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Topic: Cryptographic key length

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	[No title]
		A cryptographic key is a secret value that modifies an encryption algorithm.
		In 1996, a group of cryptographers (including myself) researched the various technologies one could use to build brute-force cryptanalytic machines, and recommended a minimal key length of 90 bits to provide security through 2016.
		This means that even though the algorithm is given a cryptographic key with 64 bits of entropy, it only makes use of 40 bits of entropy in the key.
	www.windowsecurity.com /uplarticle/4/keylength.txt (1960 words)

	Key signature - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Key signatures are generally written immediately after the clef at the beginning of a line of musical notation, although they can appear in other parts of a score.
		A key signature is not the same as a key; key signatures are merely notational devices.
		Note that an absence of a key signature does not always mean that the music is in the key of C major or A minor: each accidental may be notated explicitly, or the piece may be atonal.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Key_signature (681 words)

	Brute force attack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If keys are generated in a weak way, for example, derived from a guessable-password, it is possible to exhaustively search over a much smaller set, for example, keys generated from passwords in a dictionary.
		Thus, the currently breakable key length for the RSA algorithm is at least 512 bits (i.e., it has been done publicly), and recent research developments suggest that 1024 bits might be breakable in the near to medium term future.
		Cryptographic key length for a fuller discussion of recommended key sizes for symmetric and asymmetric algorithms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Brute_force_attack (892 words)

	Cryptographic key (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		SSH and Cryptographic Algorithms A brief survey of some commonly used cryptographic algorithms.
		Cryptographic Appliances Develops hardware security products including cryptographic accelerator cards, secure appliances and supporting applications.
		Catacomb Cryptographic Library Library of cryptographic primitives in ANSI C, including block ciphers and hash functions, together with generic modes of operation.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Cryptographic_key.html (295 words)

	Secret Key Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Keys are also used in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and keyed-hash functions (also known as MACs), often used for authentication.
		A newer class of "public key" cryptographic algorithms was discovered in the 1970s which use a pair of keys, one to encrypt and one to decrypt.
		When a password (or passphrase) is used as an encryption key, well-designed cryptosystems first run it through a key-derivation algorithm which adds salt and reduces or expands it to the key length desired, for example by reducing a long phrase into a 128-bit value suitable for use in a block cipher.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Secret_key (1034 words)

	Cryptographic Standards and Guidance: Status Report
		Cryptographic modes of operation have been defined to alleviate these problems by combining the basic cryptographic algorithm with a feedback of the information derived from the cryptographic operation.
		Asymmetric key algorithms use a pair of keys: a public key that may be known by anyone, and a private key that must be known only by the owner of the key pair.
		A hash function is usually used as a component in other cryptographic processes, such as the computation of a digital signature, the generation of a Message Authentication Code, the establishment of cryptographic keying material, or the generation of a random number.
	www.itl.nist.gov /lab/bulletns/bltnsep02.htm (2734 words)

	Cryptographic key length (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		cryptographic cryptographic service length cable length chain length focal length penis length penile length length lens erecter increase length girth waist length hair
		Cryptix Standard Cryptographic Algorithm Naming Introduces a system to enumerate and give standard reference identifiers for cryptographic algorithms with sufficient detail that independent implementations will be able to interoperate.
		(Horse racing) The length of a horse, used to indicate the distance between horses at the end of a race.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Cryptographic_key_length.html (405 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Key Length and Security ---------------------------------- by Bruce Schneier Founder and CTO Counterpane Internet Security, Inc. schneier@counterpane.com http://www.counterpane.com Copyright (c) 1999 by Bruce Schneier Despite what everyone else tries to tell you, cryptographic key length has almost nothing to do with security.
		In 1996, a group of cryptographers (including myself) researched the various technologies one could use to build brute-force cryptanalytic machines, and recommended a minimal key length of 90 bits to provide security through 2016.
		This means that even though the algorithm is given a cryptographic key with 64 bits of entropy, it only makes use of 40 bits of entropy in the key.
	downloads.securityfocus.com /library/keylength.txt (1960 words)

	[No title]
		NSA and NIST discuss the development or the selection of cryptographic algorithms for the development of these standards primarily in classified meetings, such as those of the Technical Working Group.\4 As a result, federal agencies invest years in developing proposed cryptographic standards for sensitive, unclassified information before public input is solicited.
		Cryptographic algorithms are mathematical procedures used for such purposes as encrypting and decrypting messages and signing documents digitally.
		For example, a key length of 56 bits is over 65,000 times stronger or more resistant to attack than a key length of 40 bits.
	www.nsi.org /Library/Comm/commprivacy.txt (10367 words)

	Cryptographic key length : Cryptography/key length (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Though attackers often attempt methods of obtaining keys such as compromising the server on which they are stored, the difficulty of obtaining the key through mathematical means is crucially influenced by the size of the key.
		Even if a cipher is unbreakable by exploiting weaknesses in the algorithm, it may be possible to run through the entire space of keys in what is known as a brute force attack.
		Therefore, the length of the key must be enough to be resistant to this form of attack.
	www.eurofreehost.com /cr/Cryptography___key_length.html (362 words)

	ipedia.com: Brute force attack Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In cryptanalysis, a brute force attack is a brute-force search of the 'key space' (ie, all possible keyss) in an attempt to recover the plaintext used to produce a particular ciphertext.
		The underlying assumption is, of course, that the cipher algorithm is known.
		As of the year 2002, symmetric ciphers with keys 64 bits or less are vulnerable to brute force attacks.
	www.ipedia.com /brute_force_attack.html (568 words)

	RFC 2631 (rfc2631) - Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method
		That keying material is typically used as a key-encryption key (KEK) to encrypt (wrap) a content- encryption key (CEK) which is in turn used to encrypt the message data.
		Key and Parameter Requirements X9.42 requires that the group parameters be of the form p=jq + 1 where q is a large prime of length m and j>=2.
		It depends on the length of the symmetric key (typically, a 2^l security level if the length is l bits); the size of the prime q (a 2^{m/2} security level); and the size of the prime p (where the security level grows as a subexponential function of the size in bits).
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2631.html (2700 words)

	Cryptographic key length
		Since most cryptographic schemes are based on publicly specified algorithms, the difficulty of obtaining the key usually determines the security of the system.
		Needless to say, a key length of 40 bits offers little protection today even against a casual attacker.
		As of 2002, a key length of 1024 bits is generally considered necessary for the RSA encryption algorithm.
	www.fastload.org /cr/Cryptographic_key_length.html (491 words)

	Brute force attack -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In general, a (Click link for more info and facts about symmetric key) symmetric key cipher is considered secure if there is no method less expensive (in time, memory requirements, etc) than brute force; (United States electrical engineer who pioneered mathematical communication theory (1916-2001)) Claude Shannon used the term "work factor" for this.
		For applications requiring long term security, 128 bits is, (Click link for more info and facts about as of 2004) as of 2004, currently thought a sufficient key length for new systems using symmetric key algorithms.
		For most (Click link for more info and facts about elliptic curve) elliptic curve asymmetric algorithms, the largest currently breakable key length is believed to be rather shorter, perhaps as little as 128 bits or so.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/br/brute_force_attack.htm (993 words)

	Cryptographic key length : Cryptography/key length
		Key length is an important issue in cryptography.
		Thus the Advanced Encryption Standard published in 2001 uses a key size of (at least) 128 bits.
		Public key cryptosystems depend on the computational infeasibility of certain problems such as integer factorization.
	www.fastload.org /cr/Cryptography___key_length.html (491 words)

	Bokler Software's Cryptographic Resources Page
		A cryptographic key is a numerical value provided as input to the algorithm which causes it to perform its transformations in a unique way.
		Without knowledge of the key value (assuming the algorithm has no defects or weaknesses) the eavesdropper is forced to resort to a brute force, trial and error approach to recover cleartext from ciphertext; he may have to try decrypting the ciphertext with all possible key values to be sure of recovering the original cleartext.
		Good cryptographic algorithms are strongly one-way transformations; they are one-way in the sense that it is easy (straightforward, at least) to transform cleartext to ciphertext, but difficult to reverse the process (without the key value).
	www.bokler.com /resrcs_1.html (2064 words)

	RFC 2628 (rfc2628) - Simple Cryptographic Program Interface (Crypto API)
		For the sake of possibility of independent development of the cryptographic modules and in order to provide a simple, effective and universal (suitable for application and as well kernel level of operating system) solution this specification offers the method to extract encrypting algorithms to the separate cryptographic modules.
		key - pointer to the key (if it is required) or to the seed (for random number generation algorithm).
		If maximum number of cryptographic contexts equals to zero then the cryptographic contexts number is either unlimited (for example, for stateless algorithms like random number generators and one-way hash functions) or it is limited by external factors only (like memory size).
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2628.html (4351 words)

	SSL Certificate Glossary
		Because many modern encryption algorithms are mathematically founded, the length of keys is a crucial determining factor in the strength of an algorithm and in the work factor involved in breaking a cryptographic system.
		The scope and extent of possible values of a cryptographic key, or the number of totally different transformations that are supported by a certain cryptographic algorithm.
		A cryptographic hash or digest in which the mapping to a hash result is assorted by a second input parameter which is a cryptographic key.
	www.whichssl.com /glossary/ssl-certificate-k.html (222 words)

	Cryptographic key length (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Since most cryptographic schemes are based on publicly known algorithms, the difficulty of obtaining the key is related to the mathematical security of the system, provided that there is no known analytic attack, ie, a 'structural weakness' in the algorithm.
		A key should therefore be large enough that a "brute force" attack is infeasible.
		The effectiveness of public key cryptosystems depends on the intracability (computational and theoretical) of certain mathematical problems such as integer factorization.
	www.portaljuice.com /cryptographic_key_length.html (775 words)

	RFC 2094 (rfc2094) - Group Key Management Protocol (GKMP) Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A group key request is sent to the KDC via various means (on- or off-line) The KDC acting as an access controller decides whether or not the request is proper (i.e., all members of a group are cleared to receive all the data on a group).
		This may be achieved by either using deterministic key generation techniques (using a secret, shared seed) or by making one member of the group responsible for creation of the key.
		This new key is cooperatively created between the controller and net member in a similar manner as the net keys.
	www.incywincy.com /default?catid=564518&cached=www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2094.html (6635 words)

	What are common cryptographic algorithms?
		DES is a symmetric cipher with an effective key length of 56 bits.
		Blowfish is a symmetric cipher with a variable key length from 32 to 448 bits.
		RSA is an asymmetric cipher with a variable key length.
	www.tech-faq.com /cryptographic-algorithms.shtml (250 words)

	Linux Online - Cryptographic Algorithms and Protocols
		To prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, SSH records keying information about servers it talks to; that means that typical use of SSH is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack during the very first connection, but it can detect problems afterwards.
		So-called ``exportable'' encryption algorithms only have effective key lengths of 40 bits, and are essentially worthless; in 1996 an attacker could spend $10,000 to break such keys in twelve minutes or use idle computer time to break them in a few days, with the time-to-break halving every 18 months in either case.
		Some programs need a one-way cryptographic hash algorithm, that is, a function that takes an ``arbitrary'' amount of data and generates a fixed-length number that hard for an attacker to invert (e.g., it's difficult for an attacker to create a different set of data to generate that same value).
	www.linux.org /docs/ldp/howto/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/crypto.html (3292 words)

	TCC: Technical Discussion on Key Length vs. Time to Break (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The length of the 'Key Stream Cycle' (the number of bits that are to be generated before the key stream generator's output would repeat).
		The length of time the selected key is in use ('Key Period') and the length of time between re-initializations when the randomly-generated Initialization Vector or IV (sometimes referred to as a "message key") is exchanged.
		Obviously, if a key length is relatively long and very non-linear, and the period of its use is relatively short, the ability of the code breaker to compromise a key is greatly limited regardless of the amount of computer assets and parallel processing is available.
	www.tccsecure.com /keyleng.htm (887 words)

	Cryptographic Algorithms: Block and Stream Ciphers, Hash Algorithms. Kremlin Encrypt Security Software: Encrypt and ...
		GOST is a cryptographic algorithm from Russia that appears to be the Russian analog to DES both politically and technologically.
		There are also weak keys in GOST, but there are too few to be a problem when GOST is used with its standard set of S-boxes.
		Each TEA key can be found to have three other equivalent keys, as described in a paper by David Wagner, John Kelsey, and Bruce Schneier.
	kremlinencrypt.com /algorithms.htm (3164 words)

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