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Battle of Ctesiphon

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	History of Iran: Ctesiphon (Parthian: Tyspwn)
		Ctesiphon (Parthian: Tyspwn); The capital of the Parthian and the Sassanid empires
		It is not clear when Ctesiphon became the most important city in the Parthian empire, but what is reasonably clear is that the spoils of a large campaign against the Roman empire in 41 BCE were invested in the new capital, which became one of the greatest cities in the ancient world.
		Although Ctesiphon was the capital of the Sassanid empire, Seleucia was not forgotten; it was renamed Veh-Ardair ("the good city of Ardair").
	www.iranchamber.com /history/ctesiphon/ctesiphon.php (710 words)

	Ctesiphon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ctesiphon (Parthian: Tyspwn as well as Tisfun) is one of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia and the capital of the Parthian Empire and its successor, the Sassanid Empire, for more than 800 years located in the ancient Iranian province of Khvarvaran.
		Because of its importance, Ctesiphon was a major military objective for the leaders of the Roman Empire in its eastern wars.
		Ctesiphon fell to the Arabs during the Islamic conquest of Iran in 637 and went into a rapid decline, especially after the founding of the Abbasid capital at Baghdad in the 8th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ctesiphon (790 words)

	CTESIPHON - LoveToKnow Article on CTESIPHON
		From this time Ctesiphon increased in size, and many splendid buildings rose; it had the outward appearance of a large town, although it was by its constitution only a village.
		Therefore the Arabs designate the whole complex of towns which lay together around Seleucia and Ctesiphon and formed the residence of the Sassanids by the name Madam, the cities,their number is often given as seven.
		In the wars between the Roman and Persian empires, Ctesiphon was more than once besieged and plundered, thus by Odaenathus in 261, and by Carus in 283; Julian in 363 advanced to Ctesiphon, but was not able to take it (Animianus xxiv.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CT/CTESIPHON.htm (467 words)

	EARTH ARCHITECTURE: Ctesiphon Arch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Ctesiphon arch is considered as one of the many architectural wonders of Mesopotamia.
		Ctesiphon is a historically significant city that lies on the east bank of the Tigris River just south of Baghdad.
		The Ctesiphon arch is a pointed ovoid peculiar to Mesopotamian architecture; it was built using unfired, thin mud bricks which were laid on a slant.
	www.eartharchitecture.org /archives/001808.html (102 words)

	Ctesiphon
		Ctesiphon was built on the site of an older town, Opis, not far from the confluence of Tigris and Diyala.
		Although Ctesiphon was the capital of the Sasanian empire, Seleucia was not forgotten; it was renamed Veh-Ardair ("the good city of Ardair").
		In 238, he Roman emperor Gordian III wanted to capture Ctesiphon in order to prevent the new Sasanian empire from becoming too powerful, but was murdered before he reached his goal.
	www.livius.org /ct-cz/ctesiphon/ctesiphon.htm (692 words)

	Ctesiphon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ctesiphon was the winter capital of the Partian empire and Sassanid empire.
		Ctesiphon's fame is due to the grand vaulted hall, the Taq Kisra, dating back to around 600 CE.
		Next to Ctesiphon was the city of Seleucia, and the twin cities became the capital of the Parthian empire.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ctesiphon.htm (216 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Dusty Shell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One such city was Ctesiphon: once a sumptuous capital near the shifting banks of the meandering Tigris River about 20 miles south of modern Baghdad, now no more than the dusty shell of a palace with, miraculously, one great vault still arching across the dull monotony of the arid plain.
		The camp was called Ctesiphon and grew to be, first, the winter residence of the Part'hian kings, a "royal suburb," and then a great city in itself—a city that, according to one historian, "first rivalled and then eclipsed" Seleucia as the capital of the Empire.
		The span of the vault at Ctesiphon is 82 feet and at the crown it is 120 feet above the ground.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196801/the.dusty.shell.htm (1048 words)

	Ctesiphon - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The emperor Trajan captured Ctesiphon in 116, after one year of occupation his successor Hadrian has no choice to returned it in 117 as part of a peace settlement.
		The arch of Ctesiphon, or Taq-e Kasra, is now all that remains of a city that was, for seven centuries, the main capital of the successor dynasties of the Achaemenids, Parthians and Sassanians.
		CTESIPHON (TISFUN): The Imperial Capital of Parthian and Sasanian Dynastiescs:Ktésifón
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Ctesiphon (664 words)

	First World War.com - Battles - The Battle of Ctesiphon, 1915
		Following an extended run of good fortune at Basra, Qurna, Shaiba, Amara, Nasiriyeh and Kut within the space of a year, British forces finally ran out of luck in spectacular fashion at the Battle of Ctesiphon, which ran from 22-25 November 1915.
		In this Nixon was backed with the eager support of the Indian government - who had appointed him in the first place - and, more reluctantly, by the British government in London, whose initial opposition was overcome when the extent of India's eagerness and confidence became apparent.
		Shocked by the belated resilience of Ctesiphon's Turk defenders both British and Indian governments resolved to despatch reinforcements to Mesopotamia to provide assistance to Townshend, the former giving serious consideration to regarding both Mesopotamian and Palestine Fronts as a whole.
	www.firstworldwar.com /battles/ctesiphon.htm (723 words)

	Ctesiphon on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		CTESIPHON [Ctesiphon], ruined ancient city, 20 mi (32 km) SE of Baghdad, Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris opposite Seleucia and at the mouth of the Diyala River.
		Ctesiphon grew rapidly and was of renowned splendor.
		Ctesiphon se agrieta en espera del regreso de los turistas
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c/ctesipho.asp (299 words)

	The Battle of Ctesiphon 1915
		Ctesiphon is an ancient city, with ruins of a great palace destroyed in a Jihad.
		It was not until 7 weeks after the last action that enough men and materiel had been assembled in front of Ctesiphon.
		British morale was high, although later Townshend professed to have harboured doubts concerning the effects of lengthening his line of advance with too light and stretched a force.
	www.1914-1918.net /meso_bat7.htm (913 words)

	Oration of Aeschines against Ctesiphon by Aeschines
		THROUGH the whole progress of that important contest which Athens maintained against the Macedonians, Demosthenes and Aeschines had ever been distinguished by their weight and influence in the assemblies of their state.
		Whereas it is ordained that all crowns conferred by the community of citizens shall be presented and proclaimed in their assembly, and in no other place whatsoever; Ctesiphon hath yet proposed that the crown should be presented and proclaimed in the theatre.
		Whereas the laws pronounce it highly penal for any man to insert a falsehood in any motion or decree; Ctesiphon hath yet expressly declared, as the foundation of this his decree, that the conduct of Demosthenes hath been ever excellent, honorable, and highly serviceable to the state; a point directly opposite to the truth.
	www.4literature.net /Aeschines/Oration_of_Aeschines_against_Ctesiphon (834 words)

	Gertrude Bell letters test template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After Babylon Seleucia was the next capital in Mesopotamia, and after Seleucia Ctesiphon, which I crossed the river to see this afternoon.
		Ctesiphon was deeply interesting because of its relationship to Khethar [Ukhaydir].
		I spent a couple of hours looking at the details of construction and they are so exactly similar in both buildings that I feel sure I am right in placing them in the same age, ie the 6th century.
	www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk /letters/l867.htm (251 words)

	Aeschines, Oration against Ctesiphon - 330 BC
		Yet Ctesiphon has appointed proclamation to be made in the theatre: not contented with the act itself should violate our laws, he has presumed to change the scene of it.
		When Ctesiphon rises up and begins with repeating the fine introduction composed for him; when he winds through his solemn periods without ever coming to the great point of his defense; then remind him calmly and quietly to take up the record of his impeachment, and compare his decree with the laws.
		Ctesiphon says, that for himself he has no fears; he hopes to be considered as a man of weakness and inexperience; but that his fears are all for the corruption of Demosthenes, his timidity, and cowardice.
	www.blueagle.com /classics/ctesipho.htm (13343 words)

	Baghdad
		After the old city was destroyed, Ctesiphon became the center of Asian trade.
		The several moves from ancient Babylon to north of the Tigris River was an attempt to avoid the hot, feverish climate found between the two rivers.
		Here at Ctesiphon are remains of a remarkable palace, built by Chosroes I, the great Sassanian king who combined the three cities into one.
	www.ancientroute.com /cities/baghdad.htm (519 words)

	Ctesiphon, Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The historically important site of Ctesiphon, about 30 km to the south east of Baghdad, was built by the Parthian Persians on the opposite (east) side of the Tigris from Seleucia in the middle of the 2nd century BC.
		A descendant of ancient Mesopotamian structures in style, it embodied a skilful development of temples and palaces of the 3rd millennium BC, when the front part of great buildings would consist of large halls topped by high arches - as seen clearly at the entrances of Assyrian cities.
		When the Tigris flooded in 1987 and destroyed almost all of the rest of the building, the Arch of Ctesiphon survived.
	www.atlastours.net /iraq/ctesiphon.html (206 words)

	Operation Iraqi Freedom IMINT
		Ctesiphon is located 20 miles SE of Baghdad, and has a tumultuous history, passing from the hands of one ancient empire to another.
		Several Roman emperors were unsucessful in that endeavor, and it was not until Septimius Severus took Ctesiphon and Seleucia in 198 CE that the Parthinina Empire began to collapse.
		Over the next century, Ctesiphon would be attacked by various Roman emperors, before being successfully taken in both 262 and 283.
	www.globalsecurity.org /intell/library/imint/iraqi-freedom-20-5.htm (615 words)

	Against Ctesiphon; Or, On the Crown by Aeschines. Greece (432 B.C.-324 B.C.). Vol. I. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. ...
		Thus, when their conduct came to a formal examination, their accusers were involved in great perplexity, their judges in still greater; for many of the persons thus subject to examination, tho convicted on the clearest evidence of having defrauded the public, were yet suffered to escape from justice; and no wonder.
		Yes; but you will hear it argued in answer, that to this office of inspector of the works he was not appointed in the general assembly either by lot or suffrage.
		Say then, Ctesiphon, when the most heinous instances of this man’s baseness are so incontestably evident that his accuser exposes himself to the censure, not of advancing falsehoods, but of recurring to facts so long acknowledged and notorious, is he to be publicly honored, or to be branded with infamy?
	www.bartleby.com /268/1/19.html (6923 words)

	IslamOnline - Iraq... The Aftermath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Ctesiphon arch is also considered as one of the many architectural wonders of Mesopotamia.
		Ctesiphon was Chosroes’ winter capital and it is at this palace that Chosroes received the ambassadors of the kingdoms of the world.
		It was in 637 A.D. that Ctesiphon fell to the Muslim Army, under the leadership of the great Muslim warrior Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed, as promised to them by Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him.
	www.islamonline.net /english/In_Depth/Iraq_Aftermath/2003/07/article_02.shtml (1223 words)

	British Academy - After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam: Abstract (Alram) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Based on a careful typological analysis Ardashir´s coinage can be divided into three major phases: Ardashir’s first minting phase thus begins with his coronation as king of Fars in Stakhr and ends with his victory over Artabanus IV at the Battle of Hormizdagan in 223/224.
		In this period Ctesiphon was captured, presumably in 226/227 – the year of the founding of the empire as stated by Agathias and Elias of Nisibis.
		Evidence is provided by an edition of small bronze coins, whose characteristic, somewhat coarser style distinguishes them from the contemporary issues of the Ctesiphon mint and which were likely produced as small change for local needs.
	www.britac.ac.uk /events/programmes/2004/abstracts/asia-alram.html (784 words)

	The Parthian period (
		In the south was Characene, while to the northeast of Ctesiphon, which had supplanted Seleucia as the Parthian capital, was Garamea, with its capital at modern Kirkuk.
		Adiabene had Arbela as its capital, and farther north was a province called Beth Nuhadra in Aramaic, which seems to have been governed by a general who was directly responsible to the Parthian king, because this province bore the brunt of Roman invasions.
		From archaeological surveys around Susa, located in the kingdom of Elymais in modern Khuzestan, and from the Diyala plain northeast of Ctesiphon, it seems that the population of the land increased greatly under the Parthians, as did trade and commerce.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/parthian.html (2485 words)

	CTESIPHON - Online Information article about CTESIPHON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Pacorus (78-11o) is said to have increased its inhabitants and built its walls.
		lay together around Seleucia and Ctesiphon and formed the residence of the Sassanids by the name Madain, " the cities,"—their number is often given as seven.
		Persian empires, Ctesiphon was more than once besieged and plundered, thus by See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CRE_DAH/CTESIPHON.html (698 words)

	Iransaga - Persian Art, The Sassanians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The splendour in which the Sassanian monarchs lived is well illustrated by their surviving palaces, such as those at Firuzabad and Bishapur in Fars, and the capital city of Ctesiphon in Mesopotamia.
		The arch of the great vaulted hall at Ctesiphon attributed to the reign of Shapur I (AD 241-272) has a span of more than 80 ft, and reaches a height of 118 ft. from the ground.
		At Bishapur some of the floors were decorated with mosaics showing scenes of merrymaking as at a banquet; the Roman influence here is clear, and the mosaics may have been laid by Roman prisoners.
	www.art-arena.com /sass1.htm (606 words)

	Chapter State Of Persion And Restoration Of The Monarchy. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by ...
		The Parthian monarchs, like the Mogul sovereigns of Hindostan, delighted in the pastoral life of their Scythian ancestors; and the Imperial camp was frequently pitched in the plain of Ctesiphon, on the eastern bank of the Tigris, at the distance of only three miles from Seleucia.
		The city was, however, taken by assault; the king, who defended it in person, escaped with precipitation; a hundred thousand captives, and a rich booty, rewarded the fatigues of the Roman soldiers.
		Notwithstanding these misfortunes, Ctesiphon succeeded to Babylon and to Seleucia, as one of the great capitals of the East.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25650/5.html (829 words)

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