Crystal detector - Factbites

Crystal detector - Factbites
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Topic: Crystal detector

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	Energy-dispersive Analysis: Detector
		Semiconductors detectors are single crystals of either Si or Ge.
		Microprobes use Si(Li) semiconductor detectors, which consist of a 2 to 5 mm thick Si crystal, with gold contacts at its ends.
		If the crystal structure were perfect, there would be no local abundances and shortages of electrons; however, there are imperfections (lattice defects, impurities, etc.) that result in electron-deficient areas (termed "holes") and extra free electrons within the crystal lattice.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~wittke/Microprobe/EDS-Detector.html

	single-crystal diffractometers
		D 19, with its 64X x 20X position sensitive detector, is the thermal neutron single crystal diffractometer of choice for determination of crystal structures with unit cells in the range of 103 to 105 X3.
		A characteristic of the fourcircle diffractometers is the use of Eulerian cradles for orienting the sample crystals, with the detector moving in a horizontal plane.
		fibres and liquid crystals are rendered possible by the position sensitive detector.
	www.ill.fr /YellowBook/instr_gr/sixtal.html

	Diode detector damage by soldering.
		I ruined the diode by soldering it into the crystal set circuit with the iron to which I had changed.
		I then decided to see if the diode would be further degraded if I momentarily connected it between the crystal set ground and soldering iron tip a couple of times.
		Its reverse leakage at crystal set operating voltages was probably much degraded.
	www.midnightscience.com /_web/000017f8.htm

	Crystal Radio Resources
		My introduction to crystal radios was in the early '50s when I received a Cub Scout crystal set with a slide tuning coil and a galena detector.
		I've incorporated it into a crystal set my students build and it is selectable between crystal detector mode and "triode" detector/amplifier mode.
		I also got, for 25 cents, another galena crystal from an outfit which I think was called R.L. Allen, which brought with it a nice little booklet with a variety of crystal set plans.
	www.thebest.net /wuggy (954 words)

	Crystal Radio Resources
		My introduction to crystal radios was in the early '50s when I received a Cub Scout crystal set with a slide tuning coil and a galena detector.
		I've incorporated it into a crystal set my students build and it is selectable between crystal detector mode and "triode" detector/amplifier mode.
		I also got, for 25 cents, another galena crystal from an outfit which I think was called R.L. Allen, which brought with it a nice little booklet with a variety of crystal set plans.
	www.thebest.net /wuggy (954 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Crystal radio receiver [EncycloZine]
		A crystal set is the simplest radio receiver, consisting of a long-wire antenna, a tuner to select the desired radio signal by frequency, and a detector consisting of a diode demodulator usually consisting of a sharp wire pressing against a sensitive point on a galena mineral crystal in a holder.
		During the Great Depression parents would build a crystal radio detector from inexpensive galena crystal and a safety pin.
		A semiconductive mineral crystal, usually lead sulfide (galena) or cadmium sulfide was fixed inside a brass cup and the radio operator found the loudest signal by touching the wire, called a "cat's whisker", to various points on the surface of the crystal.
	encyclozine.com /Crystal_radio (878 words)

	Crystal Sets 1, MDS975.co.uk, Magic Crystal Set, Construction, Diode, Coil, Aerial, Antenna
		The crystal set had to be carefully tuned into the station by making adjustments to a tuning coil and condensor, these early crystal sets had the added complication of using a 'Cats Whisker' as the detector.
		In its very simplest early form a crystal set consisted of a coil of wire, something called a 'detector' and a pair of very special headphones.
		Crystal sets are fascinating because they are so simple to build, and because there is no power required they remain magical to this day.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /town/pipexdsl/r/arar93/mds975/Content/crystalsets1.html (878 words)

	Basic Crystal Radio Set - Radio - M0DAD - Antenna - PMR446 - CB - QRP
		The old style sets used a real mineral crystal for the detector, The most popular being the galena and a fine bit of wire called a cats whisker which you would have to touch the crystal in the correct place to find the best reception where the radio station would come in.
		The passed signals then go through the germanium diode (detector) which rectifies the positive half cycles changing it to DC current and then sending it to the crystal earpiece or high impedance headphones.
		My basic crystal radio project is aimed at the absolute beginner or younger generation, to try and interest them in the radio hobby as many amateur radio operators began there interest in radio with building the crystal set.
	users.whsmithnet.co.uk /m0dad/construcion/basic_crystal_radio_set.htm (878 words)

	BWCM - Crystal - Project Overview
		Because a crystal receiver is so simple yet uses most of the same vital concepts as all receivers, it is an ideal platform to review the foundations of RF systems.
		You may well be surprised at all of the considerations that go into designing a crystal receiving system.
		To accomplish this task, the receiver consists of four parts: an antenna system, a tuner, a detector, and an earphone.
	www.rocket-roar.com /BWCM/crystal/over.html (266 words)

	Crystal Radio Page
		A crystal radio uses only tuned circuits to select the stations, and a crystal detector to rectify the radio station's signal to enable it to be heard with a set of headphones.
		This crystal radio uses a European Jackson Brothers detector tuning capacitor and a Xtal Set Society dual gang antenna tuning capacitor.
		Every part and parcel of a crystal radio must be perfectly designed if you expect it to work well, since all your operating power comes directly from the broadcast station you are receiving.
	www.hobbytech.com /crystalradio/crystalradio.htm (3986 words)

	Liquid crystal display television receiver - Patent 4652932
		A liquid crystal display television receiver according to claim 1, in which said external operating members of said operating section are disposed in said case at positions to the right side of said recessed portion of said case, as seen along said viewing direction.
		A liquid crystal display television receiver according to claim 2, in which said loudspeaker is mounted within said case at a position disposed to the right side of said recessed portion of said case, as seen along said viewing direction.
		In the case of liquid crystal display television receivers which employ a rear reflector plate, there may be an insufficient level of incident illumination upon the display, since this illumination must arrive from a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the display panel, i.e.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4652932.html (6159 words)

	Trw Sma Diode Detector
		DS1369 Crystal Detector, 10 MHz-18 GHz, negative polarity, SMA(m)/SMC, $ 100.
		KRYTAR D105A Crystal Detector, 10-2000 MHz, negative polarity, SMA(m/f), $ 50...
		Herotek, Tunnel diode detectors, Schottky detectors, PIN diode limiters and switches,...
	credit-repair.theloanresources.org /trw-sma-diode-detector.htm (6159 words)

	detector
		a device, as a crystal detector or a vacuum tube, that rectifies the alternating current in a radio receiver.
	www.infoplease.com /dictionary/detector (73 words)

	Semiconductor radiation detector US Patent 4210805
		A radiation detector includes a detection element having a single crystal silicon substrate with an impurity concentration of less than 1.times.10.sup.14 cm.sup.-3, a metal layer formed on one surface of the substrate to form a surface barrier therebetween and an electrode layer mounted on the opposite surface of the substrate.
		Semiconductor radiation detectors or devices according to this invention will now be described by referring to the accompanying drawings.
		A semiconductor radiation detector according to claim 1, further including a housing in which a plurality of detector units are located at predetermined intervals, and a plurality of terminals extending through the housing and electrically connected to the respective detector units.
	patents.nimblewisdom.com /patent/4210805-Semiconductor-radiation-detector (73 words)

	Mood Rings - Nostalgia Central
		The stone in a mood ring is either a hollow glass shell filled with thermotropic liquid crystals, or a clear glass stone sitting on top of a thin sheet of liquid crystals.
		These liquid crystal molecules are very sensitive; they change position according to changes in temperature.
		The idea behind a mood ring was simple: You wore it on your finger and the colour of the stone would reflect the state of your emotions.
	www.nostalgiacentral.com /pop/moodrings.htm (299 words)

	boys clothing: depictions in theatrical productions -- radio technology
		The great advantage of the crystal detector was the "current-free" reception.
		Soon a popular activity for boys was building a crystal set.
		Boys of the period were very keen on radio as a hobby.
	histclo.hispeed.com /the/radio/rad-tech.html (914 words)

	gadgetshop.com - Gadgets and Gifts
		The Bullshit Detector comes in two parts: A sleek silver box about the size of a packet of cigarettes, fitted with flashing LEDs and an extremely powerful, crystal-clear loudspeaker.
		Pressing a button on the remote control will set off one of a series of loud warning messages on the detector, which you can hide anywhere within a 30ft radius.
		This is essential equipment for serious practical jokers � just don't get carried away and set up someone without a sense of humour!
	www.gadgetshop.com /eshop/product.asp?pf_id=16106 (914 words)

	Semiconductor Detectors
		These detectors are manufactured mainly of silicon, traditionally on high-resistivity single crystal float-zone material.
		The principle of operation of a semiconductor detector is the following: if an ionizing particle penetrates the detector it produces electron-hole pairs along its track, the number being proportional to the energy loss.
		The thickness of the detector also determines the amplitude of the signal, as there is no charge multiplication in silicon; the signal-to-noise ratio is, therefore, a critical issue.
	rd11.web.cern.ch /RD11/rkb/PH14pp/node167.html (914 words)

	Lessons In Electric Circuits -- Volume VI (Experiments) - Chapter 5
		A semiconductor device is one made of silicon or any number of other specially prepared materials designed to exploit the unique properties of electrons in a crystal lattice, where electrons are not as free to move as in a conductor, but are far more mobile than in an insulator.
		Use the audio signal detector to "listen" to the ripple voltage present between the motor terminals for half-wave and full-wave rectification modes, noting both the intensity and the quality of the tone.
		Semiconductor devices are more prone to failure than most of the components covered in these experiments thus far, and so if you have any intent of making a circuit permanent, you should build it to be maintained.
	www.ibiblio.org /obp/electricCircuits/Exper/EXP_5.html (914 words)

	Synchronous Detection in the Sony 7600G
		Although envelope detection was used in the old crystal sets and still is used today in most digitally-tuned superhets, synchronous detection is not merely a high-tech frill to add to an already high-tech digitally-tuned receiver.
		When a receiver uses an envelope detector, and several of the differently timed signals are among the stronger signals that the receiver "hears", multipath distortion (sometimes called selective fading or QSB) can cause an "in-and-out" effect on the receiver's audio.
		Since part of its process is instant-by-instant calculation of the desired signal's carrier frequency and continuously re-tuning the receiver to track the carrier, the synchronous detector compensates, instant-by-instant, for the multipath distortion, and thereby reduces or eliminates the "in-and-out" effect at the receiver's audio output.
	www.nyx.net /~dgrunber/7600g.ssi (696 words)

	Solidification Processing of Materials in Magnetic Fields
		In the electronics industry, the majority of commercial crystals are grown using the Czochralski method, while the floating zone method is primarily used for the growth of single crystals of extra-high purity demanded for rectifier and infrared sensor and detector applications.
		Semiconductor crystal growth and metal casting both involve solidifying liquid into solid and share similarities in process-design concepts; however, the quality demand for single crystals differs greatly from that for metals; thus, the details of solidification-processing operation and required thermal and flow management are quite different.
		In the melt pool from which a single crystal is grown, thermal gradients are present and cause strong buoyancy-driven convection and surface-tension-driven flows where there is a free surface.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/JOM/9802/Li/Li-9802.html (696 words)

	Crystal radio receiver - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The crystal radio receiver (also known as a crystal set) is a passive radio receiver consisting of a variable LC circuit tuned circuit, a diode detector, and audio transducer.
		The crystal radio did not require batteries, but it did require the user to purchase a commercially made set of headphones (or telephone receivers as they were called in those days), since that accessory was not suitable for home construction.
		Crystal sets with long wire antennas are still of interest to a small group of enthusiasts and a number of web sites are devoted to their construction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crystal_radio_receiver (1255 words)

	NIST Bonse-Hart Perfect Crystal Diffractometer
		With no sample, the matching analyzer crystal must be parallel to the monochromator, to within ~ 1 arc second, in order to triply-Bragg-scatter the beam into the detector.
		The USANS instrument has a pyrolytic graphite premonochromator to diffract 2.4 Å neutrons, with a wavelength spread (~ 6 %) and a wavelength-angle correlation that is nearly optimal for Bragg scattering by the triple-bounce, Si (220) monochromator.
		With a sample in place, rotating ('rocking') the analyzer by an angle, q, will orient the analyzer to scatter only those neutrons that have been scattered by the sample by the same angle q.
	www.ncnr.nist.gov /instruments/usans/schematic.html (109 words)

	Network: Perfect crystal neutron optics
		The much simpler set up with the monochromator crystal on the second axis of TOPSI and the analyzer crystal on the detector arm gave the same resolution.
		The new crystal design is based on channel cut Si (111) crystals for 3 reflections each, where the backside of the individual crystals is not plane parallel to the reflecting surface.
		By successively changing from single reflection, plane parallel crystals to the mentioned new design and by introducing Cd in the beam path at several positions, the theoretical explanation for the origin of the worse resolution of the old crystal design could be confirmed.
	www.aramis-research.ch /e/6310.html (295 words)

	Liquid Crystal IR Detector
		The liquid crystal sheet detects the slight heat remaining after the student's hand is removed.
		Also known as cholesteric liquid crystals, the liquid inside the sheet exhibits dramatic changes in colors when exposed to slight differences in temperature within a range of 25 to 32 degrees Celsius.
		While handling the liquid crystal sheet only by its edges, put it on the spot where the fingertips touched the table.
	www.exploratorium.edu /spectra_from_space/IR_activity (334 words)

	filter-software.htm
		The crystal is placed between an accurate and stable signal source of known impedance and a load of known impedance, usually a 50 ohm detector.
		I was quite thrilled to see a lot of mathematical drudge taken out of the design of a crystal filter by this unique software.
		The LC and crystal filter software was written as an aid for filter designers to simply plug in various filter parameters and hey presto!
	www.electronics-tutorials.com /filters/filter-software.htm (334 words)

	Vintage Radio and Electronics. Crystal (Cats Whisker) Radio
		The detector used in a traditional Crystal Set is simply a point-contact semiconductor rectifier, albeit a relatively primitive and unstable one.
		The crystal and cat's whisker holder are then mounted close to each other on an insulating fixture of some sort - thin sheet 'perspex' or similar thermoplastic material makes a good job, if one folds a small 'U'-shaped bracket, drilled to take crystal and whisker holder, and made with small feet for mounting.
		The crystal normally employed is galena, the common sulphide ore of lead, used without treatment directly as it is mined.
	www.vintageradio.me.uk /crystal/catswhisker.htm (334 words)

	MakingMetalDetector.doc
		The earpiece is very sensitive and as a result we don’t need to worry about an amplifier for the metal detector and so this helps to keep the circuit simpler.
		Earpiece This is a small device that fits in the ear and converts electricity into sound.
		Usually the earpieces come supplied with a plug, this can be removed and the wires soldered into the circuit.
	www.open2.net /roughscience3/metal_detector_wordfile/MakingMetalDetector.doc (334 words)

	Phil's radio
		The high impedance of the crystal earpiece obviates the need for an output transformer whilst applying minimal load on the detector.
		The output goes to a single crystal earpiece, especially chosen for its sensitivity.
		The switches and earpiece socket were mounted directly on the front panel, while all the other components were built on a hardboard panel mounted directly behind the box lid to facilitate construction and provide a better appearance.
	www.crystalradio.net /contest/pmt.html (334 words)

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In the News (Wed 23 Dec 09)