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Cryptanalysis

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	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Computer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Originally, a "computer" was a person who performed numerical calculations under the direction of a mathematician, often with the aid of a variety of mechanical calculating devices from the abacus onward.
		The first generation of computers were typically equipped with a fairly limited range of input devices; a punch card reader or something similar was used to input instructions and data into the computers memory, and some kind of printer, usually a modified teletype, was used to record the results.
		Computers have been used to control mechanical devices since they became small and cheap enough to do so; indeed, a major spur for integrated circuit technology was building a computer small enough to guide the Apollo missions and the Minuteman missile, two of the first major applications for embedded computers.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Computer.html (4101 words)

	Wikinfo \| Cryptanalysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		For single-key (secret key) cryptography there is no significant difference between chosen plaintext and chosen ciphertext if the key is known, but in two-key cryptography it is possible for one of the encryption or decryption functions to be secure against chosen input (either plain or encrypted) while the other is vulnerable.
		One of the most attractive schemes for exchanging session keys in a hybrid cryptosystem (Diffie_Hellman key exchange) depends on the ease with which a number (primitive root) could be raised to a power (in a finite field), as opposed to the difficulty of calculating the discrete logarithm.
		Computer speeds may be confidently expected to continue to increase.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Cryptanalysis (731 words)

	Cryptanalysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Cryptanalysis has coevolved together with cryptography and the contest be traced through the history of cryptography — new ciphers being designed to replace old broken and new cryptanalytic techniques invented to crack improved schemes.
		Even though computation was used to great in cryptanalysis in World War II it made possible new methods of cryptography orders magnitude more complex than ever before.
		Cryptanalytic attacks vary in potency and how of a threat they pose to real-world cryptosystems.
	www.freeglossary.com /Cryptanalysis (2069 words)

	The Dynamic Substitution Combiner
		Such appearances are deceptive, however, and a Vernam cipher is susceptible to several cryptanalytic attacks, including known-plaintext and probable words [37]; if some part of the plaintext is known (or even guessed), the cryptanalyst can directly obtain some of the confusion stream [24, 25].
		But the design of such a generator is non-obvious [3], and is even more difficult than it might seem, since the cryptanalyst might well possess analytical knowledge and capabilities superior to those of the designer of the generator.
		The combination of substitution and a strategy for changing the contents of the substitution tables yields a cryptographic combining function; such a function may be used to combine plaintext data with a pseudo-random sequence to generate enciphered data.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /ARTS/DYNSUB2.HTM (4264 words)

	IBM 7950 Harvest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The IBM 7950, also known as Harvest, was a one-of-a-kind adjunct to the Stretch computer which was installed at the US National Security Agency (NSA).
		In April 1958, the final design for the NSA-customized version of IBM's Stretch computer had been approved, and the machine was installed in February 1962.
		The computer was also used for codebreaking, and this was enhanced by a system codenamed Rye, which allowed remote access to Harvest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/IBM_7950 (715 words)

	The Modern History of Computing (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		These human computers did the sorts of calculation nowadays carried out by electronic computers, and many thousands of them were employed in commerce, government, and research establishments.
		In analog computers, numerical quantities are represented by, for example, the angle of rotation of a shaft or a difference in electrical potential.
		In 1949, the Manchester computer was successfully equipped with a drum memory; this was constructed by the Manchester engineers on the model of a drum developed by Andrew Booth at Birkbeck College, London.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/computing-history (6956 words)

	KINFOTECH PRIVATE LIMTED-Terms Used in IT Security
		A cryptanalytic attack by choosing known ciphertext to be decrypted and have access to the decrypted plaintext.
		Gaining physical access to a computer that is currently logged in by an absent minded individual.
		A resident computer program which, when executed, checks for a particular condition or particular state of the system which, when satisfied, triggers the perpetration of an unauthorized act.
	www.kinfotech.com /techinfo/page/Terms_IT.htm (2434 words)

	Theoretical Use of Cache Memory as a Cryptanalytic Side-Channel
		Theoretical Use of Cache Memory as a Cryptanalytic Side-Channel.
		We expand on the idea, proposed by Kelsey \ea itekelsey, of cache memory being used as a side-channel which leaks information during the run of a cryptographic algorithm.
		By using this side-channel, an attacker may be able to reveal or narrow the possible values of secret information held on the target device.
	www.cs.bris.ac.uk /Publications/pub_info.jsp?id=1000625 (153 words)

	Dorothy T. Blum
		She was a pioneer in the use of computers to manipulate and process data automatically.
		She was aware of and taking advantage of the computer language FORTRAN at least three years before it became publicly available in 1957.
		She was appointed chief of the Computer Operations Organization in 1972; at that time she was the only woman in the entire CO management chain.
	www.nsa.gov /honor/honor00027.cfm (364 words)

	Fast Moving Fronts Comments by Antoine Joux
		Before that, this mathematical tool was used as a cryptanalytic tool to demonstrate that some specific elliptic curves offered less security than expected.
		In pairing-based cryptography, these specific elliptic curves are used with an increased key size and their weakness turns into an asset as the extra structure offers higher flexibility in the construction of cryptographic application.
		This paper is among the first to use pairings on elliptic curves as a building block to construct a cryptographic protocol.
	www.esi-topics.com /fmf/2004/july04-AntoineJoux.html (472 words)

	Architectural considerations for cryptanalytic hardware
		At the same time the functional cells are computing their 4-to-1 function, a multiplexor unit concurrently selects one of the functional cells.
		On a traditional general-purpose computer, programs are typically serialized so highly that if one were to implement several independent simple processors on the same chip, there simply would not be enough tasks to keep the co-processors busy with useful work.
		Given a distributed system of general-purpose computers, one can easily compute the maximum rate of 40-bit keysearching possible in idle cycles by assuming that most machines are idle at least half of the time and using estimates such as those in Figure 7; achieving better performance than this calls for hardware.
	www.ussrback.com /crypto/cracking-des/cracking-des/chap-10_local.html (8245 words)

	IT Help Central - Microsoft Security Bulletin (MS02-051)
		It would also require the attacker to have the technical ability to mount a cryptanalytic attack on the recorded data (the attack is, however, straightforward).
		Before one computer sends a data packet, it performs a mathematical operation on the data, and sends the result of the operation along with the data itself.
		Upon receiving the data and checksum, the other computer performs the same mathematical operation on the data it received, and confirms that the result matches what it received.
	www.depts.ttu.edu /helpcentral/bulletins/MS02-051.php (2187 words)

	FreeTechBooks.com - Methods of Cryptanalysis: Lecture Notes
		This document is used as lecture notes for Methods of Cryptanalysis course, at the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science.
		The aim of the document is to show a broad range of cryptanalytic techniques starting from attacks on classical substitution ciphers and up to the state of the art modern attacks.
		The document will be self-contained and may be of interest to both mathematicians and computer scientists.
	www.freetechbooks.com /about364.html (242 words)

	The HCIA Cipher Technology
		But any such computer must, to be of use in cryptanalysis, be built using some kind of drawing (specification).
		The execution of the algorithm must be a computable task (computability), so that we are guaranteed that a computer will perform a finite calculation sequence and then stop.
		A computer program Px for a Universal Turing Machine U(z,Px,Dx,y) is an algorithm, if and only if we have an advance knowledge about what the corresponding execution U(z,x,y)=U(z,Px,Dx,y) will perform, and that the execution will halt with a finite calculation sequence y.
	www.protego.se /hcia.htm (11628 words)

	South African Regulation of Encryption
		(c) use of encryption/decryption over telecommunication facilities, but excluding internal computer services, if not, which department controls these matters, if so, in terms of which statutes are these matters regulated.
		The importation of the goods referred to in question (1) is not subject to import or export control measures in terms of the provisions of the International Trade Administration Act.
		Computer programs as such are expressly excluded from the ambit of the Patents Act and do not constitute patentable subject matter.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /za-crypto.htm (901 words)

	Webopedia: Who's Who in Internet and Computer Technology
		In 1970, he wrote the B computer language, which Ritchie would use to develop C.
		During WWII, Turing served in the cryptanalytic headquarters at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, where he was largely responsible for breaking the German Enigma military codes.
		In 1950, Turing introduced the Turing Test to prove his theory that computers eventually would be constructed that would be capable of human thought.
	www.webopedia.com /quick_ref/bios/t.asp (394 words)

	Lou Kruh's Collection
		A translation by C.J. Mendelsohn of the cryptanalytic portion of the manuscript treatise De Cifris of Leon Battista Alberti.
		Codebreaking with the Colossus Computer: Findiong the K-wheel Patterns.
		Los Angeles: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1981, 241 pp.
	www.apprendre-en-ligne.net /crypto/references/LouKruh.html (10381 words)

	Non-cryptanalytic attacks Cryptologia - Find Articles
		ABSTRACT: When investigating activities involving computer related cases or where it is thought that a computer may hold useful evidence, occasionally files are encountered that have been encrypted.
		Trends in crime indicate that forensic evidence gathering in a computing environment has become a necessary tool and technique used by law enforcement, intelligence and law practitioners alike.
		All of the ancillary, historical and supportive data written to the user's hard disk as a result of various operating system activities is either unknown or ignored by most users.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200207/ai_n9095322 (818 words)

	Computer Science Course Descriptions
		Professional ethics in computer science and the social impact of computing are discussed as an integral part of the software development process.
		This course is a historical account of the pioneers of computing and the rise of the computer and related industries.
		Topics include: characteristics of neural network computing; major neural network models and their related algorithms; supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning; and neural network application in function approximation, pattern analysis, optimization and associative memories.
	www.csee.umbc.edu /~ugrad/courses/cmsc.shtml (3922 words)

	Student profile at stratford career institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Computer experience would also student profile at stratford career institute be an asset.
		Watson Research Center, Jane applies her knowledge of mathematics and computer science to design, analyze, student profile at stratford career institute and implement numerical algorithms on superscalar and parallel IBM computers.
		In addition to developing algorithms to solve large problems on massively parallel computers, Tim and other staff members are always looking for problems which allow them student profile at stratford career institute to apply methods and codes developed at Sandia.
	god51.t35.com /student/profile-at-stratford-career-institute.html (5253 words)

	Computer Hardware
		Apple Computer's release of their upgraded 12" iBook, makes the selection between the iBook and the 12" G4 Powerbook (PB) that much more difficult.
		Computer Associates (CA) has signed a three-year agreement with Rolta India (BSE:500366) to provide implementation, customisation and integration services to CA customers across North America.
		NEW YORK: For all the advances in computing in recent years, many real-world problems still defy the capability of even the most advanced supercomputers and to address one such problem a team of mathematicians has been called for help.
	www.mrsci.com /Computer-Hardware/index.php (3411 words)

	Access Control and Computer Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The development of tableaux methods for access control and computer security has been tackled in [139].
		Beside the applicative interest, the calculus poses interesting technical challenges, since it has not the tree-model property, introduces relations between modalities which cannot be compiled into axiom schemata, and has some features of the universal modality.
		Further research work in the application of automated reasoning techniques in computer security has been carried in [287] where the properties of the U.S. Data Encryption Standard has been encoded in propositional logic and automated reasoning tool have been used for cryptanalytic attacks.
	www.dis.uniroma1.it /common/rappric/rappric98/node69.html (159 words)

	The Dead media Project:Working Notes:02.2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Here are various cryptanalytic machines developed before and during WWII.
		A veritable fleet of dead (military) media waiting to be explored.
		These machines are, in many ways, 'missing links' in the popular conception of computer evolution.
	www.deadmedia.org /notes/2/022.html (412 words)

	computer modelling of cryptanalytic thought processes (references) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		I was reading the Military Cryptanalysis Field Manual at ftp://ftp.ox.ac.uk/pub/crypto/cryptanalysis/ basic_cryptanalysis.ps.tar.gz and was reminded of a book I had partly read a while ago, Doug Hofstadter's _Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies : Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought_ (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0465024750/r/0509-6726066-321937).
		'Hofstadter and his colleagues created a variety of computer programs that extrapolate sequences, apply pattern-matching strategies, make analogies, and even act "creative." ' For instance, he developes a model that solves a type of newspaper-puzzle cryptogram.
		The Field Manual only mentions that computers may be useful, and gives advice that may have been useful 70 years ago.
	cypherpunks.venona.com /date/1997/12/msg01252.html (198 words)

	Introduction to NSA/CSS
		NSA's early interest in cryptanalytic research led to the first large-scale computer and the first solid-state computer, predecessors to the modern computer.
		NSA pioneered efforts in flexible storage capabilities, which led to the development of the tape cassette.
		Its workforce represents an unusual combination of specialties: analysts, engineers, physicists, mathematicians, linguists, computer scientists, researchers, as well as customer relations specialists, security officers, data flow experts, managers, administrative officers and clerical assistants.
	www.nsa.gov /about/index.cfm (538 words)

	UF HCS Research Laboratory : Publications
		J. Greco, G. Cieslewski, A. Jacobs, I. Troxel, and A. George, "Hardware/Software Interface for High-Performance Space Computing with FPGA Coprocessors," Proc.
		V. Aggarwal, A. George, and K. Slatton, "Reconfigurable Computing with Multiscale Data Fusion for Remote Sensing," Proc.
		Vikas Aggarwal, "Remote Sensing and Imaging in a Reconfigurable Computing Environment," MSECE Thesis, Major Professor: K. Slatton and A. George, Summer 2005.
	www.hcs.ufl.edu /ppl/publications.php?group=RC (921 words)

	FreeTechBooks.com - Cryptography
		This book proposes highly practical cryptographic building blocks that can be used to design privacy-protecting electronic communication and transaction systems.
		Shows a broad range of cryptanalytic techniques starting from attacks on classical substitution ciphers and up to the state of the art modern attacks.
		This document focuses on modern cryptography as a science.
	www.freetechbooks.com /forum-52.html (219 words)

	On-Line Documents
		Reports of The Computer Museum of Boston, predecessor of The Computer History Museum.
		"Principles of Computer Architecture" by Dr. Miles Murdocca for the sophomore level CS211 Introduction to Computer Architecture course at Rutgers University.
		Computer Characteristics Quarterly Adams Associates - 4th Quarter 1967 - 1st Quarter 1968 in PDF
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/on-line-docs.html (1310 words)

	Publications and Service of Ian Troxel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ian A. Troxel, "CARMA: An Infrastructure for Reconfigurable High-performance Computing," Ph.D. Prospectus, Major Professor: A. George, Summer 2005.
		"Reconfigurable Computing and Parallel Computer Architecture," Guest Lecture by Ian Troxel, Parallel Computer Architecture (EEL 6763), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, February 24, 2006.
		Reviewer for the International Meeting on High-performance Computing for Computation Science -- formerly known as the multidisciplinary meeting on VECtor and PARallel processing (VECPAR) in 2004 and 2006.
	www.hcs.ufl.edu /~troxel/pubs.html (1862 words)

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