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Topic: Crystalloid

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	8rc3
		Increasing the amount of IV crystalloid administered from 10 to 30 ml/kg did not significantly alter the incidence of hypotension or decreased ephedrine requirements.
		A physiologic explanation of the differences between crystalloid and colloid can be found in a study of Ueyama et al [12], using an indocyanine green dilution method to estimate the blood volume and cardiac output before and after preloading.
		Crystalloids are limited in terms of efficacy as intravascular volume expanders, because they are quickly redistributed from the intravascular to the extravascular space.
	www.euroanesthesia.org /education/rc_nice/8rc3.html (3057 words)

	Student BMJ: April 1997
		Crystalloids are substances that form a true solution and pass freely through a semipermeable membrane.
		The expansion in intravascular volume achieved by crystalloid is transitory; colloid osmotic pressure is reduced and as fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces pulmonary oedema may occur.
		Crystalloids are useful in maintaining fluid balance - for example, postoperatively when a patient is not drinking - or in conjunction with colloids to replace intravascular volume rapidly after sudden blood loss.
	www.studentbmj.com /back_issues/0497/data/0497ed1.htm (2214 words)

	Veterinary Care Specialists Fluid Therapy Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Crystalloid fluids consist primarily of water with a sodium or glucose base, plus the addition of other electrolytes and/or buffers.
		Commonly suggested replacement crystalloid fluid administration rates for normovolemic patients undergoing anesthesia are 5ml/kg/hr for procedures where minimal blood loss is anticipated (orthopedic and uncomplicated soft tissue surgeries) and 10ml/kg/hr for procedures where moderate blood loss is anticipated (many soft tissue procedures such as liver and splenic surgery).
		Crystalloid fluids are often administered along with colloids to augment their vascular volume expanding effect.
	www.vcsmilford.com /ft.html (3132 words)

	Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomised ...
		Colloids in hypertonic crystalloid compared with isotonic crystalloid Of the 10 eligible trials, mortality data were not reported for one trial, which is not yet published (Rocha e Silva et al (42)), and, despite contacting the trialists, we were unable to obtain these data for inclusion.
		No differences between the colloid and crystalloid groups were detected with respect to pleural effusions and pulmonary dysfunction in two trials in which these were recorded (Wahba et al(w24); Grundmann et al (w14-w15)).
		Resuscitation with colloids in hypertonic crystalloid solutions showed a beneficial effect on mortality compared with isotonic crystalloid solutions, but there was evidence for this being an overoptimistic measure due to selective publication and inadequate concealment in the included studies.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/316/7136/961/DC1 (4037 words)

	Welcome to THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE
		This manuscript will review the published studies related to crystalloid versus colloid resuscitation, the use of hypertonic fluids for resuscitation with determining what types of cases may benefit from hypertonic resuscitation, and limiting the volume of pre-operative fluids in trauma patients.
		Meta-analysis of the multiple studies on this have shown a 12% improved survival with crystalloid, so the general conclusion was made that "crystalloid infusion is preferable to colloid for early traumatic shock".(1-4) This principle is now widely accepted through the U.S. although the use of colloids is still common in many European countries.
		Crystalloid resuscitation has a number of advantages over colloid in that it is immediately available and effective, it is cheaper, nonantigenic, and has a longer shelf life.
	www.hmc.org.qa /mejem/sept2004/Edited/guest5.htm (2803 words)

	Guidelines for the Use of Albumin, Nonprotein Colloid, and Crystalloid Solutions, by Indication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Crystalloid administration should be the first choice of treatment in maintaining CPP for treatment of vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, or head trauma.
		Crystalloids and nonprotein colloids do not have bilirubin binding properties and should not be considered as alternatives to albumin.
		Crystalloids should be considered as adjunctive therapy in patients with cirrhosis when less than 3 L are removed and repletion of intravascular volume is of concern.
	www.unc.edu /~rvp/RP_Anesthesia/UNCWay/FluidAlbuminGuidelines.htm (951 words)

	[No title]
		The proposed explanation was that patients with trauma and sepsis have an increase in capillary permeability that allows the administered colloid to leak out of the vasculature, to be less effective as an intravascular volume expander and to slow resolution of oedema from the affected tissues.
		The usual protocol involves initial infusion of crystalloids, followed by the administration of colloids when large volumes are necessary to reduce the amount of crystalloids.
		In general, crystalloids need to be administered in volumes that are approximately 2-3 times that of isooncotic colloid to obtain the same haemodynamic effect.
	www.frca.co.uk /article.aspx?articleid=293 (751 words)

	Crystalloid Minerals :: HOMEPAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Life Line Inc. is focused on the basic benefits of minerals, their electromagnetic frequency levels and the unique property effects evidenced at the cellular level when introduced to the body in a Crystalloidal water soluble, true solution, form.
		Crystalloid Water-soluble Ionic Mineral Supplements provide a new way of consuming minerals, in a form that we easily ingest and absorb.
		Our minerals are crystalline which duplicates' natures' minerals from the earth into a form usable by man. After a plant inducts minerals and water from the soil, they store the minerals in a water-soluble crystalline form that the cells easily absorb.
	www.crystalloidminerals.com (481 words)

	Reflections on hypotension during Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: do we need to use colloid?/L'hypotension ...
		A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean section.
		Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean section.
		Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/47/7/607 (1781 words)

	Crystalloid Prehydration Time to Change our Practice? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The homogeneity assumption was rejected in the crystalloid versus control study set because of outliers.
		The overall analysis of studies is based on a preliminary test, like the homogeneity test, similar to the choice of analysis in an individual study, which will be affected by items such as the normality test of the equal variance test.
		Figure 1 presents the comparison of a representative sample of studies comparing (a) crystalloid preloading to control (no volume challenge) and (b) crystalloid preloading to colloid preloading (albumin, dextran or hetastarch).
	www.soap.org /media/newsletters/spring2003/crystal.htm (1346 words)

	Institute for Healthcare Improvement: Treat Hypotension and/or Elevated Lactate with Fluids
		The Severe Sepsis Resuscitation Bundle calls for an initial administration of 20 ml/kg of crystalloid as a fluid challenge in cases of suspected hypovolemia or actual cases of serum lactate greater than 4 mmol/L (36 g/dl).
		A colloid equivalent is an acceptable alternative to crystalloid, and an equivalent dose generally ranges from 0.2 g/kg to 0.3 g/kg depending upon the colloid.
		In addition, meta-analyses of clinical studies comparing crystalloid and colloid resuscitation in general and surgical patient populations indicate no clinical outcome difference between colloids and crystalloids and would appear to be generalizable to sepsis populations.
	www.ihi.org /IHI/Topics/CriticalCare/Sepsis/Changes/IndividualChanges/TreatHypotensionandorElevatedLactatewithFluids.htm (1151 words)

	Formation of Crystalloid Endoplasmic Reticulum Induced by Expression of Synaptotagmin Lacking the Conserved WHXL Motif ...
		Formation of Crystalloid Endoplasmic Reticulum Induced by Expression of Synaptotagmin Lacking the Conserved WHXL Motif in the C Terminus.
		The crystalloid ER is composed of tightly packed smooth ER cisternae (arrowheads in H) or tubule (arrows in H).
		The crystalloid ER was occasionally continuous to rough ER cisternae (small arrows in H).
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/276/44/41112 (4947 words)

	Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: Bronchial carcinoid tumor with crystalloid cytoplastic inclusions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The granularity of the cytoplasm in carcinoid tumors in most cases is related to the presence of neurosecretory granules, although rare cases of oncocytic carcinoids with an abundance of mitochondria have been reported.
		The crystalloids appeared randomly arranged in the tumor cell cytoplasm and were not found in the adjacent nonneoplastic cells.
		Some of the vacuoles contained crystalloid structures of varying sizes, ranging from diamond-shaped crystalloids approximately 200 run in diameter to large rods measuring approximately 8 (mu)m in length and 1 (mu)n in diameter (Figures 2 and 3).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3725/is_200201/ai_n9083075 (1130 words)

	SOLWAY FIRTH - LoveToKnow Article on SOLWAY FIRTH
		In other cases, while too small to be directly visible, they are large enough to scatter and polarize a beam of light.
		In yet other solutions, the particles are smaller again, and seem to approach in size the larger molecules of crystalloid substances.
		It is not yet agreed whether colloid solution is the same in kind though different in degree from crystalloid solution or is a phenomenon of an entirely different order.
	20.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SO/SOLWAY_FIRTH.htm (1337 words)

	The Worldwide Anaesthetist : Journal Club 12 July 2000
		The debate over whether to use crystalloids or colloids (and which specific fluid in each group to use) continues to be a controversial point in trauma, surgical and acutely ill patients.
		As well as discussing the effects and side effects of the various crystalloids and colloids, other alternatives such as synthetic haemoglobin solutions are considered.
		At this time the, ideal fluid to use in resuscitation is most likely a combination of crystalloid and colloid, but, until an adequate study is produced, this is based not so much on evidence as on a middle road between the two sets of protagonists.
	www.anaesthetist.com /anaes/jnl/2000/2000jy12.htm (1306 words)

	Reversible Calcium-Regulated Stopcocks in Legume Sieve Tubes -- Knoblauch et al. 13 (5): 1221 -- THE PLANT CELL
		Crystalloid dispersal is triggered by plasma membrane leakage
		Crystalloid dispersal had been induced by micropipettete insertion (as in [A] and [B]).
		The crystalloid did not react to osmolarity steps of 350 mosmol (corresponding to a change in osmotic pressure of almost 0.9 MPa; upper row).
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/13/5/1221 (4440 words)

	Hypertonic versus near isotonic crystalloid for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients (Cochrane Review)
		Objectives: To determine whether hypertonic crystalloid decreases mortality in patients with hypovolaemia.
		In the one trial that gave data on disability using the Glasgow outcome scale, the relative risk for a poor outcome was 1.00 (95% CI 0.82, 1.22).
		Further trials which clearly state the type and amount of fluid used and that are large enough to detect a clinically important difference are needed.
	www.update-software.com /abstracts/ab002045.htm (435 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The debate about whether to use crystalloids or colloids for the resuscitation of hypovolaemia is not as important as the challenge of continually maintaining a normal intravascular volume.
		Today′s postoperative fluid prescribing is a legacy of that period - large amounts of crystalloid are administered in the postoperative period in a wide variety of inflexible recipes with little regard to the nature of fluid needs of the patient.
		Approximately two-thirds of all infused crystalloid must be distributed to the ISS, according to basic physiology, ie there are 17 l of fluid in the ECF and a crystalloid solution, without any inherent COP, must distribute equally across the whole 17 litres, with little or no fluid going to the ICS.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?cm04002 (4696 words)

	Randomised controlled trial of colloid or crystalloid in hypotensive preterm infants -- So et al. 76 (1): 43 -- ...
		Both colloids and crystalloids are volume expanders frequently used in neonatal intensive care nurseries for the treatment
		Unlike colloids, crystalloids are non-biological products and their use is not associated with any potential infection hazard.
		Velanovich V. Crystalloid versus colloid fluid resuscitation: A meta-analysis of mortality.
	fn.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/76/1/F43 (2633 words)

	Peroxynitrite, the Breakdown Product of Nitric Oxide, Is Beneficial in Blood Cardioplegia but Injurious in Crystalloid ...
		In general, crystalloid solutions have increased percent water content compared with blood solutions.
		blood or crystalloid formulations are used for cardioplegia solutions.
		crystalloid and blood-based perfusates reported in the literature.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/100/suppl_2/II-384 (3687 words)

	EBM Syllabi - Evidence-Based Purchasing printer-friendly version
		It compared the overall effects of colloid versus crystalloid fluids in a range of typical resuscitation situations.
		Yes - the results suggest that crystalloids are probably at least as good as colloids for general use.
		It might be noted that the overall relative risk of mortality from colloids vs. crystalloids is not statistically significant (the confidence intervals cross the 1.0 line).
	www.cebm.utoronto.ca /syllabi/pur/print/sr.htm (1089 words)

	TRAUMA.ORG: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Since this management based solely on the patient's clinical condition clearly works, what the liver looks like on CT is irrelevant, a point much of the country (the world?) has yet to realize, much to the delight of our radiology departments.
		In this context our idea of stable is haemodynamically stable after initial fluid challenge of 1,500 to 2,000ml of crystalloid or colloid and only requiring maintenance fluids thereafter.
		CT is not as sensitive for bleeding, for gut injury, and probably for pancreatic injury as DPL, so we do a DPL first as a screening measure.
	www.trauma.org /archives/hepatc.html (1532 words)

	A Calcium-Regulated Gatekeeper in Phloem Sieve Tubes -- Eckardt 13 (5): 989 -- THE PLANT CELL
		One crystalloid is shown in the dense state, in which it permits the sieve element contents to flow past it.
		crystalloid protein, rapidly occluded the sieve plate pores.
		rapid and reversible dispersal of crystalloid P-protein to occlude
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/13/5/989 (1886 words)

	Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions -- Watts et al. 317 (7153): 277 -- BMJ
		Schierhout G, Roberts I. Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomised trials.
		Crystalloid versus colloid: all colloids are not created equal.
		Firstly, the definitions of crystalloid and colloid are far too loose, and invalid assumptions about the equivalence of different
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/317/7153/277 (2860 words)

	Albumin for fluid resuscitation: Implications of the Saline Versus Albumin Fluid Evaluation -- Devlin and Barletta 62 ...
		Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients.
		Crystalloids and colloids in trauma resuscitation: a brief overview of the current debate.
		Oxygen transport responses to colloids and crystalloids in critically ill surgical patients.
	www.ajhp.org /cgi/content/full/62/6/637?ct (3365 words)

	Biogenesis of the Protein Storage Vacuole Crystalloid -- Jiang et al. 150 (4): 755 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		Open and closed arrows indicate regions of the crystalloid (enlarged within the adjacent boxes) where the striations of the crystalloid lattice run almost horizontally and almost vertically, respectively.
		These two sections of the crystalloid are separated by a lucent strip (indicated between the two triangles).
		(lane 5) and in the crystalloid pellet (lane 6).
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/150/4/755 (8573 words)

	AllRefer.com - dialysis (Chemistry) - Encyclopedia
		By continuously or periodically replacing the solvent with fresh solvent, almost all of the sodium chloride can be removed.
		The method was originated by Thomas Graham, who termed the substance that remained within the membrane a colloid and the substance that diffused a crystalloid.
		An extension of the method makes possible the separation of mixed colloids by the use of a semipermeable membrane (usually synthetic) of known selectivity, i.e., one that will permit the diffusion of one colloid and hinder the diffusion of others.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/D/dialysis.html (338 words)

	P95 : Analysis of cardiomyocyte damage following blood and crystalloid cardioplegic arrest – Necrosis rather than ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Methods: Minipigs were subjected to 60 minutes of either crystalloid (St. Thomas; n=15) or blood (Buckberg; n=5) (cold antegrade intermittent) cardioplegic arrest followed by 3h of reperfusion.
		In some hearts subjected to crystalloid cardioplegic arrest myocyte damage was focally accumulated.
		Conclusions: Crystalloid but not blood cardioplegic arrest with reperfusion leads to significant DNA-damage of working myocardial cells as compared to controls.
	www.thieme.de /abstracts/thoracic/abstracts2003/daten/p95.html (277 words)

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