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Topic: Cultural imperialism

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	Cultural Imperialism in the Late 20th Century - Empire? - Global Policy Forum
		Cultural imperialism emphasizes the segmentation of the working class: stable workers are encouraged to dissociate themselves from temporary workers, who in turn separate themselves from the unemployed, who are further segmented among themselves within the 'underground economy'.
		In relation to the Third World, cultural imperialism can be defined as the systematic penetration and domination of the cultural life of the popular classes by the ruling class of the West in order to reorder the values, behavior, institutions and identity of the oppressed peoples to conform with the interests of the imperial classes.
		Cultural liberation involves not merely "empowering" individuals or classes, but is dependent on the development of a socio-political force capable of confronting the state terror that precedes cultural conquest.
	www.globalpolicy.org /empire/analysis/2000/02cultimp.htm (4062 words)

	Cultural imperialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another.
		The Greek culture built gyms, theatres and public baths in places that its adherents conquered (such as ancient Judea, where Greek cultural imperialism sparked a popular revolt), with the effect that the populations became immersed in that culture.
		Cultural imperialism in the twentieth century was primarily connected with the United States and with the Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent with other countries that exert strong influence on neighboring nations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cultural_imperialism (1473 words)

	Imperialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Imperialism is a policy of extending control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires, either through direct territorial conquest or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics and/or economy of other countries.
		Imperialism draws heavy criticism on the grounds that historically it has been frequently employed for economic exploitation in which the imperialist power makes use of other countries as sources of raw materials and cheap labor, shaping their economies to suit its own interests, and keeping their people in poverty.
		Imperialism thus consists not necessarily in the direct control of one country by another, but in the economic exploitation of one region by another, or of a group by another.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Imperialism (1356 words)

	Cultural imperialism
		Cultural imperialism, coined by analogy to military imperialism, is the practice of promoting the culture and language of one nation in another, particularly when the former is a large powerful nation and the latter a small poor one.
		One of the first known examples of cultural imperialism was extinction of the Etruscan culture and language caused by the Roman Empire.
		Cultural imperialism in the twentieth century has primarily been connected with the United States and with the Soviet Union, and to a lesser extent with other countries that exert strong influence on neighboring nations.
	www.findword.org /cu/cultural-imperialism.html (1166 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Cultural imperialism
		Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, or artificially injecting the culture or language of one nation into another.
		Cultural imperialism is a form of cultural influence distinguished from other forms by the use of force, such as military or economic force.
		One of the first known examples of cultural imperialism was extinction of the Etruscan culture and language caused by the influence of the Roman Empire.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Cultural_imperialism (2497 words)

	TBS: Reconsidering Cultural Imperialism Theory
		Although several authors have posited their own interpretations of cultural imperialism, the main proposition of the theory can be identified in the work of one of the main cultural imperialism theorists.
		Cultural imperialism proposes that a society is brought into the modern world system when its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced, and sometimes bribed into shaping its social institutions to correspond to, or even promote, the values and structures of the dominating center of the system (Schiller, 1976).
		Constructs such as "culture," "dependency," "domination," "media imperialism," "structural imperialism," "cultural synchronization," "electronic colonialism," "communication imperialism," "ideological imperialism," and "economic imperialism" are all present in the cultural imperialism literature.
	www.tbsjournal.com /Archives/Spring01/white.html (1458 words)

	Rebelión:Petras essays in english
		Cultural imperialism in the name of "self expression" tyrannizes Third World people fearful of being labeled "traditional", seducing and manipulating them by the phoney images of classless "modernity".
		The media culture that glorifies the 'provisional' reflects the rootlessnese of U.S. capitalism -- its power to hire and fire, to move capital without regard for communities.
		The essential ingredients of the new cultural imperialism is the fusion of commercialism-sexuality-conservatism each presented as idealized expressions of private needs, of individual selfrealization.
	www.rebelion.org /petras/english/cultural_imperialism.htm (4032 words)

	Cultural imperialism in the late 20th century
		Cultural imperialism emphasizes the segmentation of the working class: stable workers are encouraged to dissociate themselves from temporary workers, who in turn separate themselves from the unemployed, who are further segmented among themselves within the 'underground economy'.
		In relation to the Third World, cultural imperialism can be defined as the systematic penetration and domination of the cultural life of the popular classes by the ruling class of the West in order to reorder the values, behavior, institutions and identity of the oppressed peoples to conform with the interests of the imperial classes.
		Cultural imperialism today includes “news” reports in which the weapons of mass destruction are presented with human attributes while the victims in the Third World are faceless “aggressors- terrorists”.
	www.williambowles.info /guests/cultural_imp.html (4023 words)

	[No title]
		To accept the existence of a particular essence which lead cultures to a unity means to admit "the immutable presence of a homogeneous and substantial quality, unchangeable, which has to be respected and preserved to avoid imperialistic practices and loss of the authentic (Morley, 1996, p.
		Culture defined within the modernist discourse as a set of traditions, costumes, ceremonies shared by groups generally attached to ethnicities, territories, or institutions "is built out of history and politics" (Quirk, 1989.).
		imperialism occurs beyond the level of economic laws and political decisions, and by predisposition, by the authority of recognizable cultural formations, by continuing consolidation within education, literature and the visual and musical arts.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Olympus/9260/culture.html (4549 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Cultural imperialism
		It is a self-government institute of Sami culture.
		One of the first such responses to perceived American cultural "invasion" was through the National Film Act of 1950 that brings the National Film Board into a more powerful position.
		While this cultural protectionsim by the Canadian government has raised the hackles of certain companies, specifically Reader's Digest and Time, it has also had a negative impact on Canadians, some historians believe.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Cultural_imperialism (1624 words)

	Caerdroia: Cultural Imperialism
		I thought that "cultural imperialism" had lost its currency long since, but of course the term has been resurrected in the wake of 9/11.
		The result was a culture that was universal, because it drew from the best parts of all others, and therefore the American culture also took on a universal appeal.
		Culture itself is hard to define, but the multi-culti Cult have taken the objective observations of anthropology and twisted them to support their version of Social Darwinism.
	www.caerdroia.org /blog/archives/000394.html (1016 words)

	The Myth of Cultural Imperialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The cries of cultural imperialism are a relatively recent phenomenon.
		Popular culture was born only in the last 100 years, during the height of the immigration influx.
		Cultures are adaptive, and as the needs of a society change, the culture is altered.
	www.libertyhaven.com /noneoftheabove/culture/mythcultural.shtml (3797 words)

	Between relativism and cultural imperialism
		Thus we may respect all the different cultures in their diversity (and not only to the extent that they approach the ideal of eg a liberal society), and still, because we are situated within this network of interdependence, we have a responsibility towards them, and should care for what goes on within those other cultures.
		Another way in which the variety of cultures or forms of life can be appraised without falling into the pitfalls of relativism, is viewing them as various aspects or realisations fo the same thing, namely the social human nature.
		One culture can only be able to realise one aspect of `the good', and if only this one culture (and conception of the good) existed, it would necessarily lead to an impoverished understanding of human life and human values.
	www.desy.de /~jonivar/burgas92.html (1622 words)

	2000
		One of the classic examples of this invasive, aggressive aspect is the cultural imperialism that was intertwined with European colonial policy in the modern era, embellishing it and supplying its justifications.
		The term "cultural imperialism" emerged during the 1960s against the backdrop of the global process of decolonization and through the sub- and counter-culture movements in the West which questioned the legitimacy of received traditions and values.
		Cultural relativism is an important intellectual legacy of the latter half of the twentieth century.
	www.eaglepeak.clara.co.uk /2000.html (12553 words)

	Cultural Imperialism on the Internet \| The Edge \| Intercultural U (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		One of the well-fitted theoretical perspectives applied to studying the effects of new electronic media is the cultural imperialism argument because the problem of unequal flow of media has been one of the major international issues.
		To explore the globalization phenomenon and charges of cultural imperialism, it is important to draw together specific aspects and evaluate some of the basic assumptions and areas for criticism in the cultural imperialism argument - in terms of media power, its role in society and in regard to its audience.
		Another possible criticism for the cultural imperialism argument lies in its equation of culture with consumerism and again denies the complexities of cultural development.
	cms.interculturalu.com /theedge/v1i4Fall1998/f98kim.htm (1475 words)

	Read about Cultural imperialism at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Cultural imperialism and learn about Cultural ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		One of the first known examples of cultural imperialism was extinction of the
		Cultural influence can be seen by the "receiving" culture as either a threat to or an enrichment of its
		Edward Said, one of the founders of the field of post-colonial study, wrote extensively on the subject of cultural imperialism, and his work is considered by many to form an important cornerstone in this area of study.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Cultural_imperialism (1469 words)

	Cultural Imperialism? - Why - British Council - History
		Ten years ago, there was a small publishing boom in the area of cultural imperialism which accused western powers (mainly the United States and Britain) of maintaining an imbalance in the flow of information from the First World to the Third World.
		The problem, again, is that this belies the conduct of cultural diplomacy by most developed countries.
		It will take a great deal more cultural diplomacy, perhaps over many years to come in the ‘war’ against international terrorism, for that wall to be broken down in the same way the one in Berlin was in 1989.
	www.britishcouncil.org /pt/history-why-cultural-imperialism.htm (538 words)

	GS309 Cultural Imperialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The second criticism of the cultural imperialism thesis is that it tends to assume that most Third World countries had pure, indigenous, authentic cultures before these American or transnational corporations came along, whereas this is not true.
		Tomlinson speaks of the 'building of cosmopolitan solidarity', the possibility of which derives 'from some powerful modern cultural resources: a combination of the deterritorialization of mundane experience that increasingly opens the world to us, along with the drive to self-realization in lifestyles which are themselves "open" to an expanded mutuality' (Globalization and culture, p207).
		The homogenizing influences of globalization that are most often condemned by the new nationalists and by cultural romanticists are actually positive; globalization promotes integration and the removal not only of cultural barriers but of many of the negative dimensions of culture.
	homepages.strath.ac.uk /~his04105/teaching/GS309-L7-cultimperialism.html (2494 words)

	Humanist: Cultural imperialism: an American tradition
		As a byproduct of globalization, it is part of a larger trend in the conscious dissemination of American attitudes and values that is often referred to as cultural imperialism.
		The motivations behind American cultural imperialism parallel the justifications for U.S. imperialism throughout history: the desire for access to foreign markets and the belief in the superiority of American culture.
		Jingoists strongly believe in the concept of social Darwinism: the stronger, "superior" cultures will overtake the weaker, "inferior" cultures in a "survival of the fittest." It is this arrogant belief in the incomparability of American culture that characterizes many of our economic and political strategies today.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1374/is_3_64/ai_n6060907 (1195 words)

	Cultural Imperialism
		The purpose of this article is to review the cultural imperialism argument in terms of the developments of the Internet through some case studies.
		Furthermore, it can be said that the cultural imperialism argument has some limitations in the research of not only the Internet but the other new interactive electronic media.
		In this article he is defending cultural imperialism to the third world countries.
	lass.calumet.purdue.edu /cca/mgv/Global_Economy/cultural.html (267 words)

	In Praise of Cultural Imperialism
		Culture is used by the organizers of society—politicians, theologians, academics, and families—to impose and ensure order, the rudiments of which change over time as need dictates.
		Cultural conflicts can be placed into three broad categories: religious warfare, ethnic conflict, and conflict between "cultural cousins," which amounts to historical animosity between cultures that may be similar in some respects but still have significant differences that have been used to justify conflict over issues of proximity, such as resource demands or simple greed.
		It supports the thesis that culture is the great divider among peoples but fails to acknowledge the cultural consolidations that have brought the world into the few big blocks described in the book.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/protected/rothkopf.html (4256 words)

	matti.sarmela
		Professor of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Helsinki from 1973 to 2000.
		1974-02 Docent of Cultural Anthropology, University of Turku
		Delocalization and Cultural Imperialism in the Rural North-Thailand.
	www.kotikone.fi /matti.sarmela/indexEngl.html (1104 words)

	Broadview Press: Cultural Imperialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This is clearly reflected in the contents of the current book, which offers a diverse range of essays on the state of current research, knowledge, and global political action and debate on cultural imperialism.
		These 19 chapters, written by authors coming from many fields of interest and geographical backgrounds, provide compelling evidence of the close connection between cultural imperialism and the global power structure and the political and economic objectives behind current American attempts at global domination.
		However, as several of the chapters also show, cultural imperialism is certainly, historically, not an American invention, and it will probably long outlive the current American Empire.
	www.broadviewpress.com /bvbooksprintable.asp?BookID=688 (614 words)

	Cultural_imperialism - The Wordbook Encyclopedia
		TOMLINSON, John, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
		Culture is used by the organizers of society - politicians, theologians, academics, and families - to impose and ensure order, the rudiments of which change over time as need dictates.
		The active suppression of pre-war Yugoslavian cultural practices and common language in Croatia with powerful pro-Catholic sanctions.
	www.thewordbook.com /Cultural_imperialism (1807 words)

	Amazon.com: Cultural Imperialism : A Critical Introduction (Parallax: Re-visions of Culture and Society): Books: John ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In Cultural Imperialism, John Tomlinson deals with issues ranging from the ideological effects of imported cultural products, to the process of cultural homogenization, to the nature of cultural autonomy.
		He examines a number of related discourses: thedebate about "media imperialism" the discourse of national cultural identity; the critique of multinational capitalism and the critique of cultural modernity.
		In his conclusion, he argues that a better model of understanding cultures would be that all cultures are evolving over time, with reciprocal influence from other cultures, rather than one 'nation' or 'people' changing another one.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0801842506?v=glance (969 words)

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