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Topic: Cryptanalyst

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	Book Excerpt: Hiding in Plain Sight - Computerworld
		Cryptanalysts are people who analyze encryption techniques, looking for weaknesses and ways to break the technique.
		A good cryptanalyst knows so much about the inner working of crypto that he or she can usually tell which part of the code needs to be fixed and whether the weakness is a major or minor one.
		A cryptanalyst might look for a general weakness in the algorithm that impacts all implementations or for a weakness in a specific implementation, though the general algorithm is still robust.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2003/0,4814,83714,00.html (1869 words)

	Role of Cryptanalysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The cryptographer's goal is to provide security for information by developing strong cryptosystems, while the cryptanalyst's goal is to discover weaknesses or flaws in cryptosystems and break the security provided by those systems.
		Cryptanalysts can use powerful computing equipment and a variety of procedures, processes, and techniques to launch attacks against cryptosystems.
		In fact, a good cryptanalyst can even determine plaintext from samples of ciphertext without even knowing the cipher that was used to produce it.
	www.microsoft.com /resources/documentation/Windows/2000/server/reskit/en-us/distrib/dsch_key_sdlv.asp?frame=true (244 words)

	Cryptanalysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ciphertext-only: the cryptanalyst has access only to a collection of ciphertexts or codetexts.
		A chosen-plaintext attack is less likely, but it is sometimes plausible: for example, you could convince someone to forward a message you have given them, but in encrypted form.
		In 1983, Don Coppersmith found a computationally feasible way to find discrete logarithms, and thereby gave to the cryptanalyst a tool with which to break the Diffie-Hellman cryptosystems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryptanalyst (2523 words)

	Analyzing and Breaking Ciphers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The cryptanalyst has a number of encrypted messages (but not the corresponding decrypted messages) from which he must deduce the key or the deciphered text to at least some of the messages.
		The cryptanalyst might then disregard 33 as a pure coincidence, and discard that data in favor of the conjecture that the key length is a multiple of 2 and/or 5.
		Combining this with the data from the Friedman test that the key is approximately 9 letters long, the cryptanalyst guesses that the key is 10 letters long, and not 2 or 5 letters long.
	www.ece.utexas.edu /~gng/crypto/analysis.shtml (1789 words)

	Hobnob (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A special case of the chosen-plaintext attack in which the cryptanalyst is able to choose plaintexts dynamically, and alter his or her choices based on the results of previous encryptions.
		An attack where the cryptanalyst may choose the ciphertext to be decrypted.
		A form of cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst may choose the plaintext to be encrypted.
	www.hobnob.com /mcs225/glossary.html (4248 words)

	Eli Biham article - Eli Biham cryptographer cryptanalyst differential cryptanalysis Shamir - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Eli Biham article - Eli Biham cryptographer cryptanalyst differential cryptanalysis Shamir - What-Means.com
		Eli Biham is an Israeli cryptographer and cryptanalyst.
		He received his Ph.D. for inventing (publicly) differential cryptanalysis, while working under Adi Shamir.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Eli_Biham (116 words)

	Crytanalysis...Encryptoo.com
		A cryptanalyst might appear to be the natural adversary of a cryptographer, and to an extent this is true: one can view this contest all through the history of cryptography.
		However, it is possible, in fact preferable, to interpret the two roles as complementary: a thorough understanding of cryptanalysis is necessary to create secure cryptography.
		If a cryptanalyst has access to, for example, timing or power consumption, he may be able to break a cipher otherwise resistant to analysis.
	www.encryptoo.com /cryana.html (1492 words)

	Novometric : crypto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cryptanalysts are practitioners of cryptanalysis, the art and science of breaking ciphertext, i.e.
		If the cryptanalyst obtains the plain text that came from a certain cipher text, then he can recreate a portion of the pseudorandom stream by exclusive-oring the two together.
		Cryptanalysts also employ a variety of statistical and information-theoretic tests to help guide the analysis in the most promising directions.
	secure.novometric.net /crypto (17072 words)

	Cryptography
		Secrecy requires that a cryptanalyst (i.e., a would-be intruder into a cryptosystem) should not be able to determine the plaintext corresponding to given ciphertext, and should not be able to reconstruct D by examining ciphertext for known plaintext.
		A cryptanalyst should not be able to determine M from E(M); i.e., the cryptosystem should be immune to ciphertext-only attacks.
		For example, the cryptanalyst will probably have to compute H for about k = 274 = 1022 values of M' to have even one chance in a million of finding one M' which collides with M. Thus H is secure in the weak sense.
	project.cyberpunk.ru /idb/cryptography.html (17961 words)

	cryptanalysis - a Whatis.com definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There are numerous techniques for performing cryptanalysis, depending on what access the cryptanalyst has to the plaintext, ciphertext, or other aspects of the cryptosystem.
		The cryptanalyst attempts to deduce the key by comparing the entire ciphertext with the original plaintext.
		Today, cryptanalysis is practiced by a broad range of organizations: governments try to break other governments' diplomatic and military transmissions; companies developing security products send them to cryptanalysts to test their security features and to a hacker or cracker to try to break the security of Web sites by finding weaknesses in the securing protocols.
	searchwebservices.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,294236,sid44_gci214432,00.html (803 words)

	Crypto - The Premiere For Cryptography
		Not only must the work and computational resources required by the Cryptanalyst be reasonable, but the amount and type of data required for the attack to be successful must also be taken into account.
		The Cryptanalyst chooses the Plaintext to be Encrypted and analyzes the Plaintext together with the resultant Ciphertext to derive the Secret Key.
		By this we mean that the Cryptanalyst has the additional power to choose the text that is to be Encrypted or Decrypted after seeing the results of previous requests.
	www.freewebs.com /cryptology/Tech/BlockCiphers.htm (1678 words)

	Frequency analysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Weak ciphers do not sufficiently mask the distribution, and this might be exploited by a cryptanalyst to read the message.
		Thus the cryptanalyst may need to try several combinations of mappings between ciphertext and plaintext letters.
		More complex use of statistics can be conceived, such as considering counts of pairs of letters, or triplets (trigrams), and so on.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frequency_analysis (1161 words)

	Elizebeth S. Friedman
		Elizebeth Smith Friedman--wife, mother, writer, Shakespeare enthusiast, cryptanalyst, and pioneer in U.S. cryptology--died on 31 October 1980 in Plainfield, New Jersey, at the age of 88.
		Although she is often referred to as the wife of William Friedman, she enjoyed many successes in cryptology in her own right and has been dubbed "America's first female cryptanalyst." In fact, although her husband is credited with numerous contributions to cryptology, it was Mrs.
		Friedman's employment as a cryptanalyst for the U.S. Navy followed in 1923, which led to her subsequent positions with the U.S. Treasury Department's Bureau of Prohibition and Bureau of Customs.
	www.nsa.gov /honor/honor00005.cfm (1793 words)

	Mathematicians
		Some mathematicians, called cryptanalysts, analyze and decipher encryption systems designed to transmit military, political, financial, or law enforcement-related information in code.
		In early 2003, the average annual salary for mathematicians employed by the Federal Government in supervisory, nonsupervisory, and managerial positions was $80,877; that for mathematical statisticians was $83,472; and for cryptanalysts, the average was $78,662.
		Other occupations that require extensive knowledge of mathematics or, in some cases, a degree in mathematics include actuaries; statisticians; computer programmers; computer systems analysts, database administrators, and computer scientists; computer software engineers; and operations research analysts.
	stats.bls.gov /oco/ocos043.htm (1735 words)

	Steganalysis of Images Created Using Current Steganography Software by Neil F. Johnson and Sushil Jajodia, Center for ...
		Just as a cryptanalyst applies cryptanalysis in an attempt to decode or crack encrypted messages, the steganalyst is one who applies steganalysis in an attempt to detect the existence of hidden information.
		Attacks available to the cryptanalyst are ciphertext-only, known plaintext, chosen plaintext, and chosen ciphertext.
		The cryptanalyst may have the encoded message and part of the decoded message which together may be used for a known plaintext attack.
	www.jjtc.com /ihws98/jjgmu.html (7100 words)

	Analysis of Criminal Codes and Ciphers by Olson (Forensic Science Communications, January 2000)
		This article is an introduction to the variety of secret writing encountered in law enforcement and describes the role of FBI cryptanalysts in examining and deciphering these criminal codes and ciphers.
		Ciphers involve the replacement of true letters or numbers (plain text) with different characters (cipher text) or the systematic rearrangement of the true letters without changing their identities to form an enciphered message.
		If the cryptanalyst knows which language the cipher was written in and has enough cipher text to work with, simple substitution ciphers can often be solved easily.
	www.fbi.gov /hq/lab/fsc/backissu/jan2000/olson.htm (2118 words)

	Lattice Reduction: a Toolbox for the Cryptanalyst - Joux, Stern (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lattice Reduction: a Toolbox for the Cryptanalyst - Joux, Stern (ResearchIndex)
		Lattice Reduction: a Toolbox for the Cryptanalyst (1994)
		3.4: Lattice Reduction: a Toolbox for the Cryptanalyst - Joux, Stern (1994)
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /122037.html (655 words)

	SSLP Project - The Current State of Encryption
		A cryptanalyst has the ciphertext from one or more messages, encrypted using the same cipher and is able to deduce the the plaintext or the key.
		This differs from the known-plaintext attack in that the cryptanalyst is allowed to choose the plaintext which is encrypted.
		If the cipher forces the cryptanalyst to resort to this method then the cipher is regarded as strong.
	www.cs.bris.ac.uk /~bradley/publish/SSLP/chapter3.html (3551 words)

	Attacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In a ``ciphertext only attack'', everything the cryptanalyst knows is the encrypted data and how to recognize a successful decryption attempt, e.g.
		In a ``chosen plaintext'' attack, the cryptanalyst can submit plaintext of his choice to encryption and gain access to the resulting ciphertext.
		Stop, Go, no matter how good an encryption scheme is, a cryptanalyst just has to be able to encrypt those words to break the scheme.
	www.maths.mq.edu.au /~steffen/old/PCry/report/node6.html (228 words)

	CRYPTOLOG - AFTERTHOUGHTS; The Making of a Cryppy
		A true cryptanalyst, incidentally, generally is not involved in subsequent use of this at all.
		Actually, nearly all cryptanalysts are somewhat the same.
		A cryptanalyst from those that I have observed is usually an odd character.
	www.usncva.org /clog/cryppy.shtml (1111 words)

	Elizabeth Smith Friedman
		The National Security Agency described her as: "wife, mother, writer, Shakespeare enthusiast, cryptanalyst, and pioneer in U.S. cryptology." (1) While not a member of the Coast Guard per se, Mrs.
		Friedman was the Treasury Department's cryptanalyst, hired in 1924, who assisted the various departments of the Treasury with code breaking.
		Friedman has been the cryptanalyst since 1924 and handles deciphering work for all agencies of the Treasury.
	www.uscg.mil /hq/g-cp/history/faqs/Elizabeth_Friedman.html (358 words)

	[No title]
		Chosen Plaintext The cryptanalyst is able to choose some plaintext that is then encrypted producing the corresponding ciphertext.
		The cryptanalyst looks at the frequency distribution of the characters in the ciphertext, and attempts to match up that distribution with the expected frequency distribution of characters in the English language.
		Thus, if a typical message (such as a long letter to a friend) is encrypted with a weak cryptographic algorithm and information about the frequency distribution of the characters in the original message ‘leaks through’, a cryptanalyst can take advantage of the situation to match up ciphertext characters with their plaintext equivalents.
	www.cooper.edu /~walfis/encryption/handout2002-2.doc (1116 words)

	nCipher Security Resources: Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Protection of resources against unauthorized access; a process by which use of resources is regulated according to a security policy and is permitted by only authorized system entities according to that policy.
		A problem that involves selecting a number of objects with given weights from a set, such that the sum of the weights is maximal but less than a pre-specified weight.
		A form of cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst knows both the plaintext and the associated ciphertext.
	www.ncipher.com /resources/downloads/sr_glossary.php (4724 words)

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