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| | Nat' Academies Press, Reproductive Health in Developing Countries: Expanding Dimensions, Building Solutions (1997) |
 | | In the Central African Republic, 43 percent of women aged 15-49 reported that they had been circumcised (Nguelebe, 1995). |
 | | The long-term effects include loss of sexual sensitivity and sexual frigidity caused by painful intercourse, delayed menarche and cryptomenorrhea or dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic complications, dysuria, recurrent urinary retention and kidney infection, vaginal stenosis, keloid formation, neuroma, retention cysts, and disfigurement of the external genitalia (Howson et al., 1996). |
 | | Forcible sexual penetration of an infibulated woman can cause lacerations of the perineum, rectum, and urethra. |
| www.nap.edu /books/0309056446/html/33.html (702 words) |
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