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Topic: Crystalline silicon

	Solar cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are various other terms for the crystalline structure of silicon; poly-crystalline, micro-crystalline, nano-crystalline etc, and these refer to the size of the crystal "grains" which make up the solid.
		Silicon which is doped with group 13 atoms (aluminium, gallium) is known as p-type silicon because the majority charge carriers (holes) carry a positive charge, whilst silicon doped with group 15 atoms (phosphorus, arsenic) is known as n-type silicon because the majority charge carriers (electrons) are negative.
		Amorphous silicon (a-Si) has a higher bandgap (1.7 eV) than crystalline Silicon (c-Si) (1.1 eV), which means it is more efficient to absorb the visible part of the solar spectrum, but it fails to collect an important part of the spectrum : the infrared.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_cell (4157 words)

	Silicon carbide Congresses. - Chemical Technology - What's Been Published (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Amorphous and crystalline silicon carbide and related materials : proceedings of the first international conference, Washington DC, December 10 and 11, 1987 / editors, G.L. Harris and C.Y.-W. Yang.
		Amorphous and crystalline silicon carbide II recent developments : proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, Santa Clara, CA, December 15-16, 1988 / editors, M.M. Rahman, C.Y.-W. Yang, and G.L. Harris.
		Amorphous and crystalline silicon carbide IV : proceedings of the 4th international conference, Santa Clara, CA, October 9-11, 1991 / C.Y. Yang, M.M. Rahman, G.L. Harris, eds.
	www.pitbossannie.com /rps-tp-silicon-carbide-congresses.html (144 words)

	Amorphous silicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is the non-crystalline form of silicon.Silicon is normally tetrahedrally bonded to four neighboring silicon atoms.This is also the case in amorphous silicon, however, it does not form a continuous crystalline lattice as in crystalline silicon.Some atoms may actually have dangling bonds, which occur when it does not bond to four neighboring atoms.
		Amorphous silicon is receiving much moreattention at the present time because of the potential for roll-to-roll processing, whereby circuits are literally printed onto long sheets of plastic ormetal foils.
		Crystalline silicon generally has better electrical properties than amorphous silicon, but in recent years researchers in thefield have been able to close the gap somewhat.
	www.therfcc.org /amorphous-silicon-147543.html (337 words)

	Silicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Silicon, Si, is a non-metallic main group element, found in Group IVb of the periodic table.
		Amorphous Silicon is prepared in the laboratory by heating potassium in an atmosphere of silicon tetrafluoride.
		Crystalline Silicon is prepared in the laboratory by dissolving silicon in aluminium and then cooling the solution, when crystalline silicon separates out of the solution.
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/chem/dolchem/html/elem/elem014.html (237 words)

	Special Emphasis Program (SEP) for SILICOSIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The crystalline silica exposure limit for the construction and maritime trades in 29 CFR Parts 1926 and 1915 are expressed in terms of millions of particles (of dust) per cubic foot (MPPCF), which is measured using an impinger sampling method.
		Crystalline silica is a ubiquitous substance which is the basic component of sand, quartz and granite rock.(9) Airborne crystalline silica occurs commonly in both the work and non-work environments.
		Initially, crystalline silica particles produce an alveolitis (inflammation in the gas exchange area of the lung) which is characterized by sustained increases in the total number of alveolar cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils.
	www.osha.gov /Silica/SpecialEmphasis.html (8534 words)

	Energy Conversion Devices Inc \| leader in the fields of alternative energy generation and storage and advanced ...
		Crystalline silicon was the original materials technology used by the PV industry.
		Notwithstanding, the substantial advances that have been made in the development of this technology, the cost of crystalline PV modules is still high because of high materials costs and because many processing steps are needed to manufacture the modules.
		Crystalline silicon solar cell modules are also bulky and break easily and consume more energy in their manufacture.
	www.ovonic.com /res/2_2_thin_film/thin_film_phot.htm (354 words)

	Windy Dankoff Explains Solar Cell Technology
		Polycrystalline cells are made from similar silicon material except that instead of being grown into a single crystal, it is melted and poured into a mold.
		The construction of finished modules from crystalline silicon cells is generally the same, regardless of the technique of crystal growth.
		The silicon used to produce crystalline modules is derived from sand.
	www.wholesalesolar.com /Windy/celltypes.html (767 words)

	Amorphous silicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		is also the case in amorphous silicon it does not form a continuous crystalline as in crystalline silicon.
		Amorphous silicon is much more attention at the present time of the potential for roll-to-roll processing whereby circuits are literally printed onto sheets of plastic or metal foils.
		Crystalline silicon generally has better electrical properties amorphous silicon but in recent years researchers the field have been able to close gap somewhat.
	www.freeglossary.com /Amorphous_silicon (439 words)

	Amazon.de: Bücher: Electrical Confinement for the Crystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cell on Foreign Substrate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Crystalline silicon thin-film solar cells have the potential to drastically reduce the cost for silicon solar cells.
		Two aspects of the crystalline silicon thin-film solar cell were examined intensively to reach this goal: diffusion barrier properties of common intermediate layers, and zone-melting recrystallisation of silicon layers.
		Zone-melting recrystallisation of silicon is an important technique to prepare large crystal grains of several millimetres width and several centimetres length on amorphous substrates.
	www.amazon.de /exec/obidos/ASIN/3898210502/archinfoweb09-21 (405 words)

	CSG Solar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		CSG has been developed by some of the world's leading experts in crystalline silicon solar cell technology to capture the advantages of conventional silicon wafer technology in a thin-film form that significantly reduces the energy, materials, and expense required to manufacture solar panels for producing electricity.
		The silicon is crystallised by heating in an oven.
		The crystalline nature of the silicon film ensures that it will last for decades even when exposed daily to bright sunlight in a harsh environment.
	www.csgsolar.com.au /product.html (184 words)

	MPI-MSP Halle, Self-organized porous structures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During anodic oxidation of crystalline silicon in hydofluoric acid, a sponge-like structure of single crystalline silicon is formed.The walls of the interconnected pores have a typical thickness of 1-3 nm.
		Through the confinement of electrons in such smallvolumes, the physical properties of silicon are changed quite significantly.Mainly the new optical properties have lead to high scientific interest.
		During the anodic etching the silicon is positivelybiased.
	www.mpi-halle.mpg.de /~fmuel/Microporous_Silicon.html (196 words)

	Atomistic structure changes of mono-crystalline silicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The characterization of silicon structure at nanometre-scale is an important issue as nano-tribology and nano-machining becomes more and more imperative in the development of MEMS and NEMS.
		Nevertheless, with the increase of the asperities size the boundary pattern became rougher and nano-crystals of pristine silicon grew inside the transformation zone.
		With the corse asperities, however, nano-deformation was associated with a pronounced mechanical deformation with the heavy bending and severe distortion of crystalline planes in the pristine silicon.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT10/Abstracts/Zarudi/index.html (377 words)

	Amazon.com: Phrase: "crystalline silicon cells" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Crystalline silicon cells consist of p-type and n-type silicon and electrical contacts as shown schematically in Figure A.4.
		In a typical crystalline silicon cell, the n layer is about 0.5 gm thick and the p layer is about 0.25 mm thick.
		Crystalline silicon cells are most popular, though they are expensive.
	www.amazon.com /gp/phrase/ref=sip_bod_10/102-9120907-9339356?%5Fencoding=UTF8&src=0471988537&checkSum=CpPOd0mrkuBRPIioewrIz3UQKhZD%2BxH%2Bom2ctgUHZtzPF%2Bqe68hUww%3D%3D&phrase=crystalline%20silicon%20cells (1918 words)

	Crystalline Silica Primer
		Crystalline silica is the scientific name for a group of minerals composed of silicon and oxygen.
		The term crystalline refers to the fact that the oxygen and silicon atoms are arranged in a three-dimensional repeating pattern.
		Because crystalline silica is an extremely common mineral and the HCS will affect many mineral commodities, it is important then, that there be as clear an understanding as possible of what is and what is not crystalline silica, and where it is found and used, and how it is qualitatively and quantitatively identified.
	geology.usgs.gov /pdf/silica.html (481 words)

	The Future
		There are limits to how much reduction can be made to the amount of crystalline silicon in a conventional cell because it is not that strong an absorber of light.
		Their cost per square metre of photovoltaic module is about one third the cost of of crystalline silicon technology.
		At present, most of the larger size photovoltaic systems are based on crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell technology, and this will continue to be so for some years.
	www.napssystems.com /about_solar/future.html (211 words)

	Energy Leverage of Photovoltaics
		Crystalline flat plate photovoltaic panels do not fare quite as well as thin-film panels in terms of energy payback time ("EPBT").
		While this analysis is more pessimistic than some of the other studies cited, this helps to explain why photovoltaic systems have not been as attractive as other energy investments and thus have been limited to remote applications where transportation of other energy resources (such as combustible fuels) is expensive.
		Recent developments suggest that thin-film crystalline silicon (especially microcrystalline silicon) is becoming a prime candidate for future photovoltaics.
	www.oilcrisis.com /Apollo2/pvlever.htm (873 words)

	9. Results and discussion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In this chapter we present results obtained using the penalty functional method applied to bulk crystalline silicon.
		We show how the energy converges as the two spatial cut-offs; the support region radius and density-kernel cut-off, are increased and in particular that the estimate of the energy is variational with respect to these parameters.
		Finally we consider the scaling of the method with system-size (confirming that it is indeed linear) and the scaling with support region radius and density-kernel cut-off.
	www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk /~pdh1001/thesis/node50.html (105 words)

	Konarka turns light into energy - Konarka's Photovoltaic Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Photovoltaic cells have traditionally been built using crystalline silicon, which requires expensive processing and results in rigid, bulky, inflexible solar panels.
		Most solar cells currently in use are based on crystalline silicon or thin film technologies.
		The efficiencies for crystalline silicon technologies have been around 15 percent; that is about one-sixth of the light striking the cell gets converted into electricity.
	www.konarkatech.com /technology/photovoltaics.php (362 words)

	NREL: Silicon Workshop - NREL's 15th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Materials and Processes
		NREL: Silicon Workshop - NREL's 15th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Materials and Processes
		Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules: Materials and Processes
		Once again, you are invited to participate in the 15th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules: Materials and Processes.
	www.nrel.gov /silicon_workshop (198 words)

	KOPS-Datenbank - Rapid Thermal Processing of Crystalline Silicon Materials and Solar Cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The thesis starts with an overview of RTP and of the underlying physics of optical processing of crystalline silicon wafers.
		The advantages of RTP in the production of silicon solar cells are mentioned and compared to the characteristics of processing in conventional quartz tube furnaces.
		Chapter 3 presents a systematic study of the RTP formation of different types of layers for crystalline silicon solar cells.
	www.ub.uni-konstanz.de /kops/volltexte/2004/1209 (909 words)

	Thin films seek a solar future- The Industrial Physicist
		Researchers at what is now Lucent Technologies’ Bell Laboratories first demonstrated silicon solar cells in 1954, and most PV systems today use mono- or multicrystalline silicon as the semiconducting material.
		Amorphous silicon is deposited on an inexpensive substrate such as glass, metal, or plastic, and the challenge is to raise the stable efficiency.
		Researchers at NREL use porous polycrystalline silicon on low-cost substrates and trap light in the silicon to enable total absorption.
	www.aip.org /tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-2/p16.html (2313 words)

	[No title]
		"Resistivity dependent lifetime of minority carriers in electron irradiated crystalline silicon", S.D. Dhole, S.T. Chavan, N.N. Sardesai and V.N. Bhoraskar, for oral presentation in the 14th International conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry, 6-9 Nov. 1996, Denton, Texas, USA.
		"60 and 80 MeV energy silicon ion induced defects in crystalline silicon", S.T. Chavan, S.D. Dhole and V. Bhoraskar, Poster presentation in workshop on Swift heavy ions in materials, Banglore, India, 1997.
		High energy heavy ion induced damage in crystalline silicon and semiconductor materials.
	physics.unipune.ernet.in /~sanjay/cv.html (680 words)

	[No title]
		CRYSTALCLEAR (CC) is one of the first Integrated Projects to be carried out in the 6th Framework Program of the European Union.
		CC is intended to be the main vehicle for EU-supported research and development on advanced industrial crystalline silicon PV technology.
		The project runs from January 2004 to December 2008 and has a total budget of 28 M€ (16 M€ will be contributed by the EU, 12 M€ by the 16 partners).
	www.ipcrystalclear.info (82 words)

	Talk Energy \| Funding for Renewables (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Administration’s support for the new Crystalline Silicon Initiative is proof that our federal government is committed to developing a high-tech U.S. solar industry.” Innovative solar research programs have historically been a trademark of America’s national laboratories, universities, and industry partners, helping to lower prices for solar electricity by 95% in the past 25 years.
		The Crystalline Silicon Initiative seeks to reverse recent market trends and re-establish U.S. market leadership and technology ownership in photovoltaics.
		He noted out that Japan currently funds photovoltaics research at levels four to five times higher than the U.S., while Germany’s funding is triple that of the U.S. “The U.S. has an opportunity to sell high-tech, domestically manufactured products to the rest of the world,” said Resch.
	www.talkenergy.com /articles/05/02/14/2350228.shtml?tid=1 (489 words)

	Citations: Crystalline silicon on insulators by graphoepitaxy - Geis, Flanders, Antoniadis, Smith (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Citations: Crystalline silicon on insulators by graphoepitaxy - Geis, Flanders, Antoniadis, Smith (ResearchIndex)
		This technique however may not be very practical for 3 D devices because of the high temperature involved during melting of the polysilicon and also due to difficulty in controlling the grain size variations.
		This technique, however, may not be very practical for 3 D devices because of the high temperature involved during melting of the polysilicon and also due to difficulty in controlling the grain size variations [105] 106] Beam....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/1835388/0 (614 words)

	Silicon Photovoltaics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We aim to make silicon wafer based photovoltaics cheaper by increasing efficiency and by reducing silicon usage in grams per watt-peak of module power.
		The advantage of RGS is that wafers are cast directly from the molten silicon whereas traditional wafers are cut from blocks of crystallised silicon.
		Therefore, RGS consumes three times less silicon per wafer than needed for sawn wafers including losses due to ingot crystallisation, block cutting and wire sawing.
	www.ecn.nl /zon/research/crystalline/index.en.html (384 words)

	Properties of Crystalline Silicon (Emis Series) by R. Hull and The Design of High-Efficiency Turbomachinery and Gas ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Properties of Crystalline Silicon (Emis Series) by R. Hull and The Design of High-Efficiency Turbomachinery and Gas Turbines by David Gordon Wilson: Amazon.com Store.
		Silicon, as used in silicon chips, is the material on which the information society depends for its power to process information.
		In 1988 INSPEC published the standard reference source on silicon properties and since then an enormous amount of Si R&D has taken place, with a hundred thousand papers published over 1989-1998.
	www.buybestbooks.com /reviews16/0852969333.html (243 words)

	Books - Materials - Structure and Imperfections in Amorphous and Crystalline Silicon Dioxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Silicon dioxide is one of the most common naturally occurring materials.
		Experts from America, Europe and Japan have written chapters covering both the amorphous and the crystalline phases of the material with particular reference to its structure and defects.
		The book is divided into four sections: Topological Models for the Crystalline and Amorphous Phases Electronic Structure Macroscopic and Point Defects Processing and Applications of Crystalline and Amorphous Phases.
	www.azom.com /Sale.asp?SaleID=77 (177 words)

	Gosálvez: Atomistic Modelling of Anisotropic Etching of Crystalline Silicon, ISBN 951-22-6707-1
		An atomistic model for the simulation of anisotropic wet chemical etching of crystalline silicon is developed.
		Gosálvez M. A., Foster A. and Nieminen R. Multiscale modeling of anisotropic wet chemical etching of crystalline silicon.
		Gosálvez M. A., Foster A. and Nieminen R. Atomistic simulations of surface coverage effects in anisotropic wet chemical etching of crystalline silicon.
	lib.hut.fi /Diss/2003/isbn9512267071 (490 words)

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