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	Crypto AG - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crypto AG was founded by Boris Hagelin and was incorporated in 1959.
		Crypto AG has been accused of rigging their machines in collusion with intelligence agencies such as the United States National Security Agency (NSA), enabling such organisations to read the encrypted traffic produced by the machines.
		"Crypto AG: The NSA's Trojan Whore?" — accusations of collusion with the NSA
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crypto_AG (290 words)

	Crypto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crypto, from the Greek kryptos, is an English prefix that means "hidden" or "secret".
		Crypto is a book by Steven Levy about the evolution of cryptography since the turn of the century.
		Cryptosporidiosis, a disease affecting the intestines of mammals that is caused by Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crypto (181 words)

	Crypto AG: The NSA's Trojan Whore?
		Their Crypto AG machines had been rigged so that when customers used them, the random encryption key could be automatically and clandestinely transmitted with the enciphered message.
		According to a confidential Crypto AG memorandum, one of the NSA "experts" may have been Nora L. Mackabee, an NSA cryptographer who is now retired on a horse farm in Maryland along with her husband Lester, another retired NSA employee.
		A former Crypto AG employee confirmed that high-level US officials approached neutral European countries and argued that their cooperation was essential to the Cold War struggle against the Soviets.
	www.meta-religion.com /Secret_societies/Conspiracies/CIA/crypto_ag.htm (3029 words)

	NSA and Crypto AG
		Crypto rejects the rigging allegations as an invention by disgruntled former employees and denies that its machines were ever designed or altered according to the suggestions of American spies.
		The extraordinary story of Crypto AG is only one example of NSA's 40-year campaign to bypass, break or steal the foreign codes that are the main obstacle to the agency's eavesdropping.
		For a company such as Crypto to rig an encryrption machine so that it hides the key in the encrypted text is like the manufacturer of an armored truck hiding a key to the strongbox in an out-of-sight spot under the hood.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /nsa-sun.htm (4436 words)

	NSA, Crypto AG, and the Iraq-Iran Conflict
		Crypto AG was an old and venerable firm, and Switzerland was a neutral country.
		A memorandum of a secret workshop at Crypto AG in August 1975, where a new prototype of an encryption device was demonstrated, mentions the participation of Nora L. Mackebee, an NSA cryptographer.
		Knowledgeable sources indicate that the Crypto AG enciphering process, developed in cooperation with the NSA and the German company Siemans, involved secretly embedding the decryption key in the cipher text.
	www.aci.net /kalliste/speccoll.htm (1414 words)

	[No title]
		Crypto AG was founded in 1952 by the (Russian-born) Swedish cryptographer Boris Hagelin who located his company in Zug.
		Crypto AG eventually paid one million dollars for Buehler's release in January 1993, then promptly fired him once they had reassured themselves that he hadn't revealed anything important under interrogation, and because Buehler had begun to ask some embarrassing questions.
		Crypto AG denies all this, of course, saying such reports are ""pure invention".
	us.cryptosoft.de /snews/nov97/03119700.htm (1458 words)

	Strategic Affairs - Special Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Despite prolonged interrogation, Buehler, who had worked for Crypto AG for 13 years and was on his 25th trip to Iran, apparently maintained his ignorance.
		After Hans Buehler was arrested in Iran on spying chrges, the Crypto AG image of neutrality suffered and various nations re-examined their security arrangements.
		Although German and American sigint agencies were involved in manipulating Crypto's cipher machines, Motorola, one of the NSA's major US contractors, performed the actual technical alterations, according to a former Crypto AG chief engineer who was personally involved in the manipulation process.
	www.stratmag.com /issueNov-1/kargil.htm (2960 words)

	Crypto AG: The NSA's Trojan Whore? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Despite prolonged interrogation, Buehler-who had worked for Crypto AG for 13 years and was on his 25th trip to Iran -apparently maintained his ignorance.
		Informed sources in Switzerland and the Middle East confirmed that Crypto AG settled because it, and the NSA and BND, didn_t want to reveal anything in court.
		A previous director of Siemens called Crypto AG a "secret Siemens daughter," while a former Crypto AG financial director said, "the owner of the firm [Crypto] is the Federal Republic [of Germany]." The Siemens connection to Crypto was remarkably incestuous.
	www.mediafilter.org /caq/cryptogate (2906 words)

	Crypto AG celebrates 50 years of global leadership in Information Security solutions \| Crypto AG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Crypto AG, the technological leader in the field of information security, is celebrating its 50th anniversary this year.
		'Crypto AG was the first to launch several ground-breaking hardware and software technologies into the market, including digital voice encryption, multi-channel encryption, high-performance ATM encryption, secure GSM and secure ISDN,' he added.
		Crypto AG is commercially an independent private company with its head office in Zug, Switzerland and has a staff base of 230 professionals.
	www.ameinfo.com /5568.html (770 words)

	WHY NSA IS THE FORT KNOX OF THE U (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		That particular engineer, who objected to the use of NSA equipment by Crypto A.G., disclosed that he was warned by a foreign intelligence service in the late 1970s not to demonstrate the operation of his equipment at a technical exhibition.
		Crypto A.G. management was obviously afraid that all the sordid details of their “cooperation” with foreign intelligence agencies would be revealed.
		Crypto A.G. may not be the only cryptographic firm with which NSA has struck “deals.” It is known that the British benefited from Argentina’s use of Crypto A.G. ciphers.
	www.waynemadsenreport.com /nsa/crypto.htm (6657 words)

	IP: Crypto AG - Der Spiegel (English) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Customers of Crypto AG are many honorable institutions, like the Vatican, as well as countries like Iraq, Iran, Libya, that are at the top of the priority list of U.S. services.
		When the Crypto AG could no longer escape the news headlines, an insider said, the German shareholders parted with the high-explosive share.
		The memorandum of the secret workshop of the Crypto AG in August 1975 on the occasion of the demonstration of a new prototype of an encryption device mentions as a participant the cryptographer of the NSA, Nora Mackebee.
	www.interesting-people.org /archives/interesting-people/199610/msg00041.html (962 words)

	Crypto AG Communication Security + Information Security
		Crypto AG develops and produces security systems for all common information and communication technologies.
		In our efforts to earn this trust and to implement security solutions tailor-made to meet the individual needs of our customers, we at Crypto AG produce all security-related components in-house.
		Crypto AG is the preferred top-security partner for civilian and military authorities worldwide.
	www.crypto.ch (183 words)

	IP: NSA rigs Crypto machines according to Balto Sun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Today's story, describes several reasons why one might believe that the NSA was party to a plan to rig the machines of the Swiss company, Crypto AG, so that the messages could be read by those who knew the game.
		Crypto AG sells its machines to other countries around the world who believe that the Swiss are neutral vendors of superior technology that wouldn't have such holes.
		Of course, the Sun also reports that Crypto AG "denied that intelligence agenies had ever rigged its machines." (The words in quote are the Sun's not Crypto AG's.
	www.interesting-people.org /archives/interesting-people/199512/msg00043.html (461 words)

	EXCLUSIVE REPORT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		As Crypto AG sold more and more of its units to some 120 countries around the world, the NSA’s ability to read encrypted traffic was a virtual gold mine of intelligence.
		However, in March 1992, after Hans Buehler, Crypto AG’s marketing representative in Iran was arrested by Iranian counter-intelligence for spying for the “intelligence services of the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America,” NSA’s operations were truly out of the bag and thrust into the public limelight.
		Although Crypto AG (and its secret partner Siemens of Germany) paid Buehler’s bail and tried to bury the story, the effect of Crypto AG’s sales was immediate.
	www.waynemadsenreport.com /exclusive1.htm (2237 words)

	[No title]
		Buehler, its fired salesman, who in a book claimed that Crypto AG had built in a backdoor to NSA in their encryption machines.
		NSA, Crypto AG, and the Iraq-Iran Conflict, by J.
		In 1957 Crypto AG was to cryptography what General Motors was to Automobiles.
	home.bip.net /laszlob/cryptoag/crypto_ag.htm (1859 words)

	OHI Telecommunications Company LLC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Today, Crypto AG is the preferred partner of government departments, embassies, armies in all cultural environments.
		With the concept of "Total Information Security" TIS©, Crypto AG is setting the standard worldwide for all major communications services and information security systems.Equally unique is the wealth of experience, since there is virtually no deployment scenario for which Crypto AG do not already have a tried and tested solution.
		Crypto AG is a completely independent Swiss company.
	www.ohitelecom.com /businessdiversfied.asp (466 words)

	Army Technology - Crypto AG - Ruggedized Information Security Systems
		Crypto AG specialises in the design, manufacture and supply of Information Security technologies for army deployment.
		For more than 45 years Crypto, a financially and legally independent Swiss company, have supplied their security systems and mathematical- cryptological know-how to land forces in over 130 countries and every day, harsh, real-world conditions in defence applications confirm the integrity, reliability and ruggedness of Crypto’s systems and equipment.
		Their continuous availability is the result of a professional support philosophy and customers can rely on the installation services, maintenance skills, customer-specific training programmes and long-term warranty.
	www.army-technology.com /contractors/navigation/crypto/index.html (700 words)

	Justin Mason: Happy Software Prole
		It’s known that the Iranians used Crypto AG equipment up until about 1992, and it’s been widely reported that Crypto AG’s systems were backdoored by the NSA and traffic routinely decrypted.
		Reportedly, the Anglo-Irish discussions of the 1985 were a rather one-sided affair, because the Irish government used Crypto AG machines to communicate between their Embassy in London and Dublin, and intercepts of their reports were fed back to the UK government.
		Things move pretty fast in the world of quantum crypto it seems; according to this IP mail, BBN have had a VPN protected using quantum cryptography up and running since December 2002.
	taint.org /tag/crypto (3334 words)

	Crypto AG: il cavallo di troia della NSA
		Le macchine CRYPRO AG erano attrezzate in modo tale che, ogni qualvolta gli utenti le utilizzavano, la chiave di criptazione casuale potesse essere clandestinamente trasmessa con il messaggio in chiaro.
		A dispetto del prolungato interrogatorio di Buehler, che ha lavorato per la CRYPRO AG per 13 anni ed era al suo 25esimo viaggio in Iran, apparentemente ha mantenuto la sua linea di ignoranza "non sapevo che l'equipaggiamento era bacato, altrimenti gli iraniani me lo avrebbero fatto cacciar fuori con i loro molti modi".
		CRYPRO AG ha comprato la libertà di Buehler con 1 milione di dollari agli iraniani, lo ha fatto tornare in Svizzera, e poi a sorpresa, lo ha licenziato e ordinato all'incredulo venditore di ripagare il debito.
	www.disinformazione.it /crypto.htm (927 words)

	CX52 Cipher Machine by Crypto AG Zug - Cryptologic Nooks & Crannies
		CRYPTO AG This unit has seen some use, and I'd very much like to know it's history.
		These were made by Crypto AG through the Cold war period and sold in many countries around the world.
		CRYPTO AG There are no broken parts on this CX-52, no dings or dents anywhere.
	www.codasaurus.com /ubb/Forum29/HTML/000040.html (3250 words)

	Security and Encryption Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Phil Karn rebuts inaccurate and bizarre government claims in congressional testimony (this is an example of the kind of misinformation which government advisors often provide to their governments).
		Translates crypto code into English to allow it to be exported, then translates it back into code afterwards.
		Diminuitive crypto hacks (well-known algorithms in a few lines of Perl, Python, or C) and how to use them to poke fun at export laws.
	www.checksum.org /cso/crypto/?id=social_issues (1345 words)

	Air Force Technology - Crypto AG - Information Security Systems
		Crypto AG specialises in the design, manufacture and supply of ruggedized information systems for security applications within the aerospace industry.
		For more than 45 years Crypto AG, a financially and legally independent Swiss company, have specialised in COMSEC and TRANSEC technologies for airborne deployment.
		For decades, their security systems and mathematical-cryptological know-how have been the preferred choice of air forces in over 130 countries.
	www.airforce-technology.com /contractors/navigation/crypto/index.html (560 words)

	CRYPTO 2002: Call For Papers
		Original research papers on all technical aspects of cryptology are solicited for submission to Crypto 2002, the Twenty-Second Annual IACR Crypto Conference.
		Crypto 2002 is sponsored by the International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR), in cooperation with the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Security and Privacy, and the Computer Science Department of the University of California, Santa Barbara.
		Submissions must not substantially duplicate work that any of the authors has published elsewhere or has submitted in parallel to any other conference or workshop that has proceedings.
	www.iacr.org /conferences/crypto2002/cfp.html (483 words)

	Echelon On Line - Alliés: la Suisse
		L' une de ses cibles les plus importantes fut Crypto AG, sociét suisse devenue un des principaux fournisseurs de système de codage et de cryptages après le Seconde Guerre Mondiale.
		La NSA s'arrangea pour trafiquer les systèmes de cryptage vendus par Crypto AG afin de pouvoir lire le flux de messages diplomatiques et militaires codés de plus de 130 pays.
		Un journal américain se procura des copies de documents confidentiels de Crypto AG, lesquels mentionnaient "la présence de Mme Mackabee à une série de discussion sur la conception d'une nouvelle machine de Crypto AG en 1975".
	echelononline.free.fr /pages/suisse.html (1132 words)

	[INFOCON] CRYPTO-GRAM, June 15, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1992, Iran arrested Hans Buehler, a Crypto AG employee, on suspicion that Crypto AG had installed back doors in the encryption machines it sold to Iran -- at the request of the NSA.
		He proclaimed his innocence through repeated interrogations, and was finally released nine months later in 1993 when Crypto AG paid a million dollars for his freedom -- then promptly fired him and billed him for the release money.
		At this point Buehler started asking inconvenient questions about the relationship between Crypto AG and the NSA.
	www.iwar.org.uk /pipermail/infocon/2004-June/001506.html (4463 words)

	Privatliv.net - Echelon artikel
		Jürg Spörndli forlod Crypto AG, fordi han ikke ville levere udstyr, der var gennemhullet til fordel for de amerikanske spioner.
		Samarbejdet mellem de amerikanske spioner og Crypto AG går helt tilbage til kort tid efter Anden Verdenskrig.
		Hemmeligheden om samarbejdet begyndte at krakelere i 1992, da den iranske efterretningstjeneste anholdt en sælger fra Crypto AG og anklagede ham for spionage, fordi han solgte udstyr, som iranerne havde fundet ud af, at amerikanerne brugte imod dem.
	www.privatliv.net /echelon/eb-artikler/eb2001-04-02.shtml (768 words)

	Hagelin/Crypto AG History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This time line will illustrate machine development by the Swiss Hagelin/Crypto AG Company from the 1940's to the 1960's.
		Graphic source: Extracted from the History of Hagelin Cryptos and provided courtesy John Alexander, G7GCK Leicester, England.
		This is 14 Luntmakaragatan Street in Stockholm, Sweden where Hagelin's original factory and headquarters (Aktiebolaget Cryptoteknik) stood in the early 1930's according to David Kahn's "The Codebreakers".
	www.jproc.ca /crypto/ag_crypto_history.html (63 words)

	by Wayne Madsen
		Too young for Vietnam, he is a CIA veteran with three back-to-back postings in Latin America (including El Salvador from 1980-1981), and in 1988 became the senior civilian responsible for establishing the U.S. Marine Corps Intelligence Center.
		But Steele nevertheless foresees, in an age of tight budgets, the death of intelligence dinosaurs like the bloated, centralized CIA of the 90s.
		In Steele's vision, many U.S. intelligence needs of the near future will be met by decentralized, shoe-string bands of cyberspooks tapping into a digitized sea of "open-source" information.
	adap2k.freeservers.com /aw34.htm (7944 words)

	Naval Technology - Crypto AG - Ruggedised Information Security Systems
		There is almost no communication application without security problems - and almost none without a proven Crypto AG solution.
		Crypto AG - Ruggedised Information Security Systems for Airforce Applications
		Crypto AG - Ruggedised Information Security Systems for Army Applications
	www.naval-technology.com /contractors/navigation/crypto (702 words)

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