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Topic: Ctenophore

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Animal

	Introduction to the Ctenophora
		Ctenophores, variously known as comb jellies, sea gooseberries, sea walnuts, or Venus's girdles, are voracious predators.
		Ctenophores have a pair of anal pores, which have sometimes been interpreted as homologous with the anus of bilaterian animals (worms, humans, snails, fish, etc.).
		Both owe their preservation to rapid precipitation of pyrite in the tissues, and both are quite similar to living ctenophores in the order Cydippida (the "sea gooseberries.") Other ctenophore-like forms have been found in the Cambrian-age Burgess Shale of the Canadian Rocky Mountains and Chengjiang Formation of Southern China.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /cnidaria/ctenophora.html (437 words)

	Ctenophore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ctenophore (pl. ctenophores or ctenophora), also known as the comb jelly, is a phylum classically grouped with Cnidaria in the Coelenterata infrakingdom.
		There are more than 100 varieties of ctenophore spread throughout the worlds' oceans, which form a considerable proportion of the entire plankton biomass.
		Another important sign of ctenophore's relationship with bilateria is the form of their spermatozoa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ctenophore (2755 words)

	Ctenophore (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ctenophores are jellyfish-like animal s commonly called " comb jellies ", " sea gooseberries ", " sea walnuts ", or " Venus's girdles." Comb jellies are voracious marine predators on plankton.
		Ctenophores are mainly composed of inert mesoglea, which causes them to have a low rate of metabolic activity.
		The ctenes of the ctenophores gives rise to a rainbow like effect, this is caused by scattering of light due to the beating of cilia and not because of bioluminescence.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Ctenophore.html (299 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ctenophore (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ctenophores are mainly composed of inert mesoglea, which causes them to have a low rate of metabolism.
		Ctenophores are jellyfish-like animals commonly called "comb jellies", "sea gooseberries", "sea walnuts", or "Venus' girdles." Comb jellies are voracious marine predators, feeding mostly on plankton.
		The ctenes of the ctenophores gives rise to a rainbow-like effect that is caused by scattering of light due to the beating of cillia, not because of bioluminescence.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ctenophore (722 words)

	Ctenophore - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The ctenophore (pl. ctenophores or ctenophora), also known as the comb jelly, is a phylum classically grouped with Cnidaria in the Coelenterata infrakingdom.
		After the fertilised eggs have divided twice, the ctenophore's later body symmetry has already been set; they develop over a free-floating cydippea state, which looks very similar between all ctenophora and sometimes is labelled as a larva, although usually in reality already represents a miniature version of what the creature will grow up to be.
		Although ctenophores are generally hardly noticeable and their influence on an ecosystem is ostensibly very low, they can still do significant damage when they find themselves in non-native waters.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Ctenophore (2784 words)

	10-oh-4, Good Buddy!! by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - Reefkeeping.com
		Ctenophores are some of the most common planktonic animals in many oceanic realms, and in a discussion of their natural history it is easier to work, at least initially, with some of the common planktonic forms rather than the sessile ones.
		It would be tempting to say that ctenophores have something similar, except that their sensory nervous aggregation, called the polar field, is at the posterior end of the animal near the anal pores (they don't have just one anus either, but we will get to that momentarily).
		Ingestion of a medusa (Aegina citrea) by the nematocyst-containing ctenophore (Haeckelia rubra, formerly Euchlora rubra): phylogenetic implications.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2004-03/rs/index.php (3005 words)

	Biological review and distribution of mnemiopsis leidyi in the azov and black sea basin
		In the second half of May ctenophore was met in the coastal area of Kuban, in June – in the whole eastern part of the sea, its biomass being 0,1 to 80 g/m3, 13 g/m3 in average.
		Ctenophore was reported to be met in all regions of the sea and the Taganrog Bay, where salinity level exceeded 3 ‰.
		For this reason in certain years the area of ctenophore occurrence in June is limited by the southern part of the Azov Sea and small areas in the south-eastern and central regions, and in others cover the eastern half of the water body.
	www.math.rsu.ru /niimpm/ommee/selut/IntasHtml/IntRepPart5Sect4.html (2623 words)

	Howlingbird Ctenophore
		Ctenophores are radially symmetrical, and the general body plan is somewhat similar to that of a medusa (jellyfish).
		Ctenophores are usually transparent, but various structures such as the tentacles and comb rows may be tinged with white, orange, or purple.
		Ctenophores are noted for their luminescence, which is probably characteristic of the phylum as a whole.
	www.howlingbird.com /ctenophore.html (193 words)

	Ctenophores - some notes from an expert
		Ctenophores are fairly simple animals that live only in marine waters; they can be found in most marine habitats, from polar to tropical, inshore to offshore, and from near the surface to the very deep ocean.
		Ctenophores are probably common members of the plankton in most coastal areas worldwide, although they have not been studied in many regions; ctenophores may be seasonally much more abundant in the spring and early summer.
		One of the most delightful characteristics of ctenophores is the light-scattering produced by beating of the eight rows of locomotory cilia, which appears as a changing rainbow of colors running down the comb rows.
	faculty.washington.edu /cemills/Ctenophores.html (2490 words)

	Ctenophores
		The ctenophore body exhibits bi-radial symmetry (with an underlying bilateral symmetry), which is a bit different than the radial symmetry typical of cnidarian medusae.
		The signature characteristic of ctenophores are the comb rows.
		Ctenophores are strictly carnivorous and prey on a variety of planktonic animals.
	jellieszone.com /ctenophores.htm (1144 words)

	Bambooweb: Ctenophore

Ctenophores are jellyfish-like animals commonly called "comb jellies", "sea gooseberries", "sea walnuts", or "Venus's girdles." Comb jellies are voracious marine predators on plankton.

Ctenophores are mainly composed of inert mesoglea, which causes them to have a low rate of metabolic activity.

The ctenes of the ctenophores gives rise to a rainbow like effect, this is caused by scattering of light due to the beating of cilia and not because of bioluminescence.

www.bambooweb.com /articles/c/t/Ctenophore.html (249 words)

	Ctenophore (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ctenophores are mainly composed of inert mesoglea causes them to have a low rate metabolic activity.
		The name comb jelly comes from "comb rows" of fused cilia called ctenes that are arranged laterally along the of the animal and used primarily for The ctenes of the ctenophores gives rise a rainbow like effect this is caused scattering of light due to the beating cilia and not because of bioluminescence.
		Due to their soft and fragile the fossil record for comb jellies is A possible Ctenophore is known from the Cambrian.
	www.freeglossary.com /Venus's_girdle (261 words)

	Dr. Ahmet Kideys: Conversations: Who's Who in the Census: Census of Marine Life Portal
		This hermaphroditic zooplankton species increased from one or a few individuals (average weight of each around 10 g) to a total of 1 billion (109) tons in the entire Black Sea at the end of the 1980s, at the expense of the native zooplankton, which constitute the food for small pelagic fishes.
		The ctenophore Beroe ovata of the Black Sea with a half-digested Mnemiopsis leidyi specimen in its stomach.
		Within the framework of the CMarZ (Census of Marine Zooplankton) project, I am investigating the impact of ctenophores on the biodiversity and abundance of zooplankton and other components of the ecosystem of these seas, which is helping us to create and test several hypotheses on marine ecology.
	www.coml.org /converse/ww-c6.htm (787 words)

	Ctenophore References
		Distribution of the alien ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea in August 2001.
		Escape of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi from the scyphomedusa predator Chrysaora quinquecirrha.
		Ingestion of a medusae (Aegina citrea) by the nematocyst-containing ctenophore Haekelia rubra (formerly Euchlora rubra): phylogenetic implications.
	jellieszone.com /ctenophorereferences.htm (1164 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Mnemiopsis leidyi
		The native habitat of the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, is in temperate to subtropical estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North and South America (Mayer,1912).
		Mnemiopsis is probably the most-studied ctenophore genus in the world because of its great abundance in estuaries in heavily populated areas of the United States, and because of its explosive population growth after accidental introduction into the Black Sea in the early 1980s.
		Native range: The native habitat of the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, is in temperate to subtropical estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North and South America between 40 degrees north to 46 degrees south (Mayer, 1912, Costello, 2001).
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=95&fr=1&sts= (1841 words)

	Phylum Cnidaria (cont (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most ctenophore species described to date are simultaneous hermaphrodites; that is, a single individual has both male and female gonads.
		Ctenophore cleavage is highly determinate; cell fates are fixed at the first cell division (unlike cnidarians, which become fixed much later).
		The mechanism of gastrulation in ctenophores (i.e, the formation of distinct inner and outer germ layers) is achieved either by epiboly, a process in which a sheet of micromeres spread over what were the adjacent macromeres, or by invagination, in which groups of cells push into the blastocoelic space.
	bama.ua.edu /~clydeard/bsc376/lecture11.htm (1395 words)

	Ctenophora-BY255L Invertebrate Zoology
		Ctenophores are characterized by eight rows consisting of ciliated plates called ctenes (combs), which are radially arranged on the spherical body surface.
		The two hemispheres of the ctenophore body are marked by a mouth, or oral pole, on the underside, and an opposite aboral pole, on which is located the statocyst, a unique sense organ controlling equilibrium.
		Ctenophores, which are all carnivorous, have specialized adhesive cells called colloblasts, used to capture planktonic animals on which the ctenophores feed.
	www.dpo.uab.edu /~acnnnghm/BY255L/BY255L-Ctenophora.htm (396 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		mainly the medusa Aurelia aurita, and ctenophore Mnemiopsis sp.; Shushkina and Musayeva, 1990a).
		Population dynamics and ecological energetics of a pulsed zooplankton predator, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.
		Laboratory studies of predation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi on the early stages in the life history of the bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli.
	www.ims.metu.edu.tr /cv/kideys/bs_ecosystem.htm (5858 words)

	ctenophore (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nuda Ctenophores are jellyfish-like animals commonly called "comb jellies", "sea gooseberries", "sea walnuts", or "Venus' girdles." Comb jellies are voracious marine predators, feeding mostly on plankton.
		The word ctenophore (pronounced teen-oh-for) comes from Greek, kteno-, kteis, "comb" and -phore, meaning "comb-bearers".
		Studies from Rhode Island suggest peak ctenophore populations may be arriving earlier in the season, perhaps because of warmer ocean waters.
	www.33beat.com /ctenophore.html (288 words)

	Ctenophore - InformationBlast
		The database is read-only and using an older copy while some serious problems are fixed, sorry for the inconvenience this may cause.
		Ctenophores are jellyfish-like animals commonly called "comb jellies", "sea gooseberries", "sea walnuts", or "Venus's girdles."Comb jellies are voracious marine predators on plankton.
		Most ctenophores have two long tentacles, but some lack tentacles completely.
	www.informationblast.com /Ctenophora.html (272 words)

	Becky
		Capture mechanisms used by the lobate ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, preying on the copepod Acartia tonsa.
		The feeding methods of the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi on adult and nauplii stages of Acartia tonsa.
		Ctenophores rely on their hydrocryptic state while foraging for large prey items.
	www.utmsi.utexas.edu /people/gsa/student_dir/becky.htm (938 words)

	Two if by Sea - Archives: Fall 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ctenophores (pronounced teen-a-fours) are gelatinous marine invertebrates: primitive animals with simple body forms.
		Rapoza’s work, supported by WHOI Sea Grant and The Seaver Institute, focuses primarily on ctenophores in the Order Lobata, although a portion of her thesis compares the diet and morphology of Lobata to another Order of Ctenophora, Cydippida.
		While the feeding and prey-capture dynamics of lobate ctenophores may not at first seem important to overall food chain dynamics, consider that their main food source happens to be the food of choice for the larvae of cod and other commercially important fishes.
	web.mit.edu /seagrant/pubs/2ifbysea/issues/fall99/ctenophore.html (817 words)

	trafelet
		Ctenophores (Mnemiopsis leidyi) are commonly found throughout the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries such as the Rhode River.
		A paddle wheel was used to keep the ctenophores from settling on the bottom and to maintain an reasonable level of dissolved oxygen. Ctenophores were kept at least 24 hours in filtered water to allow them ample time to clear their guts prior to the experiments.
		Ctenophores and zooplankton were collected the day before and oyster larvae were obtained two days before conducting the experiment. Densities of Acartia and oyster larvae tanks were determined and the necessary volumes for addition of each into the experiment tanks were calculated.
	www.serc.si.edu /pro_training/intern_corner/interns2005/trafelet.jsp (623 words)

	Ascidians,fertilization,development
		Most of the 90 species of ctenophores are hermaphrodites which produce eggs and sperm along 8 meridional canals situated beneath each comb row.
		Ctenophores develop directly and are characterized by an apical sense organ (statocyst) at the aboral pole, a large extensible mouth at the oral pole, and 3 types of tissues (triploblasts).
		Different species of Beroe and other ctenophores can be collected in the bay of Villefranche sur Mer from February through May. We have used Beroe ovata, which produces very large (1mm diameter) transparent eggs, to study fertilization, pronuclear migration, surface contraction waves and the acquisition of the unique oral-aboral embryonic axis.
	biodev.obs-vlfr.fr /recherche/biomarcell/ctenophores/ctenophores.htm (212 words)

	What is a Ctenophore?
		A ctenophore is a small marine animal, usually with two long tentacles, that preys on tiny targets in the ocean’s photic (light) zone, including plankton, fish eggs, larvae, other ctenophores, and other tiny organisms generally around 1 mm in size.
		Ctenophores are sometimes called comb jellies, despite their relative complexity in comparison to jellyfish.
		The ctenophore has a balance receptor, the statocyst, which works very differently than the inner ear in mammals, but is used to maintain upright positioning in ctenophores as needed.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-ctenophore.htm (344 words)

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