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Topic: Crystal optics

	Crystal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.
		Under ideal conditions, the result may be a single crystal, where all of the atoms in the solid fit into the same lattice or crystal structure but, generally, many crystals form simultaneously during solidification, leading to a polycrystalline solid.
		Which crystal structure the fluid will form depends on the chemistry of the fluid, the conditions under which it is being solidified, and also on the ambient pressure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crystal (606 words)

	Crystal optics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is propagating.
		Crystals are often naturally anisotropic, and in some media (such as liquid crystals) it is possible to induce anisotropy by applying e.g.
		In an anisotropic medium, such as a crystal, the polarisation field P is not necessarily aligned with the electric field of the light E.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crystal_optics (677 words)

	Encyclopedia: Crystal optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Quartz crystal A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.
		A calcite crystal laid upon a paper with some letters showing the double refraction Birefringence, or double refraction, is the division of a ray of light into two rays (the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray) when it passes through certain types of material, such as calcite crystals, depending on...
		Nonlinear optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Crystal-optics (1571 words)

	Crystal structure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A crystal structure is composed of a unit cell, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way; which is periodically repeated in three dimensions on a lattice.
		The crystal system is the point group of the lattice (the set of rotation and reflection symmetries which leave a lattice point fixed), not including the positions of the atoms in the unit cell.
		The space group of the crystal structure is composed of the translational symmetries in addition to the symmetries of the point group.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Crystal_structure (636 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, the applications of crystal optics for focusing and collimating x-rays from a laboratory source have been limited because of the strict requirement of the Bragg condition and the narrow rocking curve widths for most useful crystalline materials.
		The profile of the d spacing for the crystal planes is designed to allow the incident angles of monochromatic x-rays from a divergent laboratory source to match the Bragg angle on each point of the crystal surface.
		Crystal planes 14 are curved to an ellipsoidal shape and the d spacing of the planes varies along the direction parallel to the optical axis 2-2.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/39211.010531&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2722 words)

	Crystal optics -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Crystals are often naturally anisotropic, and in some media (such as (A liquid exhibiting properties of a crystal that are not shown by ordinary liquids) liquid crystals) it is possible to induce anisotropy by applying e.g.
		Typical transparent media such as (Optical instrument consisting of a pair of lenses for correcting defective vision) glasses are (Click link for more info and facts about isotropic) isotropic, which means that light behaves the same way no matter which direction it is travelling in the medium.
		The value (1+χ) is called the relative permittivity of the medium, and is related to the (The ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to that in a medium) refractive index n:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cr/crystal_optics.htm (771 words)

	Conoscopy of Biaxial Minerals
		A diagram of a biaxial conoscopic figure with projection of the refraction indices for positive and negative crystals oriented at 45° from polarizer direction, parallel to the large refractive index of the accessory plates is presented in figures 1 and 2.
		With a quarter wave plate when the crystal is in the position of figure 3a, we have a subtraction between the hyperbolae.
		If the crystal is rotated by 90°, their position is beyond the poles of the optic axes like figure 4c.
	users.skynet.be /jm-derochette/Conoscopy/Biaxial_minerals_4.htm (936 words)

	Use of Liquid-Crystal Adaptive-Optics to Alter theRefractive State of the Eye
		Since the wavelength of light in the medium of the crystal is inversely proportional to the material's refractive index, the wavefront is retarded relative to the same wavefront propagating in air.
		Visualization of the array of liquid crystal cells for producing a spherical lens which retards wavefronts by 1 wavelength (0.5 diopters) at the margins of the 3mm entrance pupil of the eye.
		Consequently, we anticipate that the liquid crystal SLM currently available may be a useful component of an adaptive optics system for correcting the optical aberrations of the eye with a medium sized pupil.
	research.opt.indiana.edu /Library/LCAlterRefractive/LCAlterRefractive.html (3946 words)

	LS Note 245: A Comparison of an Elliptical Multipole Wiggler and Crystal Optics for the Production of Circularly ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To minimize the size of the beam at the sample position, the beam was sagittally focused by the second crystal in the DCM for this case.
		The downstream optics for the EMW consisted of a conventional Ge (220) DCM for 2x1 mm beam and a single horizontally diffracting 1-mm-thick Ge (220) crystal with meridinal 1:1 focusing for the 12x1 mm beam.
		We should note that, except for the meridinally focused crystal, this calculation compared essentially equal band passes for the EMW and phase retarder because the same set of crystal reflections was used.
	www.aps.anl.gov /techpub/lsnotes/ls245/ls245.html (4478 words)

	IMT - Applied Optics - Photonic crystal waveguides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This collaborative project between Applied Optics IMT, SAMLAB IMT and the CSEM AG Neuchâtel aims to study the possibility of using photonic crystal (PC) waveguides in a range of simple applications.
		At the present time, the Applied Optics group of the IMT is studying the effects of PCs on light guidance by the use of thin membranes of Silicon (refraction index around 3.5) perforated by a periodic array of air holes.
		Third is the same as second but with the addition of photonic crystal membrane either side of the thin channel.
	www-optics.unine.ch /research/microoptics/PBG_waveguides/photonic_band_gap_waveguides.html (2118 words)

	Crystal Optics 52mm UV Filter
		It absorbs the Ultraviolet rays of the sun, thereby reducing or eliminating distortion.
		Crystal Optics filters are manufactured from the finest solid optical glass and are heat treated and multi-coated to ensure optimum picture quality.
		The Crystal Optics Filters are manufactured in Japan and come with a 10 year limited Warranty.
	www.hotbuyselectronics.com /crystaloptics_52uv.html (66 words)

	Crystal Precision Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Atomic lattice orientation of single crystal materials to an accuracy of.05° in one or more directions in a 360° axis of rotation.
		Controlled etching of single crystal, polycrystalline and silica materials removing 10nm and less to 50 µm or more.
		Crystal Precision Optics aim to supply a quality product,competitively priced, and delivered on time.
	www.crystal-optics.u-net.com (177 words)

	Laser Focus World - ADAPTIVE OPTICS: Liquid crystals lower the cost of adaptive optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nematic liquid-crystal optics are formed by forcing the rod-shaped molecules to align in a common direction within a thin film bound by glass substrates.
		Dual-frequency liquid crystals are characterized by an electrical polarizability that becomes stronger along the short axis of the molecule when the frequency of the applied field crosses a threshold value.
		Consequently, the molecules of dual-frequency liquid crystals can be driven both perpendicular and parallel to the plane of the optic by switching the frequency of the driving field.
	lfw.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Article_ID=54460 (1480 words)

	Prof. Steve Jacobs' Team Web Site
		These precision optics are manufactured entirely in-house within the Optics Manufacturing (OMAN) group in dedicated clean rooms.
		Elements are located in areas of the system where the laser beam linear polarization requires reorientation for beam splitting, or they are used to convert between linear and circular polarization for propagation through laser rod amplifiers.
		Areas of research include laser interactions with liquid crystals, design and synthesis of laser damage resistant liquid crystal compounds, and alignment of liquid crystals.
	www.opticsexcellence.org /SJ_TeamSite/ResearchSummaries.html (411 words)

	Crystal optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviourof light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differentlydepending on which direction the light is propagating.
		Typical transparent media such as glasses are isotropic, which means that light behaves the same way no matter which direction it is travelling in themedium.
		In an anisotropic medium, such as a crystal, the polarisation field P is not necessarily aligned with theelectric field of the light E.
	www.therfcc.org /crystal-optics-25098.html (653 words)

	Mineralogy - Unixial and Biaxial crystal optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		- parallel = straight: when some extollographic direction (cleavage, crystal boundary) is parallel to a vibration direction (cancrinite).
		- two optic axes along which light is propagated with the same velocity.
		- between optic axes is a useful variable related to sign.
	www.geoclassroom.com /mineralogy/crystaloptics.html (523 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Photonic Crystal Fibres (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Photonic Crystal Fibres describes the fundamental properties of these new optical waveguides, outlines how they are fabricated, and how they are treated from a theoretical and numerical point of view.
		A detailed description of the different classes of photonic crystal fibres is given, and a spectrum of different applications and new fibre types are presented.
		Photonic Crystal Fibres describes the fundamental properties of the optical waveguides known under the terms of photonic crystal fibres, microstructured fibres, or holey fibres.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/140207610X (323 words)

	CRYSTAL OPTICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The science that treats of the transmission of light in crystals b.
		The study and characterization of the optical properties of crystalline materials.
		Because each mineral species is a unique combination of chemistry and crystal symmetry, use of optical properties of minerals, both opaque and transparent, for their characterization and identificationis a well-developed art.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /cr/crystal+optics.html (946 words)

	Holey fibers get liquid crystal boost (October 2003) - News - optics.org
		Photonic crystal fiber (PCF), a fiber with a pattern of holes running along its length, is renowned for its exotic light-guiding properties.
		Liquid crystals (LCs) are organic materials whose phase (molecular configuration) and optical properties are very sensitive to temperature.
		Larsen and co-workers also filled a 10-mm long section of PCF with a liquid crystal that has a phase transition around 26 °C. To heat the fiber, the researchers coated it with a thin conducting layer.
	optics.org /articles/news/9/10/23/1 (506 words)

	Epilog Optics System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Industrial grade ZnSe lenses and single crystal silicon mirrors rated to over 500 watts are an integral part of Epilog's Crystal Clear optics system.
		Keeping laser optics clean and aligned is at the heart of Epilog's Crystal Clear optics system and it starts with fully accessible, front mounted mirrors that can be easily removed or replaced without affecting beam alignment.
		Easily interchangeable focus lenses round out the Crystal Clear optics systems with lenses that range from a 1.5 inch high resolution lens to a 4.0 inch cutting lens (no optional lens is available for the Epilog Mini 18x12 and 24x12).
	www.epiloglaser.com /optic_system.htm (227 words)

	ELAN - Custom Crystal Optics
		ELAN is an optical workshop specializing in fabrication of crystalline custom optics for acousto-optical, electro-optical, nonlinear and polarizing applications.
		Here you will find most popular types of crystal optics that ELAN can offer.
		Specification given for each item provides performance applicable for most cases but being a company delivering custom optics we are able to consider any change in specification and manufactureproduct as close to your individual requirements as possible.
	www.elan.spb.ru (99 words)

	"Opto-TL". Optical production. Crystal optics.
		Together with Olga Volkova and Boris Ostrun was the main founder of the big Russian-American optical enterprise and from 1998 till the middle of 2002 was the key consultant on growing of optical crystals at that enterprise.
		From 1991 to 1998 was the leader of the optical division in Laser Center of Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics.
		Natalja Volkova and Boris Ostrun was the main founder of the big Russian-American optical enterprise that produced crystal optics and from 1998 till the middle of 2002 worked there as the General Manager.
	www.optotl.ru /CompEng.htm (897 words)

	Liquid Crystal Adaptive Optics Speed Up - August, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An alternative is liquid crystal arrays, which, with help from the video display industry, have evolved into two-dimensional devices equipped with multiple elements and lower weight, size, cost and power consumption.
		Both the researchers and Meadowlark Optics in Frederick, Colo., which produced the device for them, owe part of their success to dual-frequency liquid crystal material from Niopik Organic Intermediates and Dyes Institute in Moscow.
		This is the frequency of applied voltage at which the liquid crystal response changes direction.
	www.photonics.com /spectra/tech/XQ/ASP/techid.1164/QX/read.htm (393 words)

	Network: Perfect crystal neutron optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The new crystal design is based on channel cut Si (111) crystals for 3 reflections each, where the backside of the individual crystals is not plane parallel to the reflecting surface.
		By successively changing from single reflection, plane parallel crystals to the mentioned new design and by introducing Cd in the beam path at several positions, the theoretical explanation for the origin of the worse resolution of the old crystal design could be confirmed.
		The much simpler set up with the monochromator crystal on the second axis of TOPSI and the analyzer crystal on the detector arm gave the same resolution.
	www.aramis-research.ch /e/6310.html (295 words)

	Nova Phase - Precision Optics Manufacturing & Crystal Growth
		With a full optics fabrication shop, we are ready to work with you to meet your optics requirements.
		We’ve combined our experience with crystal growth and electro-optic materials to develop a line of lithium niobate modulators that offer both price and performance.
		Resonant frequency models use an RF tank circuit to boost the signal across the EO crystal to allow full depth of modulation from a standard low voltage function generator.
	www.novaphase.com (319 words)

	Outdoors - Crystal Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		High resolution sensors capable of 6 to 12 megapixels and precision lens optics are standard, many with high-powered zooms.
		Physical optics : Anisotropic media (crystal optics) 119 results found...
		Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of...
	www.outdoorfunempire.com /links/crystal-optics.html (836 words)

	University of Rochester: The Institute of Optics
		Stephen D. Jacobs received his B.S. in Optics (with high distinction) in 1970, and his Ph.D. in Optics in 1976, both from the University of Rochester.
		His group and an international group of collaborators invented MRF in the mid ‘90’s, and the technology was successfully spun off in the form of a local company, QED Technologies, Inc., in 1997.
		Currently his lc group is conducting research on polymer cholesteric liquid crystal flakes for active e-o applications such as electronic paper.
	www.optics.rochester.edu /people/faculty_students_staff/faculty/jacobs.html (334 words)

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