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Topic: Cull Trees

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	KY: Kentucky Dept Fish and Wildlife -
		Thus the term TSI is applied to "crop tree release" or "thinning" operations, because some trees in an existing stand are removed or thinned out to favor selected trees ("crop trees") that should yield increased fruit or timber as a result of the improvement work.
		Whereas trees in a dense stand tend to put most of their energy into vertical growth to obtain sunlight, trees that have been released from intense competition through TSI put more of their energy into crown growth.
		Trees that are 10-30 years old will often grow taller, produce greater crowns, and yield more fruit as a result of being released from competition, but trees that are 50 or more years old may not respond to a thinning.
	fw.ky.gov /timber.asp (2792 words)

	FOR-30 KENTUCKY CHRISTMAS TREE PRODUCTION WORKBOOK: USE OF "CULL" TREES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Another way of using trees with marginal quality is to cut one or two, mount them in stands, and decorate them for consumers to see.
		Trees that grow a bit too fast and become outsized can be topped to make a pretty, small, tabletop tree.
		Trees with a flat side could be advertised as ideal for a small apartment, because they sit closer to the wall than a regular symmetrical tree; trees with two poor sides could go in corners, etc. As the old saying goes, "If you're given lemons, make lemonade!"
	www.ca.uky.edu /agc/pubs/for/for30/for30.htm (600 words)

	Growing Christmas Trees in Illinois
		Trees smaller than 6 inches are difficult to plant, and their survival and growth rate is likely to be low.
		The desirable tree skeleton has a straight central stem with the lower series of branch whorls at 6- to 8-inch intervals up to the first four feet of tree height; spacing of the branch whorls in the top portion of the tree increases progressively to 10- and 12-inch intervals.
		Trees may be sprayed in the field with green colorant in early fall to mask the natural yellowing that occurs on some trees.
	www.ag.uiuc.edu /~vista/html_pubs/xmas/xmas.html (7468 words)

	P1834 Evaluating High-Graded Hardwood Stands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Hollow trees would obviously be considered cull, and they should be identified and their location noted as den trees if wildlife habitat is a management consideration.
		Cull trees represent fewer problems for future management than undesirable species, primarily because these trees have at least the potential for good sprouts if they are cut.
		Cutting these trees may or may not result in the establishment of desirable sprouts, but at least they have the potential, and it is established at this time that they are a desirable species for the area.
	msucares.com /pubs/publications/p1834.htm (2495 words)

	Tree pruning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cull trees are of poor quality and should not be used in landscaping.
		Young trees with a trunk diameter less than 2" grow fast and require less aftercare than larger "instant trees." Younger trees are also easier to train into a good quality tree and to maintain at a high grade classification.
		Another common mistake with young trees is the removal of lower branches to produce a "clear trunk", the characteristic mature tree shape.
	osceola.ifas.ufl.edu /nat/treeprun.htm (662 words)

	Christmas Trees: a management guide, EC 76-1741
		When a lot of trees meet a specified grade, certain tolerances are allowed: By count, 10% may fail to meet requirements of the grade, but not more than 5% shall fail to meet the requirements of the next grade lower.
		Survival and vigor in tree plantings are determined by a combination of factors such as the suitability of the species to the planting site, quality of the planting stock, and climatic conditions.
		Also, the tree needs a handle of about one inch for each foot of tree height, plus a little allowance for a fresh cut at the time the tree is put in the tree stand or holder.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /forestry/ec1741.htm (7052 words)

	Forestry Glossary of Terms - C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Coppice (coppicing): the tendency of certain tree and brush species (such as red alder and bigleaf maple) to produce a large number of shoots when a single or few stems are mechanically removed but the root system left intact.
		Crop tree: a tree in a young stand or plantation selected to be carried through to maturity until an interim or final harvest.
		Cull: trees or logs or portions thereof that are of merchantable size but are rendered unmerchantable by defects.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /hfd/library/documents/glossary/C.htm (2347 words)

	CT DEP: Snags for Wildlife Fact Sheet
		Snag and den trees are becoming short in supply as forests are being intensively managed, whether through cordwood cutting, timber management or land clearing.
		Den trees are trees that are living or partially living and possess a cavity large enough to serve as shelter or as a site for birds and mammals to give birth and raise young.
		Cull trees, logs, or lumber which have been rejected because they do not meet certain specifications.
	dep.state.ct.us /burnatr/wildlife/factshts/sngs4wl.htm (691 words)

	Department of Conservation and Recreation - Service Forestry
		Basal area (BA) of a forest stand is the sum of the basal areas of the individual trees, and is reported as BA per acre.
		High-grading—a type of timber harvesting in which larger trees of commercially valuable species are removed with little regard for the quality, quantity, or distribution of trees and regeneration left on the site; often results when a diameter limit harvest is imposed.
		Trees may be removed singly or in small groups.
	www.mass.gov /dcr/stewardship/forestry/service/glossary.htm (3114 words)

	FNR-102
		Many rough cull and rotten cull trees are not good "den trees" for wildlife and may be removed from the stand.
		Over mature trees or trees with woodpecker holes, physical damage, fungal infections, dead portions, or trees stressed by mechanical damage or disease are all good candidates.
		When a tree marked for removal is not needed for firewood, fenceposts, or marketable products, girdling the tree with a chain saw and injecting the trunk with herbicide will remove the tree from competition with neighboring crop trees, save labor and time, and create snags.
	www.ces.purdue.edu /extmedia/FNR/FNR-102.html (5660 words)

	P1281 Timber Stand Improvement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		On the average, undesirable or cull trees occupy one-third of the total growing space in pine-hardwood and hardwood stands of the South.
		Some cull trees may be cut and sold; however, most must be killed with herbicides.
		Some remaining crop trees damaged during thinning may be killed by fl turpentine beetles, but the potential danger of southern pine beetle infestation in an overcrowded stand far exceeds the loss of some isolated trees to fl turpentine beetles.
	msucares.com /pubs/publications/p1281.htm (1974 words)

	G5150 Increase Woodland Products Through Timber Stand Improvement, MU Extension
		Thinning is cutting trees from an immature stand to increase rate of growth and improve the form of the remaining trees.
		Tree stump sprouts are less desirable than seedling sprouts, but they may develop into good-quality stems, depending on the size of the stump and the origin point of the sprout.
		Early treatment permits better selection of trees from the standpoint of attachment to and size of the parent stump, and greatly lessens the danger of decay from wounds left in cutting companion sprouts.
	muextension.missouri.edu /xplor/agguides/forestry/g05150.htm (1329 words)

	FNR-86
		An uncut tree may be left to become a crop tree, a trainer for a crop tree, or to act as a "spacer" in the stand.
		In this case, the trees to be removed are determined by proximity to preselected crop trees.
		Since the trees are growing faster, the investment period may be shortened, and the capitalization cost may be reduced.
	www.ces.purdue.edu /extmedia/FNR/FNR-86.html (2426 words)

	MoDNR Advisory Committee on Chip Mills-Draft Final Report-Sustainable Forest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Moreover, the total volume of cull trees on nonindustrial private lands in the state is more than six times greater than the total cull volume for all other ownerships (i.e., federal, state, industry) combined (Table 3).
		Moreover, some cull trees that are too short to qualify as growing stock (e.g., rough culls) are still harvested and made into products.
		Trees from fence rows and other non-forest locations may also become ‘forest products.' Conversely, trees that are cut for firewood or for land clearing never become forest products, even though they are tallied as removals in the statewide on-the-ground forest inventory.
	www.dnr.mo.gov /chipmills/cm_sectiona.htm (5246 words)

	Glossary & Additional Information
		Cull trees may, however, have value as den trees.
		Seed Tree - A regeneration cut where all trees, except for a small number, are removed in one cut.
		The remaining trees are the seed source for the regeneration of the stand.
	mdc.mo.gov /forest/IandE/forests/glossary.htm (932 words)

	R - Terms
		The young tree crop replacing older trees removed by harvest or other means; the process of replacing old trees with young.
		Young trees which will grow to become the older trees of the future forest (in Forestry).
		Crop trees or cull trees left in a stand after cutting.
	www.enr.state.nc.us /html/r_-_terms.html (544 words)

	MoDNR Advisory Committee on Chip Mills Final Report Section A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This non-growing stock volume has traditionally been termed cull material, because it is unusable for lumber production; and it accounts for about 35% of the total standing volume in Missouri forests, with growing stock accounting for the other 65%.
		Estimated available cull volumes, after adjusting total volumes in the same manner as was applied to annual growth (Table 4), are 14.2 and 7.9 million tons for the Mill Spring and Scott City source areas, respectively.
		Volume of non-growing stock (cull) is sufficient to meet the demand for chips throughout most of this projection period, although it too approaches zero by the year 2025.
	www.dnr.mo.gov /chipmills/fr_sectiona.htm (7442 words)

	How do you handle cull trees in 3P sampling? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Whether the trees are live or dead makes no difference in the general approach.
		One basic problem is that cull trees have a zero estimate, and are therefore never checked.
		Create a strata for "cull trees," meaning that they have are expected to have no net volume (or a very low percentage of net volume).
	www.proaxis.com /~johnbell/3p/3pculltree.htm (298 words)

	NCDFR - WWW, Snags & Downed Logs
		A snag is a standing dead or dying tree, and a downed log is a log that is lying on or near the forest floor.
		Trees can be killed by lightning, storm breakage, fire, disease, insects, or a variety of other factors.
		Retain snags and some cull trees during timber stand improvement operations; kill cull trees and leave them standing rather than removing them
	www.dfr.state.nc.us /stewardship/wwwildlife/www14.htm (520 words)

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