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	Cryptanalysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cryptanalysis has coevolved together with cryptography, and the contest can be traced through the history of cryptography — new ciphers being designed to replace old broken designs, and new cryptanalytic techniques invented to crack the improved schemes.
		Cryptanalytic attacks vary in potency and how much of a threat they pose to real-world cryptosystems.
		A certificational weakness is a theoretical attack that is unlikely to be applicable in any real-world situation; the majority of results found in modern cryptanalytic research are of this type.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryptanalysis (2523 words)

	Cryptanalysis - Wikipedia
		Unlike the ciphertext attacks or ciphertext/plaintext pairs attacks in single-key cryptosystems, this sort of cryptanalysis is aimed at breaking the cryptosystem by analysis that can be carried out based only on a knowledge of the system itself.
		One of the most attractive schemes for exchanging session keys in a hybrid cryptosystem depended on the ease with which a number (primitive root) could be raised to a power (in a finite field), as opposed to the difficulty of calculating the discrete logarithm.
		In 1983 Donald Coppersmith found a computationally feasible way to take discrete logarithms in precisely those finite fields that had been of greatest cryptographic interest and thereby gave to the cryptanalyst a tool with which to break those cryptosystems.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryptanalysis (549 words)

	Cryptography FAQ (03/10: Basic Cryptology) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cryptanalytic methods include what is known as ``practical cryptanalysis'': the enemy doesn't have to just stare at your ciphertext until he figures out the plaintext.
		A standard cryptanalytic attack is to know some plaintext matching a given piece of ciphertext and try to determine the key which maps one to the other.
		To summarize, the basic types of cryptanalytic attacks in order of difficulty for the attacker, hardest first, are: cyphertext only: the attacker has only the encoded message from which to determine the plaintext, with no knowledge whatsoever of the latter.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/cryptography-faq/part03 (1796 words)

	Comparison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Now if the cryptanalytic / theseological method is radically different from deductive reasoning; if there is hardly any similarity between the cryptanalytic / theseological method and deductive reasoning; it may then be seen that the cryptanalytic / theseological method cannot be any kind of reasoning at all, neither deductive nor inductive.
		If the cryptanalytic / theseological method is only slightly different from deductive reasoning, some may still think it is a form of reasoning (and as a result create confusion).
		In other words, in using the cryptanalytic / theseological method it is often the case that we improve on language as we proceed; we do not have to be in possession of the perfect language right from the start.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~tlai/Comparison.htm (6376 words)

	Architectural considerations for cryptanalytic hardware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In general, our cryptanalytic applications are characterized by extreme suitability to parallelization: the process of exhaustive search over many keys can be broken into many independent small computations without penalty.
		Cryptanalytic applications are typically compute-bound, so this is an important optimization.
		The cryptanalytic analogue to the ``CPU time'' equation from [20] was surprisingly useful, lending structure to our analysis.
	www.ussrback.com /crypto/cracking-des/cracking-des/chap-10_local.html (8245 words)

	SecuriTeam.com ™ - Making a Faster Cryptanalytic Time-Memory Trade-Off (Cracking Windows Passwords in 5 Seconds)
		In 1980, Martin Hellman described a cryptanalytic time-memory trade-off that reduces the time of cryptanalysis by using precalculated data stored in memory.
		This technique was improved by Rivest before 1982 with the introduction of distinguished points that drastically reduces the number of memory lookups during cryptanalysis.
		Cryptanalytic attacks based on exhaustive search need a lot of computing power or a lot of time to complete.
	www.securiteam.com /securityreviews/5NP0O0UAKY.html (576 words)

	Cryptanalysis : Cryptanalytic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Unlike ciphertext attacks or ciphertext/plaintext pair attacks in single-key cryptosystems, this sort of cryptanalysis is aimed at breaking the cryptosystem by analysis that can be carried out based only on a knowledge of the underlying connection between the two keys.
		One of the most attractive schemes for exchanging session keys in a hybrid cryptosystem (Diffie_Hellman key exchange) depends on the ease with which a number (primitive root) could be raised to a power (in a finite field), as opposed to the difficulty of calculating the discrete logarithm.
		In 1983 Donald Coppersmith[?] of IBM found a computationally feasible way to find discrete logarithms in precisely those finite fields that had been of greatest cryptographic interest, and thereby gave to the cryptanalyst a tool with which to break those cryptosystems.
	www.termsdefined.net /cr/cryptanalytic.html (919 words)

	Microsoft Security Bulletin MS02-051
		An attacker who was able to eavesdrop on and record an RDP session could conduct a straightforward cryptanalytic attack against the checksums and recover the session traffic.
		It would also require the attacker to have the technical ability to mount a cryptanalytic attack on the recorded data (the attack is, however, straightforward).
		True, but there are straightforward cryptanalytic techniques that would enable an attacker to recover the session data from the checksums.
	www.microsoft.com /technet/security/bulletin/MS02-051.asp (2182 words)

	Draft orders under Export Control Act 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The only way to ensure that cryptography is secure is to test it, and cryptanalytic software is a needed part of the testing.
		You may say that as there are no controls in the import of cryptanalytic software and technology it doesn't matter, but it doesn't work like that.
		If this control is introduced (if it already exists no-one takes any notice of it now, in fact very few people in the crypto world are even aware of the DUEC) the UK will lose the ability to produce secure cryptography, with devastating results.
	www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /pipermail/ukcrypto/2003-April/025411.html (326 words)

	Supporting Practices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The cryptanalytic / theseological method is not a form of reasoning at all, deductive or otherwise.
		If we do not following the cryptanalytic / theseological method; if for example we think that to uncover things hidden all that we need do is weave as elaborate a story as we can; then indeed anything can follow from any assumptions, as we have earlier said.
		It is a characteristic of the cryptanalytic / theseological method that quality improves with quantity: the exactitude and precision of results increases as the quantity of results rises.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~tlai/SupPracH.htm (11485 words)

	Simon & Schuster UK LTD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The American cryptanalytic organization swept through this miasma of apathy to reach a peak of alertness and accomplishment unmatched on that day of infamy by any other agency in the United States.
		During the summer and fall of 1941, the pressure of events molded America's two cryptanalytic agencies closer and closer to the form they were to have on December 7.
		It represents an achievement of the Army cryptanalytic bureau that, so far as I know, has not been duplicated elsewhere, because we definitely know that the British cryptanalytic service and the German cryptanalytic service were baffled in their attempts and they never did solve it.
	www.simonsays.com /subs/excerpt.cfm?isbn=0684831309&areaid=286 (17078 words)

	SRH-149
		Perhaps the greatest triumph of the Army cryptanalytic group at this time of stringency and uncertainty was the establishment under the Signal Intelligence Service of a training school for officers, which grew from a student body of one in 1931 to about a dozen ten years later.
		This was the most difficult cryptanalytic task ever performed up to that date and possibly the most brilliant as there were no "cribs" nor "expected texts" to help out as in the case of the Army's solution of the Purple machine.
		Therefore, cryptanalytic intelligence, per se, may not be available from that time until after successful attack has been conducted.
	www.ibiblio.org /pha/ultra/SRH-149.html (5697 words)

	Linear Cryptanalysis: A Literature Survey
		At present, however, a successful linear cryptanalytic attack on DES still requires a large quantity of known plaintext.
		The complexity of differential cryptanalysis depends on the size of the largest entry in the XOR table, the total number of zeros in the XOR table, and the number of nonzero entries in the first column of that table [1], [3].
		The complexity of differential cryptanalysis depends on the size of the largest entry in the XOR table, the total number of zeros in the XOR table, and the number of nonzero entries in the first column in that table [1], [8].
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /RES/LINANA.HTM (2070 words)

	[IP] lack of WW II cryptanalytic co-operation between the US and UK? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But amid the mass of technical data, his conclusion on American efforts was clear - they were not up to the task.
		His proposal was supported and his team eventually built Colossus, one of the world's first programmable machines.
		Some recently declassified British documents show that the British and the Americans did not co-operate as closely on cryptanalytic matters as is generally thought.
	www.interesting-people.org /archives/interesting-people/200410/msg00184.html (241 words)

	Ultra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources.
		At least one incident is known of whole-cloth fabrication regarding British cryptanalytic progress on a particular World War II Japanese Navy cryptosystem.
		The account was claimed to have been written from the unpublished memoirs of an Australian cryptanalyst, but substantive parts of the published version appear to have been simply invented.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/U/Ultra.htm (4559 words)

	Zvon - RFC 3713 [A Description of the Camellia Encryption Algorithm] - Security Considerations
		The recent advances in cryptanalytic techniques are remarkable.
		A quantitative evaluation of security against powerful cryptanalytic techniques such as differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis is considered to be essential in designing any new block cipher.
		Moreover, Camellia was designed to offer security against other advanced cryptanalytic attacks including higher order differential attacks, interpolation attacks, related-key attacks, truncated differential attacks, and so on [Camellia].
	www.zvon.org /tmRFC/RFC3713/Output/chapter4.html (170 words)

	The U.S. Navy Cryptanalytic Bombe Exhibit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The U.S. Navy's Cryptanalytic Bombe is the culmination of years of work and the efforts of mathematicians and engineers from Poland, England, and the United States.
		It was the solution to the problem of the German's World War II cipher machine Enigma, and it led to the Allies' successes in the battle of the Atlantic and the war in Europe.
		The U.S. Navy Cryptanalytic Bombes were so efficient that the British turned the entire U-boat problem over to the United States.
	www.nsa.gov /museum/museu00025.cfm (528 words)

	Cryptanalytic Progress: Lessons for AES - Kelsey, Ferguson, Schneier, Stay (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Abstract: this paper, we review cryptanalytic progress against three well-regarded block ciphers and discuss the development of new cryptanalytic tools against these ciphers over time.
		This review illustrates how cryptanalytic progress erodes a cipher's security margin.
		While predicting such progress in the future is clearly not possible, we claim that assuming that no such progress can or will occur is dangerous.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /kelsey00cryptanalytic.html (710 words)

	[No title]
		A Wave operating a Navy Bombe; she is handling one of the commutator wheels.
		Nor did they count on the cryptanalytic abilities of their adversaries.
		Finally, at a rate of four per week, U.S. Navy cryptanalytic Bombes began arriving at the Naval Communications Annex on Nebraska Avenue in Washington, D.C. Building 4 was still incomplete when Radio Technician Phil Bochicchio arrived to install the machines.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/NSA-Enigma.html (12497 words)

	Cryptanalysis Algorithms and High-Performance Computing for Applications in Signals Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Research will be centered on the study of a wide range of cryptanalytic algorithms and related techniques/concepts, from an engineer’s perspective towards novel architectures that will exploit the massive computational power of high performance computers for efficient implementation.
		In addition, the HCA group will experiment with parallel versions of common cryptanalytic algorithms, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, to better understand how these algorithms perform in a parallel environment.
		Understanding the nature of cryptanalytic applications, as well as specifics about their development and use will prove vital for planning effective disaster recovery methods.
	www.hcs.ufl.edu /~murphy/overview.htm (411 words)

	WNYC - Reading Room: The Codebreakers
		For it was in here — and in a similar War Department room in the Munitions Building next door — that the United States peered into the most confidential thoughts and plans of its possible enemies by shredding the coded wrappings of their dispatches.
		Of the Navy's total radio-intelligence establishment of about 700 officers and men, two thirds were engaged in intercept or direction-finding activities and one third — including most of the 80 officers — in cryptanalysis and translation.
		Every weapon of cryptanalytic science — which in the stratospheric realm of this solution drew heavily upon mathematics, using group theory, congruences, Poisson distributions — was thrown into the fray.
	www.wnyc.org /books/1622 (18189 words)

	Microsoft Security Bulletin (MS99-056)
		The vulnerability allows a particular cryptanalytic attack to be effective against Syskey, significantly reducing the strength of the protection it offers.
		This significantly reduces the strength of the protection it provides by enabling a well-known cryptanalytic attack to be used against it.
		A patch is available that eliminates the key reuse vulnerability and again makes it computationally infeasible to mount a brute-force attack against the SAM database when Syskey has been applied.
	www.microsoft.com /technet/security/bulletin/MS99-056.asp (403 words)

	New Types of Cryptanalytic Attacks using Related Keys - Biham (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Abstract: this paper we described new cryptanalytic attacks which are applicable to the LOKI family of blockciphers and to Lucifer.
		These new attacks are based on the structure of the key scheduling algorithms.
		Eli Biham, New Types of Cryptanalytic Attacks Using Related Keys, Journal of Cryptology, Vol.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /59912.html (383 words)

	Forward Search as a Cryptanalytic Tool Against a Public Key (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In symmetric cryptosystems that depend on a single (secret) key for both encryption and decryption, a cryptanalyst -- since the key is unknown to him -- must either work backward from the cipher or else from the cipher and some known pairs of plain-text messages and matching ciphers in attempting to recover the plaintext.
		In an asymmetric (two key) cryptosystem used in the public key, i.e., privacy channel, mode where the encryption key is publicly expcxsedso that anyone who wishes can encrypt messages that can mly be decrypted by the person having the (secret) decryption key, a cryptanalytic weakness may occur that has no counterpart in symmetric systems.
		This forward search cryptanalytic weakness of a public key privacy channel is purely a function of the entropy of the plaintext messages and does not depend on the existence of any cryptanalytic weakness in the concealment of the secret decryption key from a knowledge of the public encryption key in the underlying public key algorithm.
	csdl2.computer.org /persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/proceedings/&toc=comp/proceedings/sp/1982/1753/00/1753toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/SP.1982.10011 (262 words)

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