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Topic: Crypto system

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Cryptographic engineering

Cryptography

RC4 (cipher)

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XOR

RC5

Amar Chitra Katha

Feistel network

Block size (cryptography)

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Steven Levy

	Crypto Operating System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crypto Operating System (COS) was the development name of a Mac compatible operating system supposedly developed by the German company Omega GmbH in the late 1990s.
		System requirements would be low; 500 KiB RAM and 12 MiB hard drive space and a 68030-processor (or better) or a Power Macintosh.
		Omega prepared for the conference and even uploaded detailed installation instructions for the operating system shortly before it was supposed to be released.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crypto_Operating_System (655 words)

	Learn more about Cryptography in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Examining any proposed crypto system with these basic functions in mind, and ignoring the marketing blather, will be a very useful exercise for those interested in cryptography in the real world.
		Poorly designed, or poorly implemented, crypto systems achieve them only by accident or bluff or lack of interest on the part of the opposition, and users can and regularly do reduce even well designed and implemented crypto systems to the security equivalent of Swiss cheese.
		A system of this kind is also known as a private key, secret key, or conventional key cryptosystem.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/cr/cryptography_1.html (4042 words)

	Crypto AG – Information + Communication Security Crypto Seal System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Systems by Crypto ensure this by working with complex proprietary algorithms which can, moreover, be specified by the customer and are nevertheless easy to handle.
		The Crypto Seal System supports the use of a modern IT infrastructure for efficient, secure and low-cost voice and data communication, and thus assists diplomats throughout the world in their work.
		Crypto takes charge of the entire process, from the security analysis to commissioning, as well as guaranteeing a world-wide service for the entire life of the system.
	www.crypto.ch /pages/htm/crypto_solutions/crypto_seal_overview.htm (757 words)

	S 4.88 Operating system security requirements when using crypto modules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Whenever crypto modules are used, the way in which they are integrated into or dependent on the operating system running on the host system is particularly significant.
		The level of the operating system security requirements is liable to vary according to the type of crypto module (implementation in hardware or software, strategy for integration into the IT component etc.), the conditions in which it is used and the degree of protection required for the data.
		Commercial PC operating systems are generally so complex and subject to such short innovation cycles that it is barely possible to verify or prove the security of data or a system.
	www.iwar.org.uk /comsec/resources/standards/germany/itbpm/s/s4088.htm (432 words)

	Crypto AG: The NSA's Trojan Whore? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Their Crypto AG machines had been rigged so that when customers used them, the random encryption key could be automatically and clandestinely transmitted with the enciphered message.
		A previous director of Siemens called Crypto AG a "secret Siemens daughter," while a former Crypto AG financial director said, "the owner of the firm [Crypto] is the Federal Republic [of Germany]." The Siemens connection to Crypto was remarkably incestuous.
		According to a confidential Crypto AG memorandum, one of the NSA "experts" may have been Nora L. Mackabee, an NSA cryptographer who is now retired on a horse farm in Maryland along with her husband Lester, another retired NSA employee.
	mediafilter.org /caq/cryptogate (2906 words)

	ASTi Application Note 47: Encrypted Radios in Model Builder version 4.06
		The crypto preamble is a library of sound files that are designated to play at specific points during a secure radio transmission or reception within a given radio mode.
		However, unlike the crypto key which applies to the entire radio object, each crypto system value applies to the specific radio mode to which it is assigned.
		Played at receiving radio when either crypto key or crypto system is zero at the transmitting radio and crypto key and crypto system are nonzero at the receiving radio.
	www.asti-usa.com /support/appnotes/47.html (1034 words)

	Improving Data Confidentiality in Personal Computer Environment Using On-line Encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The design goal was to develop a system that would be easy for use and that would offer a significant benefit in data privacy area combined with a reasonable performance penalty.
		Basically, the system secrecy is ensured if a cryptoanalyst is not able to determine plaintext data from available ciphertext, regardless of the possible means he or she might posses.
		By using a poor key the whole system could be compromised regardless of the strength of the encryption algorithm used.
	jagor.srce.hr /~ddelija/home/radovi/corema/corema97.html (2569 words)

	INFO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		On ignition the centralized control system for the immobilizer reads the key code (by means of the special antenna) and if it is recognized as the valid code the system sends permission to the engine control for ignition to take place.
		The centralized control system issues a fixed frequency signal through an antenna; when the transponder receives the signal it uses special modulation techniques to send its electronic code to the centralized control system, which is able to process and recognize it.
		In this case the crypto transponder is only partially used because the centralized control system is unable to read and use the hidden part of the code (crypto).
	www.silca.it /eng/html/body_info.html (1263 words)

	SIGNAL Magazine
		The system, which supports both current IP version 4 and the future IP version 6 standards, consists of several elements that add end-to-end security services to the transmission control protocol, or TCP.
		The crypto unit, which is approximately the size of a video cassette recorder, is one of a two-component scheme.
		Because the equipment resides at the systems administration level, individual users are not involved in its operation.
	www.afcea.org /signal/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=521&print=yes (1038 words)

	Crypto-Gram: February 15, 2001
		The system is based on something called "broadcast encryption," developed by Amos Fiat and Moni Naar in 1993.
		Some systems reject ballots because the voter marked the oval for a candidate and then also wrote the same candidate's name in the write-in space.
		While E-Gap can claim that with their device systems are "completely disconnected at all times," the truth is that their switch operates automatically at all times.
	www.schneier.com /crypto-gram-0102.html (6174 words)

	Los Alamos develops quantum crypto system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The system features two portable units that can encrypt and decrypt information transmitted via photons.
		The system could be used to ensure safe communications between satellites.
		If a third party attempts to "tune in" to the encrypted transmission, the quantum state of the photons will change, allowing the eavesdropping to be detected.
	www.commsdesign.com /printableArticle?articleID=18306193 (120 words)

	Crypto AG–Information + Communication Security Crypto Seal System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		TETRA is a digital, cellular trunked radio system – similar to the GSM standard but built for authorities’ use.
		The main threats to the system lie in the joint use of the TETRA network by the several public authorities: Spread informations are easy accessible to every user of the network.
		Crypto AG cooperates in the fields of TETRA with Teltronic SA from Zaragoza/Spain.
	www.crypto.ch /pages/htm/crypto_solutions/secure_tetra.htm (429 words)

	STU-III Secure Telephone Units, Crypto Key Generators, Encryption Equipment and Scramblers
		Two crypto synchronization methods, long cycle and cipher feedback, are built into the system and allow it to stay on-line in a variety of error and jamming environments.
		These cryptos are used, on-line, in conjunction with Inmarsat-B High-Speed Data (56-64kbit/s) services to ensure the security of critical applications such as video-teleconferencing, high-speed file transfer and store-and-forward video.
		Sure they are interested in the material being scrambled by the cryptographic system, and they will also be interested in the inner workings of the phone, but it is obtaining the secret ciphering key that is most important to the spy.
	www.tscm.com /stu.html (11841 words)

	Cryptofile - the AES Crypto System
		Now you should be able to mount the file system like this.
		access to file system keys that are actually used to encrypt data.
		system support in the kernel and working mkfs.minix program binary.
	www.cryptofile.com /aes.php (5402 words)

	Army Technology - Crypto AG - Ruggedized Information Security Systems
		Crypto AG Crypto AG specialises in the design, manufacture and supply of Information Security technologies for army deployment.
		For more than 45 years Crypto, a financially and legally independent Swiss company, have supplied their security systems and mathematical- cryptological know-how to land forces in over 130 countries and every day, harsh, real-world conditions in defence applications confirm the integrity, reliability and ruggedness of Crypto’s systems and equipment.
		An extremely robust synchronisation system has been developed resulting in high immunity against channel interference and allowing true late entry in point-to-point and multi-point communications.
	www.army-technology.com /contractors/navigation/crypto (689 words)

	Soviet WWII Ground Forces Call Sign Crypto System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The system uses four 10 by 10 squares.
		Proceeding in a similar way, we fint that on the 7th, the call sign to use for the station assigned the number '18', is f3u.
		According to my sources, the system was also used sometimes to generate the keys to the PT, or chatter table.
	hem.passagen.se /tan01/Arch/callsign.htm (450 words)

	Cryptography : Basic techniques, Crypto System - Ankit
		The key management system is a system implemented for the purpose of determining how the keys will be used, which keys will be used, and how they will be controlled.
		Once a key is randomly generated, it must remain secret to avoid unfortunate mishaps (such as impersonation).
		In practice, most attacks on public-key systems will probably be aimed at the key management level, rather than at the cryptographic algorithm itself.
	www.ankitjain.info /articles/Cryptography_ankit3.htm (726 words)

	Utah High School ACM Programming Contest - Take-Home Problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A system that uses general techniques should work just as well on the Test Set as it does on the Practice Set.
		A system that has lots of hacks and tweaks based on the Practice Set, however, probably will perform very poorly on the Test Set.
		Each solution should be computed in a timely manner, so any system that takes longer than 30 seconds for any given input will be scored as having incorrectly solved that input (after all, if you can't find out where the end of the rainbow is before it disappears, what good is it to know?).
	www.cs.utah.edu /outreach/contest/2004/details.html (1431 words)

	export-a-crypto-system sig
		Why it was illegal to export this 3 line program from the US That weird beast which was the US ITAR crypto restrictions (some aspects still remain after the crypto liberalization)
		Phil Zimmermann, author of PGP was the subject of a grand jury investigation for allegedly violating ITAR.
		Crypto Sardines by Riche (Alex Stewart) and Rui Mendez.
	www.cypherspace.org /adam/rsa (472 words)

	January-February 00 template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The regularities would lead them to overriding laws regarding the cipher's general system; those laws might allow them to build a cipher machine that produced the cryptographic effects of Purple.
		In code systems, a letter, word, sentence, or string of numbers stands for a specific word or phrase in the message.
		In a transposition cipher, the letters of the plain text message are rearranged, as in an anagram.
	cornell-magazine.cornell.edu /Archive/March2000/MarCode.html (4745 words)

	Tecez.com : Voice & Data Crypto System Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This is a Voice & Data Crypto System code-named VDcrypt.
		The VDcrypt will be a Stand-alone unit, which will accept data or analog voice signal from a telephone, encrypt and send the data over a Telephone channel, or receive encrypted telephonic data stream from a PSTN, decrypt it and send it to the telephone set.
		The card is suitable for implementing robust and richly featured computer telephony systems that can reside on premises or in the telephone network.
	www.tecez.com /vdcrypt.htm (303 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Widely available systems only began to emerge after a range of free thinkers, including such crypto legends as Whit Diffie and Marty Hellman, began to devote their considerable mind power to the issue.
		"Crypto" should appeal not only to those who are interested in the history of technology, but anyone wanting to understand more about the history and personal and commercial use of encryption on the Internet.
		Historical cryptographic systems recounted in David Kahn's tome "The Codebreakers" are now passé, not just because computers do it faster, but also due to relatively recent mathematical discoveries.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0140244328?v=glance (3468 words)

	EDM Crypto System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Security is one of the driving factors behind the design of the EDM crypto system.
		With a rigid authentication system and file specific encryption/decryption pincodes, EDM provides the user with a safe system to keep sensitive files secure.
		EDM Crypto System was designed and submitted in partial fulfillment of course requirements of CS430 – Software Design and Development at the State University of New York at Fredonia during the spring semester of 1997.
	www.fredonia.edu /students/nixo1903/SoftDev/summary.html (294 words)

	The Cramer Shoup Crypto System
		This crypto system was published in the Crypto'98 [CS98].
		One amazing feature of this system is that it comes with a proof of security against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks.
		It is a nice thought that with this Cramer Shoup toy implementation you have a encryption system that is actually small enough that you can look through it and understand everything it does (in first place, this is why I wrote this toy implementation).
	www.verify-it.de /sub/cramer_shoup.html (1139 words)

	FreeS/WAN glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An authentication system in which one player generates a random number, encrypts it and sends the result as a challenge.
		The discrete log problem is the basis of several cryptographic systems, including the Diffie-Hellman key exchange used in the IKE protocol.
		Since this requires co-operation of many systems, and since the next packet may travel a different path, this is one of the trickier areas of IP programming.
	www.freeswan.org /freeswan_snaps/CURRENT-SNAP/doc/glossary.html (10741 words)

	Python export-a-crypto-system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Here is the README file from the curiosa directory of the crypto toolkit, it contains his python export-a-crypto-system code also, plus an explanation.
		In fact from a purist point of view, the perl code is in fact perl and dc code as dc is called as a separate utility, and although dc is shipped with most unix systems, it is kind of a hack.
		Andrew's Python version doesn't suffer from this short-coming as it uses the builtin in python bigint, and pow() function.
	www.ussrback.com /crypto/rsa/python.html (412 words)

	Crypto System Promises Fiber-optic Security > Crypto System Promises Fiber-optic Security > November 10, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The crypto system will initially be available only to U.S. companies and agencies, the company said.
		The longest laboratory demonstration of quantum-key distribution up to now was done by NEC Corp. in Japan, but Navajo is ready for existing fiber-optic links, Magiq said.
		Only U.S. companies and agencies can make use of Magiq's Navajo, but the company is currently applying for an export license to ship the system to G-8 trading partners.
	www.techweb.com /wire/story/TWB20031110S0001 (462 words)

	Wired News: Congress Mulls Stiff Crypto Laws
		During the early and mid 1990s, when e-mail was a rarity and good encryption programs even more scarce, it was easy for encryption's proponents to argue that terrorists and other malcontents were not cloaking their communications.
		Now, with readily available applications like hushmail.com and PGP, crypto buffs are left with one less argument than before.
		Matt Blaze, the AT&T Research scientist who was a chief critic of Clipper, said in an essay this week that: "I believed then, and continue to believe now, that the benefits to our security and freedom of widely available cryptography far, far outweigh the inevitable damage that comes from its use by criminals and terrorists."
	www.wired.com /news/politics/0,1283,46816,00.html (1506 words)

	An Overview of Cryptography
		Their paper described a two-key crypto system in which two parties could engage in a secure communication over a non-secure communications channel without having to share a secret key.
		Although I have categorized PKC as a two-key system, that has been merely for convenience; the real criteria for a PKC scheme is that it allows two parties to exchange a secret even though the communication with the shared secret might be overheard.
		The system checked to see if the decrypted value of the block was "interesting," which they defined as bytes containing one of the alphanumeric characters, space, or some punctuation.
	www.garykessler.net /library/crypto.html (17320 words)

	Cryptography
		What follows is a list of freely available crypto systems, with comments based on my limited reading in books and on the net.
		PGP is a public key system for encrypting electonic mail using the RSA public key cypher.
		They apparently do not publish their source code, nor do they allow examination of the raw output of the crypto engine to allow verification that the system operates as it should.
	axion.physics.ubc.ca /crypt.html (4841 words)

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