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Topic: Cryptography standards

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	Glossary for Internet Cryptography
		Standard developed by NSA and published by NIST for crypto systems that allows law enforcement and other authorized agencies to tap the encrypted communications by providing a method to recover the crypto keys being used.
		International organization that published a large number of networking standards (the OSI protocols), most of which are incompatible with the Internet protocols.
		Standards published by RSA Data Security that describe how to use public key crypto in a reliable, secure, and interoperable fashion.
	www.smat.us /crypto/inet-crypto/glossary.html (4125 words)

	ITL Security Bulletin: September 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Cryptography has had, and will continue to have, an important role in protecting information both within a computer system and when information is sent over the Internet and other unprotected communications channels.
		There are efforts underway to update existing standards for cryptography; to develop new and stronger forms of encryption; and to create infrastructures that will support safe electronic transactions in future networks.
		Seeking to be consistent with the actions in the voluntary standards community, we are awaiting the completion of the industry standardization processes before proceeding with the revision of the FIPS to include the RSA technique and Elliptic Curve Cryptography technology.
	csrc.nist.gov /publications/nistbul/html-archive/sept-98.html (2610 words)

	Phaos Technology Corporation - Identity Management, Liberty, Cryptography
		American National Standards Institute - the main standards producing organization in the U.S. ANSI is the U.S. member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
		In cryptography, a hash function or one-way hash function is an algorithm that produces a given value when applied to a given block of data.
		In cryptography, the ability to prove that a given digital signature was produced with a given entity's private key.
	www.phaos.com /resources/glossary.html (2014 words)

	Cryptography Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Public Key Cryptography - A type of cryptography in which two keys are used, a public key and a private key.
		Quantum Cryptography - A type of cryptography in which the laws of physics are relied upon to prevent eavesdropping.
		Cryptography which is though to be unbreakable in a small amount of time.
	www.cryptnet.net /fdp/crypto/crypto-dict.html (8238 words)

	Cryptography standards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are a number of standards related to cryptography.
		Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study; standards for popular applications attract a large amount of cryptanalysis.
		FIPS PUB 185 Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES) 1994, a key escrow system that provides for decryption of telecommunications when lawfully authorized.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryptography_standards (418 words)

	RSA Cryptography Today FAQ (3/3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		NIST is an acronym for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a division of the U.S. Department of Commerce; it was formerly known as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS).
		Developments in cryptography achieved at the NSA are not made public; this secrecy has led to many rumors about the NSA's ability to break popular cryptosystems like DES and also to rumors that the NSA has secretly placed weaknesses, called trap doors, in government-endorsed cryptosystems, such as DES.
		Cryptography is in the public eye as never before and has become the subject of national public debate.
	omicron.felk.cvut.cz /FAQ/articles/a179.html (6390 words)

	What is cryptography? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Cryptography is used to protect e-mail messages, credit card information, and corporate data.
		Cryptography systems can be broadly classified into symmetric-key systems that use a single key that both the sender and recipient have, and public-key systems that use two keys, a public key known to everyone and a private key that only the recipient of messages uses.
		Contains links to information on cryptography, a tutorial on public key encryption for secrecy and a discussion of the debate regarding government control of cryptography.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/C/cryptography.html (590 words)

	PKCS, Public-Key Cryptography Standards
		The Public-Key Cryptography Standards are specifications produced by RSA Laboratories in cooperation with secure systems developers worldwide for the purpose of accelerating the deployment of public-key cryptography.
		A modern branch of cryptography, popularly known as "public-key cryptography", in which the algorithms employ a pair of keys and use a different component of the pair for different steps of the algorithm.
		Defines a syntax for data that may have cryptography applied to it, such as for digital signatures and digital envelopes.
	www.networksorcery.com /enp/data/pkcs.htm (1055 words)

	Cryptography
		Using Matrices for Cryptography - by Douglas Jones; Discussion and step-by-step examples of using matrics for polyalphabetic cipher encryption and decryption.
		Cryptography Overview - A nice tutorial on what cryptography is from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
		Cryptography For the Masses by Gary Anthes; May 27, 2002; This article discusses how cryptography is seen as being too complicated and so sometimes it is not used.
	csc.colstate.edu /summers/e-library/crypto.html (5573 words)

	Cryptography - Systems, Standards, Tools
		Cryptography is a technological area of growing importance, and within the next two decades will become a ubiquitous aspect of the networked computing environment.
		To place cryptographic standards and algorithms into a context, it is first necessary to understand where and how they are used in a networked environment.
		The X.509 certification standard is supported, but the signature is hidden in the encrypted components to hide it from eavesdroppers.
	www.ausairpower.net /OSR-0898.html (3049 words)

	RFC 3447 - Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1
		Jonsson and Kaliski Informational [Page 12] RFC 3447 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications February 2003 The main mathematical operation in each primitive is exponentiation, as in the encryption and decryption primitives of Section 5.1.
		Jonsson and Kaliski Informational [Page 63] RFC 3447 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications February 2003 License to copy this document is granted provided that it is identified as "RSA Security Inc. Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)" in all material mentioning or referencing this document.
		Jonsson and Kaliski Informational [Page 69] RFC 3447 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications February 2003 Appendix G: About PKCS The Public-Key Cryptography Standards are specifications produced by RSA Laboratories in cooperation with secure systems developers worldwide for the purpose of accelerating the deployment of public-key cryptography.
	www.packetizer.com /rfc/rfc.cgi?num=3447 (14039 words)

	CEES - FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		the lack of standards designed to address the requirement for a new trust model in e-commerce: an entity which is not the owner of a device being required to trust the device (e.g.
		CEES intends to cover both the technical requirements (for example, fast and efficient cryptography) to support those infrastructures, as well as the protocols and usage rules (who can generate keys, how audit trails are established and maintained) by which merchants, other e-commerce providers, and users can validate trusted applications and transactions.
		CEES standards will specify algorithms (where not already specified in documents such as IEEE Std 1363-2000), parameter choices, implementation details, and in some cases protocol and security architecture designs, in order to enable developers to deploy standards-based architectures that can support mass-market adoption while satisfying security requirements.
	www.ceesstandards.org /FAQ.htm (466 words)

	The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 74 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This JSR is to define a standard set of APIs for a subset of the Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS#1, #5, #7, #8, #9, #10 and #12).
		This JSR is to define a standard set of APIs for a subset of the Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS#1, #5, #7, #8, #9, #10 & #12) and to provide a reference implementation of these.
		The Public Key Cryptography Standards is a set of de-facto standards that is in wide use in the industry to day.
	www.jcp.org /en/jsr/detail?id=74 (924 words)

	CERIAS - Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security
		This site's design is only visible in a graphical browser that supports web standards, but its content is accessible to any browser or Internet device.
		Cryptography is the study of encryption, the transformation of data into a form unreadable by anyone without a secret decryption key.
		The center's purpose will be to advance knowledge in the areas of cryptography, computer security, network security and related areas from a theoretical as well as a practical viewpoint.
	www.cerias.purdue.edu /about/history/coast_resources/cryptography (873 words)

	SecurityDocs: Comment on The Impact of Quantum Physics on Cryptography Standards
		It is precisely these “weaknesses” that current cryptography standards exploit when creating algorithms.
		Today, the general thrust of quantum cryptography usage seems to be in the area of key generation for traditional symmetric encryption algorithms.
		While the cryptography is a consequence of the computing, it is of utmost importance that it remain contemporaneous in its development.
	www.securitydocs.com /library/3230 (894 words)

	[No title]
		Introduction As public-key cryptography begins to see wide application and acceptance one thing is increasingly clear: If it is going to be as effective as the underlying technology allows it to be, there must be interoperable standards.
		For example, a standard for the syntax of digitally signed messages should be able to work with any public-key algorithm, not just RSA; and a standard for RSA should be applicable to many different message syntax standards.
		We choose the definition that standard A is compatible with standard B if standard A provides something useful to standard B, where the usefulness may be contingent on a change in representation, and possibly on omission of information.
	www.eecis.udel.edu /~mills/database/rsa/overview.asc (6116 words)

	Korean Cryptography Standards
		TTA standards are industry standards which may be proposed by individual or organization and is approved by TTA.
		A TTA standard can be proposed as one of KICS if it survives as an active standard through one-year field experiments.
		Further, since our schemes are very close to their standard counterparts they benefit from their desired properties (efficiency of computation/space, employment of certain mathematical operations and wide applicability to various algebraic structures).
	dosan.skku.ac.kr /~sjkim/kg_std.html (592 words)

	[No title]
		It is expected that application standards and implementation profiles based on these specifications may include additional constraints.
		Kaliski Informational [Page 12] RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 The length in octets of the encoded message will be a multiple of eight and it will be possible to recover the message M unambiguously from the encoded message.
		Output the ciphertext C. Kaliski Informational [Page 14] RFC 2898 Password-Based Cryptography September 2000 The salt S, the iteration count c, the key length dkLen, and identifiers for the key derivation function and the underlying encryption scheme may be conveyed to the party performing decryption in an AlgorithmIdentifier value (see Appendix A.4).
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc2898.txt (4798 words)

	PKCS - Public Key Cryptography Standard
		The standards include RSA encryption, password-based encryption, extended certificate syntax, and cryptographic message syntax for S/MIME, RSA's proposed standard for secure e-mail.
		Public Key Cryptography System is a set of imformal inter-vendor standard protocols developed by RSA for making possible secure information exchange on the Internet.
		Syntax standards covering a number of security functions, including a standard way of attaching signatures to a block of data, a form for requesting a certificate, and public key encryption algorithms.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/PKCS.asp (368 words)

	Cryptography Research Services
		Cryptography Research offers conservative design approaches using established security standards.
		Protocols Designed and analyzed by the Cryptography Research team are widely used to secure e-mail, web transactions, VPNs, and a variety of other network and Internet applications.
		Cryptography Research has helped secure cellular networks, satellite telecommunications, and systems using frequencies obtained in recent FCC auctions.
	www.cryptography.com /services/disciplines.html (211 words)

	Standards Database Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This standard is an interim final standard that was approved by the Secretary of Commerce (Federal Register, December 15, 1998).
		This standard specifies procedures to be used for protecting the integrity of retail banking messages and for verifying that the message originated from an authorized source.
		The standard does not mandate a particular algorithm: any algorithm which satisfies the requirements of the specified authentication mechanism may be used.
	www.faa.gov /ASD/standards/std-results.cfm?CategoryID=11 (9238 words)

	Definition: PKCS (Public-Key Cryptography Standards) [Web and XML Glossary]
		PKCS are specifications produced by RSA Laboratories in cooperation with secure systems developers worldwide for the purpose of accelerating the deployment of Public-Key Cryptography.
		First published in 1991 as a result of meetings with a small group of early adopters of Public-Key Cryptography technology, the PKCS documents have become widely referenced and implemented.
		The PKCS standards cover RSA Encryption, Diffie-Hellman key agreement, password-based Encryption, extended-certificate syntax, CMS, private key information syntax, and certification request syntax, as well as selected attributes.
	dret.net /glossary/pkcs (193 words)

	[No title]
		Jonsson & Kaliski Informational [Page 12] RFC 3447 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications February 2003 The main mathematical operation in each primitive is exponentiation, as in the encryption and decryption primitives of Section 5.1.
		Jonsson & Kaliski Informational [Page 63] RFC 3447 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications February 2003 License to copy this document is granted provided that it is identified as "RSA Security Inc. Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)" in all material mentioning or referencing this document.
		Jonsson & Kaliski Informational [Page 69] RFC 3447 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications February 2003 Appendix G: About PKCS The Public-Key Cryptography Standards are specifications produced by RSA Laboratories in cooperation with secure systems developers worldwide for the purpose of accelerating the deployment of public-key cryptography.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc3447.txt (11584 words)

	Security Related Links
		Cryptographic Standards Introduction and Summary> by Richard Ankney
		FreeLIP (freelip_1.0.tar.gz) is the large integer package used in the global collaboration to factor the 129-digit number RSA-129 and thereby solve a 17-year old challenge in cryptography.
		Ron Rivest maintains a very comprehensive collection on pointers realated to cryptography, and the IBM ERS maintains a very comprehensive collection on pointers realated to security in general.
	www.semper.org /sirene/outsideworld/security.html (1663 words)

	Cryptography - Mono
		In the.NET framework cryptography can be found under a number of namespaces in several assemblies.
		In addition to the.NET compatible assemblies for cryptography, we are working on an additional stack of functionality, available in the Crimson module.
		Another set of certificates (more than 700) are used for a more complete test (but isn't part of the standard test suite for size and time consideration, i.e.
	www.mono-project.com /Cryptography (1166 words)

	[No title]
		Modular exponentiation is the cornerstone computation performed in public-key cryptography systems such as the RSA cryptosystem.
		RFC 3447 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications February 2003 4.1 I2OSP I2OSP converts a nonnegative integer to an octet string of a specified length.
		RFC 3447 - Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1.
	www.lycos.com /info/public-key-cryptography--rsa-laboratories.html (328 words)

	Visual Basic Instinct : Cryptography
		This section is destined to explain cryptography from the VB point of view.
		I have mostly avoided discussion of technical matters in favor of a more general explanation of what I regard as the main things to be understood by someone beginning to use encryption.
		The National Institute of Standards and Technology maintains the U.S. official cryptography standards, and recently announced the winner of proposals for a new standard.
	www.vbi.org /Folders/index.asp?id=572 (369 words)

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