fleet in the year beginning in June 1943.
		The mechanical portion of the unit consists of 16 Enigma equivalents consisting of a set of 4 spindles and brush holders on which cross-wired wheels are loaded by hand.
	www.nsa.gov /publications/publi00016.cfm (12382 words)

	The Enigma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1974, the British government permitted the disclosure of the story of the decipherment of the German Enigma cipher machine in World War II.
		And it also meant that quite a number of unique cryptanalytic techniques were developed for the Enigma which were specific to it.
		In comparison, CORAL, although a more difficult target, would still be approached with almost the same techniques as would be used against a Hebern rotor machine, with the exception that the unrelated nature of the alphabets provided by a stepping switch increased the amount of text required for applying those techniques.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/ro0204.htm (337 words)

	Recommended Cryptography Books: Cryptanalysis Section
		It's a shame this book is out of print, because it's packed with cryptanalysis source code.
		Poe introduced the public to letter frequency cryptanalysis when the short story "The Gold-Bug" was first published in 1843.
		Chapters 2 through 4 are provide a very good (but fast paced) treatment on cryptography and cryptanalysis.
	www.youdzone.com /cryptobooks_Cryptanalysis.html (900 words)

	Cryptanalysis of the Enigma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When the number of rotors in the rotor set was increased to five from three, the British took over from the Poles, and relied mainly on the perforated sheets.
		When the rotor starting position for an individual message was enciphered only once, the Turing Bombe, soon augmented by the diagonal board, allowed decrypting Enigma messages to continue.
		This was dealt with by aligning messages to find key overlaps; from this, and a study of the indicators, constraints on the possible rotor orders were found, allowing the Bombe to still be used.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/ro020405.htm (451 words)

	Lesson 0.6: Cryptography of the Early 20th Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Germans were the first to use coding machines to their full potential and in the years leading up to and during World War II, the world was to witness the awesome power of the Enigma machine.
		The 'secret war' to crack the Enigma was one of the most important battles in the war.
		The cryptanalysis of the Enigma machine will be discussed in section 8.
	math.usask.ca /encryption/lessons/lesson00/page6.html (194 words)

	M4 Message Breaking Project
		The signals were presumably enciphered with the four rotor Enigma M4 - hence the name of the project.
		The enigma key space is too large for this approach.
		His Cryptologia paper "Ciphertext-Only Cryptanalysis of Enigma" is a great reference for anyone trying to solve classical ciphers using hill climbing or the Index of Coincidence.
	www.bytereef.org /m4_project.html (973 words)

	CIPHERTEXT-ONLY CRYPTANALYSIS OF ENIGMA
		A rough count of English translations of Enigma solutions from the Bletchley Park cryptanalysts for two arbitrarily selected days in 1943 shows means of about 340 letters (107 messages on 6 Aug 43) and 550 letters (89 messages on 13 Nov 43).
		More appropriate would be trigraphs from actual German Enigma messages reflecting the use of (for example) 'q' for 'ch' and 'j' around proper names.
		I encrypted different-sized sets of actual Enigma plaintext with random rotor (three selected from five), ring, message key, and plug settings, then attempted to decrypt each given the correct rotor order.
	members.fortunecity.com /jpeschel/gillog1.htm (2196 words)

	On Site PC Computer Repair - Security Assessment - San Diego
		In the history of cryptography, the Enigma machine was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages.
		More precisely, Enigma was a family of related electro-mechanical rotor machines - there are a variety of different models.The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by military and governmental services of a number of nations - most famously, by Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
		Allied codebreakers were, in many cases, able to decrypt messages protected by the machine (see cryptanalysis of the Enigma).
	www.sandiegopchelp.com /security_assessment.html (535 words)

	Alan Turing Scrapbook - The Enigma War
		The basic property of the Bombe was that it could break any Enigma-enciphered message, provided that the hardware of the Enigma was known and that a plain-text 'crib' of about 20 letters could be guessed accurately.
		The fullest source of on-line information on the use of the Enigma and the Bombe is on Tony Sale's site.
		It is evocative and valuable as a archive of interviews but weak in showing that the secret of success at Bletchley Park was the application of scientific method.
	www.turing.org.uk /turing/scrapbook/ww2.html (1784 words)

	The Enigma cipher machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These pages give an introduction to substitution ciphers and then go on to explain exactly how the Enigma machine worked and how it was used.
		Substitution ciphers and the principle of the Enigma
		The military use of the Enigma and the problem facing those trying to break it.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /enigma (153 words)

	lect1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The method is a probable word attack, which recovers the key setting of the fastest
		Here is a shortened version (many typos, a bit hard to read).
		Gillogly's ciphertext only attack on Enigma [handout], which is an interesting application
	www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il /~albi/cryptanalysis/lect5.htm (192 words)

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