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Topic: Cryptosporidium

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	Cryptosporidium
		Cryptosporidium parvum (also known as "Crypto") is a parasite excreted in the feces of infected humans, cattle, and other mammals.
		Infection with Cryptosporidium, known as cryptosporidiosis, often causes a profuse and watery diarrhea that is frequently accompanied by abdominal cramping.
		Cryptosporidium oocysts appear in the stool of infected persons at the onset of symptoms and can continue to be excreted in the stool for several weeks after the symptoms resolve.
	www.lifesaving.com /issues/articles/16cyptosporidium.html (1405 words)

	Proliferative enterocolitis in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) associated with Cryptosporidial infection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Cryptosporidium infection was generally confined to the small intestine, with organisms and mild hyperplastic and inflammatory lesions being observed in the large intestine of only 3 of 23 geckos.
		Cryptosporidium infections in mammals and birds are common in juvenile animals and are often associated with immune suppression or severe stress.
		Coke RL, Tristan TE: Cryptosporidium infection in a colony of leopard geckos, Eublepharis macularius.
	www.vet.uga.edu /ivcvm/2000/Terrell/Terrell.htm (2431 words)

	Cryptosporidium Attorneys and Lawyers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Cryptosporidium parvum (also known as "Crypto") is a parasite that is too small to be seen with the naked eye.
		Cryptosporidiosis, the infection caused by ingestion of the Cryptosporidium parasite, causes painful abdominal cramping and profuse, watery diarrhea.
		Reported outbreaks of Cryptosporidium are small in number, but it is believed that as physicians and other health care providers increase their testing of patients with diarrheal illness for crypto that reported incidence will increase.
	www.marlerclark.com /news-cryptosporidium.htm (503 words)

	Cryptosporidium
		No specific source of the cryptosporidium was ever identified but runoff from abnormally heavy spring rains most likely carried the crypto to the lake from a variety of sources.
		Cryptosporidium (pronounced krip'-toe-spore-rid'-ee-um) is a one-celled protozoan found in the environment as an oocyst (oh'-a-sist).
		Cryptosporidium is commonly found in rivers, lakes and streams contaminated with animal feces or which receive wastewater from sewage treatment plants.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/water/dwg/Crypto.htm (936 words)

	Cryptosporidium: Health Threat to Humans and Reptiles
		Cryptosporidium can be relatively benign in healthy humans and animals, but can be deadly in those who are immunocompromised and otherwise considered to be at high risk for bacterial, viral and parasitic infections.
		The genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in reptiles was analyzed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene.
		Histological and electron microscopical investigations on the intestines of five of the lizards revealed the presence of large numbers of the developmental stages of Cryptosporidium species attached to the mucosal surface of the lower intestine, and large numbers of flagellate protozoa, suspected to be predominantly Trichomonas species, in the gut lumen.
	www.anapsid.org /cryptosporidium.html (1971 words)

	EPA Ground Water & Drinking Water > Safe Drinking Water - Guidance for people with severely weakened immune ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Cryptosporidium is a parasite commonly found in lakes and rivers, especially when the water is contaminated with sewage and animal wastes.
		Cryptosporidium is very resistant to disinfection, and even a well-operated water treatment system cannot ensure that drinking water will be completely free of this parasite.
		The risk of a severely immunocompromised individual acquiring Cryptosporidiosis from drinking water in the absence of an outbreak is likely to vary from city to city, depending on the quality of the city's water source and the quality of water treatment.
	www.epa.gov /OGWDW/crypto.html (2265 words)

	American Water Works Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Cryptosporidium (sometimes called "Crypto") is a protozoan parasite that lives and reproduces in the intestines of mammals, including humans.
		Research indicates that Cryptosporidium is present in 90 percent of all surface water sources in America.
		Cryptosporidium outbreaks are a relatively new problem for the U.S. According to the Center for Disease Control, instances of outbreaks worldwide were rare prior to 1982.
	www.awwa.org /Advocacy/pressroom/crypto.cfm (391 words)

	Cryptosporidium : A Waterborne Pathogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Cryptosporidium (crip-toe-spor-ID-ee-um) is a protozoan, a single-celled parasite that lives in the intestines of animals and people.
		Cryptosporidium, was first recognized as a cause of human disease in 1976 but was rarely reported in humans until 1982.
		Cryptosporidium oocysts have tough walls that can withstand many environmental stresses and are resistant to the chemical disinfectants such as chlorine that are traditionally used in municipal drinking water systems and swimming pools.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /SS189 (2614 words)

	Cryptosporidium
		Members of the genus Cryptosporidium are parasites of the intestinal tracts of fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
		Cryptosporidium isolated from humans is now referred to as C. parvum.
		Cryptosporidium infections have been reported from a variety of wild and domesticated animals, and in the last six or seven years literally hundreds of human infections have been reported, including epidemics in several major urban areas in the United States.
	www.avianbiotech.com /Diseases/Cryptosporidium.htm (881 words)

	Cryptosporidium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Cryptosporidium (krip-toh-spo-rid-ee-um) is a microscopic, disease-causing parasite that lives and reproduces in the intestines of cattle, sheep, deer, beavers, dogs, cats, squirrels and other animals.
		Because Cryptosporidium is small enough to pass through conventional water plant filters and it is resistant to chlorine disinfection, even a well-run water treatment system cannot ensure that drinking water is completely free of the parasite.
		Further, the current tests for Cryptosporidium are costly and difficult; very few laboratories in the country are certified in Cryptosporidium testing and the difficulty in reproducing test results may lead the EPA to abandon certification.
	www.rrsd.org /crypto.htm (1758 words)

	cryptosporidium - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		cryptosporidium, genus of protozoans having at least four species; they are waterborne parasites that cause the disease cryptosporidiosis.
		The usual sources of cryptosporidial contamination of drinking water are human sewage (e.g., sewage system overflows) and runoff carrying animal waste (e.g., from dairy farms).
		Romark Laboratories announces FDA approval of drug for children with diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-cryptospor.html (384 words)

	Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts Waterborne parasitic protozoan
		Cryptosporidium is a protozoan organism which causes the parasitic infection, cryptosporidiosis.
		Cryptosporidium parvum is now recognized as a human pathogen which can cause severe diarrheal illness.
		Ingestion of drinking water contaminated with viable Cryptosporidium oocysts, the environmentally resistant form of the organism, is the major mode of transmission.
	www.water-research.net /cryptosporidium.htm (1323 words)

	CCME: Cryptosporidium
		Cryptosporidium is a protozoan, or single-celled parasite, that can live in the intestines of warm blooded animals and people.
		Cryptosporidium, meaning "hidden spores" in Greek, can grow only in a living host and does not multiply in the environment.
		Parasites, in particular Cryptosporidium, can be a more serious threat to people whose immune systems are not working properly, such as those living with HIV/AIDS or cancer, or transplant patients receiving drugs.
	www.ccme.ca /sourcetotap/cryptosporidium.html (654 words)

	Cryptosporidium & Giardia Lamblia Information
		It is currently believed that approximately 7% of the diarrheal cases in the U.S. are caused by Cryptosporidium, but this figure may be misleading, as causes of diarrhea are seldom tested for by physicians.
		Cryptosporidium can be fatal to immuno-surpressed patients, and the current infectious dose (ID50) in healthy people is approximately 150 oocysts, whilst the ID50 for immunocompromised people is believed to be approximately 35 to 50 oocysts, although some documents suggest that the simple ingestion of as little as two oocysts can cause infection.
		Cryptosporidium parvum was first recognised as a cause of human illness in 1976.
	www.watermart.com.au /cryptofacts.html (920 words)

	Tufts Veterinary School scientists decode Cryptosporidium genome
		Cryptosporidium hominis is a highly contagious parasite that lives in the intestines of infected humans.
		The Cryptosporidium pathogen, which can be found in the feces of both humans and animals, is difficult to work with, thereby impeding the efforts of investigators to conduct laboratory investigations and develop appropriate therapies.
		Since millions of Cryptosporidium germs can be released in a bowel movement from an infected person or animal, they can be found in soil, food, water, or surfaces that are contaminated with infected human or animal feces.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-10/tu-tvs102804.php (792 words)

	What is Currently Known About Cryptosporidium?
		Cryptosporidium can also be spread by coming in contact with the stool of an infected person (including through sexual contact and at daycare centers) or animals (cattle and sheep especially).
		Cryptosporidium oocysts have been found in rivers and streams, lakes and reservoirs, and treated surface waters.
		Since Cryptosporidium is resistant to traditional disinfection methods (chlorine), the best available methods for preventing contamination of the water supply are watershed protection and vigilant optimization of filtration and other treatment practices.
	health2k.state.nv.us /BHPS/phe/crypt.htm (1745 words)

	OmniFilter - Cryptosporidium
		Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic parasite that is commonly found in lakes and rivers, particularly those contaminated by sewage and animal wastes.
		Cryptosporidium is typically found in surface water bodies, like lakes, rivers, and streams.
		If you think your water may be susceptible to Cryptosporidium contamination, or if you are concerned about the possible healtheffects of contamination, EPA recommends you consider one of three options: Boil your drinking and cooking water for at least one minute.
	www.omnifilter.com /water_Cryptosporidium.htm (939 words)

	Food Research Institute Briefings: Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora
		Cryptosporidium is the best studied of this group of parasites, but some fundamental questions concerning its pathogenicity remain, such as the possible production of an enterotoxin.
		Cryptosporidium oocysts have also been isolated from cider made from apples which had fallen on the ground in a cow pasture (9) and from raw vegetables in Costa Rica (12).
		Cryptosporidium is notorious for its lack of host specificity, with most isolates from mammals capable of infecting many different mammalian species.
	www.wisc.edu /fri/briefs/crypto.htm (1970 words)

	[No title]
		Summary Cryptosporidium is a coccidian parasite that is recognized as an important enteric pathogen.
		Procedure Materials Provided Cryptosporidium Stool Antigen Microwell ELISA Kit Materials Required But Not Provided Transfer Pipettes Squeeze bottle for washing strips (narrow tip is recommended) Graduated Cylinder Reagent grade (DI) water Suggested Equipment ELISA plate reader with 450 and 620-650 nm filters All incubations are at room temperature (15 to 25º C) Test Procedure 1.
		Stibbs, H., Ongerth, J. “Immunofluorescence Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Fecal Smears.” J Clin Micro, Vol 24 #4, Oct. 1986, pp.517-521.
	www.rapidtest.com /Cryptosporidium_8301-3.doc (1709 words)

	SFWATER.ORG : Article
		Cryptosporidium will be regulated under the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (interim rule to be promulgated in 1998 with a long-term version to be promulgated in 2002); watershed monitoring will be an essential element as well as removal or inactivation requirements.
		Cryptosporidium is one of several agents involved in infectious diarrhea and is particularly devastating for immunocompromised individuals who are unable to clear the disease.
		Cryptosporidium was not regulated under the 1989 Surface Water Treatment Rule due to the uncertainties surrounding Cryptosporidium (i.e., virulence, infective dose, inactivation, etc.).
	sfwater.org /detail.cfm/MSC_ID/51/MTO_ID/NULL/MC_ID/10/C_ID/446 (3666 words)

	Pediatric Oncall- CRYPTOSPORIDIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Cryptosporidium (pronounced as crypt-o-spore-e-dium) is a germ that mainly affects children and malnourished people and leads to diarrhea.
		Disease caused by cryptosporidium is called as cryptosporidiosis (pronounced as crypt-o-spore-e-d-o-sis).
		Cryptosporidium is excreted in stools of infected humans and animals and the cryptosporidium parasite is found in contaminated drinking water, recreational water, soil and food.
	www.pediatriconcall.com /forpatients/CommonChild/cryptosporidium.asp (204 words)

	Cryptosporidium
		Cryptosporidium are similar to coccidia and, until recent advances in molecular biology showed us otherwise, they were believed to be simply another species of coccidia.
		Cryptosporidium oocysts are so small that they are very difficult to detect under the microscope with normal testing methods.
		The prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding in dogs has varied from 2% to up to 15-20% in stray dog populations.
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_cryptosporidium.html (806 words)

	Cryptosporidium - Brochures & Fact Sheets
		In April 1993, an intestinal parasite called Cryptosporidium was responsible for a major outbreak of illness in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
		Although Cryptosporidium is not new, it has been recognized as a health threat for a relatively short time—the first known cases of illness in humans date from 1976.
		Cryptosporidium is relatively widespread in the environment and is commonly found in rivers and lakes—especially when the water is contaminated with animal wastes.
	www.health.state.mn.us /divs/eh/water/com/fs/cryptosporidium.html (1229 words)

	Cryptosporidium Taxonomy: Recent Advances and Implications for Public Health -- Xiao et al. 17 (1): 72 -- Clinical ...
		Cryptosporidium spp., and because of a plethora of molecular
		Cryptosporidium andersoni Lindsay, Upton, Owens, Morgan, Mead, and Blagburn, 2000.
		Cryptosporidium canis Fayer, Trout, Xiao, Morgan, Lal, and Dubey, 2001.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/17/1/72 (8197 words)

	Cryptosporidium Lawyer & Attorney : Marler Clark : Cryptosporidium Blog
		The microorganisms, Escherichia coli (bacterium) and Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoan parasite of humans), were responsible for 9,877 and 7,212 human cases, respectively, during 2005 according to a March 2006 American Waterworks Association review article by P. Rochelle and J. Clancy.
		Moreover, these studies on tetrasilver tetraoxide (patent pending) reported on July 1, 2005, Sept. 8, 2006 and October 25, 2006, respectively, are significant because Cryptosporidium oocysts are resistant to halogens such as chlorine and this pathogen has been known to escape state-of-the-art municipal water treatment systems and result in many human health outbreaks.
		Cryptosporidium Lawyer & Attorney : Marler Clark : crypto outbreak, cryptosporidium parvum, crypto lawsuit.
	www.cryptosporidiumblog.com (1488 words)

	Cryptosporidium Fact Sheet
		Cryptosporidium is a one-celled parasite that can cause a gastrointestinal illness called cryptosporidiosis.
		Cryptosporidium occurs in the feces of infected animals or humans.
		Health officials now believe Cryptosporidium has been causing human illnesses for a long time, but it was overlooked due to difficulties in testing and diagnosis.
	www.doh.wa.gov /ehsphl/factsheet/crypto.htm (882 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Cryptosporidium enteritis
		Cryptosporidium enteritis is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite cryptosporidium.
		Cryptosporidium has recently been recognized as a worldwide cause of diarrhea in all age groups -- yet its major impact has been among individuals with weakened immune systems (including people with HIV or AIDS) and transplant recipients.
		Certain commercially available water filters can also reduce risk by filtering out the eggs of the cryptosporidium organism, but the pores of the filter must be less than 1 micron to be effective for this organism.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000617.htm (551 words)

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