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Topic: Cryptographic keys

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Cryptographic keys

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	Self Incrimination and Cryptographic Keys
		Many seldom-enforced statutes[16] enable one to confess to a crime in one's cryptographic key, thereby triggering potential criminal liability and therefore the protection of the Fifth Amendment,[17] without incurring much risk of prosecution or of social obloquy should the key leak or the Fifth Amendment argument be rejected.
		Because the plaintext of the document is derived from the key, the protection under use immunity must extend to the wholly unrelated crime mentioned in the document--say, a bank robbery.
		The compulsory production of a cryptographic key is not so invasive in one respect as compulsory interpretation, because there is no judgment involved or continuing cognitive work involved in producing the key: either it works or it does not work.
	law.richmond.edu /jolt/v2i1/sergienko.html (10984 words)

	Key (cryptography) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Keys are also used in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and keyed-hash functions (also known as MACs), often used for authentication.
		A newer class of "public key" cryptographic algorithms was discovered in the 1970s which use a pair of keys, one to encrypt and one to decrypt.
		When a password (or passphrase) is used as an encryption key, well-designed cryptosystems first run it through a key-derivation algorithm which adds salt and reduces or expands it to the key length desired, for example by reducing a long phrase into a 128-bit value suitable for use in a block cipher.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Key_(cryptography) (854 words)

	Cryptographic Button Program - CANBERRA, An AREVA Group Company
		The cryptographic iButton provides the enabling technology that may allow safeguards agencies to implement cryptographically secure access to the sensitive Safeguards data as well as auditably demonstrate to the member countries that information about their facilities is rigorously access-controlled.
		Key distribution is the process of securely delivering the necessary keys to the people or systems that need them and who are authorized to have them.
		It is the mechanism by which users of keys verify that they have the correct key, or that a key provided by an instrument data structure is, in fact, the key that was registered to that instrument.
	www.canberra.com /literature/1071.asp (1962 words)

	FIPS 140-1 - Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules
		Key management: the activities involving the handling of cryptographic keys and other related security parameters (e.g., IVs, counters) during the entire life cycle of the keys, including their generation, storage, distribution, entry and use, deletion or destruction, and archiving.
		Cryptographic key management is concerned with the entire life cycle of the cryptographic keys employed with a cryptographic-based security system, including their generation, distribution, entry and use, storage, destruction and archiving.
		Manually-distributed cryptographic keys may be entered into or output from a cryptographic module either by purely manual methods (e.g., via a keyboard, rotary switches, thumbwheels, or LCD displays) or by electronic methods (e.g., via memory cards/tokens such as magnetic-striped cards and integrated circuit (IC) chip devices, smart cards/tokens, or other electronic key loaders).
	www.itl.nist.gov /fipspubs/fip140-1.htm (15851 words)

	Security Policies: Windows 2000 Cryptographic Providers
		The wrapped key blob is passed in along with a handle to a symmetric key which the module is supposed to use to unwrap the blob.
		If a symmetric key is used to encrypt the blob then a handle to the private RSA key is passed in to the module and the symmetric key referenced by the handle is used to encrypt the blob.
		A handle to the symmetric key and a handle to the public RSA key to encrypt with are passed to the function.
	www.microsoft.com /technet/security/prodtech/Windows2000/wn2cspsp.mspx (12189 words)

	T 5.83 Compromising cryptographic keys - IT BAseline Protection Manual 1.7
		When cryptographic procedures are used, the gain in security depends to a large extent on how confidential the secret cryptographic keys are.
		With knowledge of both the key and the cryptographic algorithm used, it is normally easy to revert the encryption and obtain plain text.
		In the case of symmetric cryptographic techniques such as DES, for example, it is currently possible to determine the key using huge numbers of parallel computers (brute-force attack).
	www.bsi.de /english/gshb/manual/t/t05083.html (178 words)

	The Open Rights Group » Logical Fallacies
		They fail to consider that of the people using cryptographic keys, paedophiles are in the minority.
		The paedophiles are presented as the general problem, and the author ignores all other types of people - such as business people - who use cryptographic keys.
		‘Shifting the burden of proof’, which runs through the whole of the article, and says ‘prove why we shouldn’t demand cryptographic keys’ or ‘prove that these files aren’t evil’, rather than proving why we should or why they are.
	www.openrightsgroup.org /category/logical-fallacies (1180 words)

	Brute force attacks on cryptographic keys
		Many cryptographic systems have no (practical) known weaknesses and so the only way of "cracking" them is to use a "brute force attack" by trying all possible keys until the message can be decoded.
		To complete this survey, there are a few pointers to reports of the speed of software implementation, a pointer to the classic paper on key lengths and a pointer to the LCS35 puzzle, that is designed to be a brute force puzzle that cannot be attacked by a parallel array of machines.
		The 56 bit RC5 key from the January 1997 RSA Challenge was cracked in 250 days by the Bovine group (later known as distributed.net).
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /users/rnc1/brute.html (1954 words)

	Java Cryptography Architecture
		Public keys in a code source are referenced by (symbolic) alias names from the user's keystore.
		Given the public key corresponding to the private key used to generate the signature, it should be possible to verify the authenticity and integrity of the input.
		Key specifications are transparent representations of the key material that constitutes a key.
	java.sun.com /j2se/1.4/docs/guide/security/CryptoSpec.html (10851 words)

	Security of Biased Sources for Cryptographic Keys (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Abstract: Cryptographic schemes are based on keys which are highly involved in granting their security.
		It is in general assumed that the source producing these keys has uniformly distribution, that is, it produces keys from a given key space with equal probability.
		Consequently, deviations from uniform distribution of the key source may be regarded a priori as a potential security breach, even if no dedicated attack is known, which might take advantage of these deviations.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /337897.html (329 words)

	Quantum Information Networks
		Photons encoding cryptographic keys are being sent in free space to the MIST Adminsitration Building shown in the background.
		Richard Kuhn, A Quantum Cryptographic Protocol with Detection of Compromised Server quant-ph/0311085, Nov. 14, 2003.
		Richard Kuhn, Vulnerabilities in Quantum Key Distribution Protocols, quant-ph/0305076, May 14, 2003.
	math.nist.gov /quantum/index.html (1366 words)

	How to protect the cryptographic keys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		But your encrypted data is only as secure as the cryptographic keys that protect it.
		If you're storing your keys on servers, your data may be vulnerable to theft.
		To obtain How to protect the cryptographic keys go to: http://www.ingrian.com/resourc...
	whatis.techtarget.com /whitepaperPage/0,293857,sid14_gci893930,00.html (58 words)

	Cryptology Science Tracer Bullet - Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		Cryptography is that part of cryptology concerned with the putting of messages into a secret or encrypted form, and cryptanalysis is the reading of encrypted messages without having authorized knowledge of the key that was used in encryption.
		With advances in computers and telecommunications and increased dependence on such systems, the use of cryptography has found new applications in the lives of individuals and in the world of commerce.
		Weak keys and weak data foiling the two nemeses.
	www.lcweb.loc.gov /rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/cryptologytb.html (1530 words)

	Extracting stable cryptographic keys and pointers from IrisCodes. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Extracting stable cryptographic keys and pointers from IrisCodes.
		Extracting Stable Crypto Keys and Pointers from IrisCodes
		Cryptographic keys must have all of their bits correct in order to work
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /users/jgd1000/biokeycrypto.html (295 words)

	Welcome to Justin Troutman's Section
		Justin Troutman is an independent contract cryptographer and cryptanalyst, based in the general Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury metropolitan area of North Carolina's southern Piedmont region, who sports a forte consisting of a specialization in the structural design semantics of cryptographic primitives and their mathematical cryptanalyses, on which he has authored publications and lectured abroad.
		His prominent areas of interest are the design strategies, and cryptanalysis, of block ciphers (i.e., wide-trail, in particular), MAC functions, and cryptovirological protocols and their game theoretical implications, using both symmetric and asymmetric primitives as components.
		On a contract basis, his array of engagements include consulting, conceptualizing, constructing, and cryptanalyzing tactful cryptographic protocols and their respective algorithmic components, as well as authoring publications on cryptanalysis, and conservative policies for implementing cryptography.
	www.windowsecurity.com /Justin_Troutman (770 words)

	3Investigations about SSL
		· the same cryptographic keys are used for message authentication and for encryption, which means that in export mode also the MACs are unnecessarily weakened (due to U.S. export restrictions, the symmetric key length that could be used in Netscape and Internet Explorer was limited to 40 bits.
		Each ciphersuite is thus a set of cryptographic algorithms, consisting of an authentication and key establishment algorithm, a symmetric encryption algorithm, and a cryptographic hash function (the latter is used within the HMAC construction).
		Moreover, all cryptographic protection is only applied during transit of the data, and is removed once it is received at the other end of the secure channel.
	www.eucybervote.org /Reports/MSI-WP2-D7V1-V1.0-02.htm (2277 words)

	The Open Rights Group » Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act
		Scrambling for Safety 8 is taking place on the 14th August at University College, London, where the focus will be on the Home Office’s access to keys and communications data code of practice consultations.
		At present Part III is not in force, but the Home Office are consulting on a Code of Practice for its operation and it must be expected to come into force in early 2007.
		The eighth Scrambling for Safety meeting on the Home Office’s access to keys and communications data code of practice consultations is being held from 2-5pm on Monday 14 August 2006, at the Gustave Tuck Lecture Theatre, South Wing, UCL, Gower St, London WC1 [campus map].
	www.openrightsgroup.org /category/regulation-of-investigatory-powers-act (1631 words)

	ISG People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Dr Steven Galbraith (B.C.M.S. (Waikato), M.S. (Georgia Tech), D.Phil (Oxford)) was awarded a Bachelor in Computing and Mathematical Sciences from the University of Waikato in New Zealand in 1989, a Master of Science from Georgia Tech in the USA in 1991, and a Doctorate from Oxford University in 1996.
		He has lectured world-wide on information security, both academically and commercially, has published a number of cryptographic papers, and is joint author of Cipher Systems (1982), one of the first books to be published on the subject of protection of communications, Secure Speech Communications (1985) and Cryptography: A very short introduction (2002).
		He has designed and implemented pioneering cryptographic solutions for multi-organisation community networks, including for example a stock exchange network designed to interconnect 400 financial institutions, and an inter-bank payments and clearing network for high value transactions.
	www.isg.rhul.ac.uk /people/academic.shtml (5123 words)

	PRIMES is in P little FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		If one could efficiently factor large integers, then certain cryptographic algorithms would be broken (such as the famous RSA encryption and signature schemes).
		Certain algorithms need to generate prime numbers in order to construct cryptographic keys, but algorithms to accomplish this which can be executed very efficiently already existed before the result in [1].
		The most commonly used ones have a probability of error, but this error can be made to be arbitrarily small (see question 9) and thus they give us practically the same assurance as the algorithm proposed in P. These algorithms that are commonly used in practice are actually faster than the ones proposed in [1].
	crypto.cs.mcgill.ca /~stiglic/PRIMES_P_FAQ.html (2589 words)

	SecureCom - Software systems
		We develop programs and systems for handling security values such as keys, personal identification codes.
		To produce and/or adjust secure values (cryptographic keys, PIN etc.) and other data (foremost when publishing chip-card).
		An application in a secure device (HFT 101/HFT P2100) for handle of PIN and cryptographic keys.
	www.securecom.se /eng/scProgramsystem.htm (138 words)

	The Open Rights Group » 2006 » June
		We’ll be publicising the benefits of public domain, examining the dangers of term extension, and lobbying for the term to remain the same.
		The introduction of Part III of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, permitting the government to seize private encryption keys.
		With your help, we can work to shine more light on these issues, bringing them to the attention of the media, the politicians and the wider public.
	www.openrightsgroup.org /2006/06 (2850 words)

	random.org - who is using random.org?
		As mentioned in my essay on randomness and random numbers, true random numbers can be used for many purposes, perhaps the most important of which is the generation of cryptographic keys.
		I want to use the random numbers for an RF access key where each time it is used the receiver and transmitter go to the next random number which is the same for both because both have the same random key.
		Mike Bardsley, CML is using random.org to generate new discreet keys for each home or business he rekeys, ensuring that no two customers will ever receive the same key bitting.
	www.random.org /users.html (8407 words)

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