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Topic: Cultural norm

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	Sexual Harassment Information Site
		Yes, there’s a dominant cultural norm of masculinity — what is called hegemonic masculinitybut there are also competing masculinitiessome are dominant, some marginalized, some stigmatized - & there are all kinds of individual differences in the ways that men act out masculinity in their everyday lives.
		This is hegemonic masculinity, meaning it is the dominant cultural norm of being male to which men are held accountable, despite the fact that individual men depart, or try to depart, from this norm.
		The dominant cultural norm of masculinity defines being male as being ‘not —female’.
	www.mun.ca /sexualharassment/Gender.html (2299 words)

	Cultural Identity
		In post-colonial societies such as Jamaica, the question of cultural identity is of profound relevance for the restructuring of the establishment and the monitoring of the decolonisation process.
		Acculturation, the cultural assimilation to the dominant cultural norm, enforced the emergence of a subordinate social system, reflecting the cultural dominance of a particular social class or ethnic group.
		In Jamaica, this is demonstrated in the system-inherent acceptance of the superiority of Euro-American and the inferiority of African rooted cultures.
	www.univie.ac.at /theaterethnologie/gte_papers.cultural.html (2266 words)

	Cultural Orientations Approach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		To be useful, a perspective on culture needs to be of practical value in helping us to (1) navigate a broad spectrum of differences, (2) understand the fundamentals of various cultures and cross-cultural interactions and (3) translate this understanding into personal behaviors and organizational expectations.
		Culture operates on both a conscious and unconscious level; it is both a characteristic of groups and is carried by individuals.
		The Cultural Orientations Approach recognizes the connection between norms and values by defining culture as the complex pattern of ideas, emotions and observable/symbolic manifestations (including behaviors, practices, institutions and artifacts) that tends to be expected, reinforced and rewarded by and within a particular group.
	www.tmcorp.com /channel.aspx?channel_id=tools&page_id=TL100 (1649 words)

	History of Work Ethic
		The cultural norms of the classical era regarding work were in stark contrast to the work ethic of the latter day.
		Like other cultural norms, a person's adherence to or belief in the work ethic is principally influenced by socialization experiences during childhood and adolescence.
		One of the functions of schools is to foster student understanding of cultural norms, and in some cases to recognize the merits of accepting them.
	www.coe.uga.edu /~rhill/workethic/hist.htm (7565 words)

	Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis
		Usually, cultures assign a thing one of the polar values—it is either pure or polluting, for example—but in some cases, a culture admits a neutral category for things that have neither value: they are neither pure nor polluting.
		Circumcision of boys remains normative, and the cultural revisionism of anti-circumcision norm entrepreneurs remains at the fringes of American public discourse.
		As cultural attitudes shift, courts may demand a higher level of informed consent to the operation, and may be more willing to impose liability on physicians or hospitals that circumcise people by surprise or against their (or their parents') wishes.
	www.cirp.org /library/legal/miller1 (16576 words)

	Lounge
		This figure is currently engaged in bridging cultures, in restoring harmony between the colonizers and colonized, the head (eagle) and the heart (condor), the techno-rational mind and the great devic forces, reason and spirit.
		In this way the culture of Nature includes the spiritual relations that underlie the world of surface appearances, the two being as inseparable as light is from its source.
		Whether or not individuals choose to act this way, it is nevertheless a norm expressed in the festivals and ceremonies, origin stories and daily rituals, which work to involve people emotionally in their relationship to the natural world.
	www.tribesofcreation.com /pages/lounge.html (10090 words)

	Anthropology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cultural anthropology is further divided into three additional areas: archaeology (the scientific study of previous cultures through the examination of their material remains), linguistics (the study of languages), and ethnology (the study of how and why cultures differ)
		Examples of these variations in cultural characteristics are quite common, such as the impact of rock musicians on clothing and hairstyles in the late 1950s and 1960s, the influence of American television on the cultures of other nations around the world, and how new technology changes cultures.
		These cultural comparisons are useful in both generating and testing explanations for certain cultural norms because they allow the anthropologist to compare societies within a limited region.
	cdis.missouri.edu /previews/6477/lesson01.htm (3644 words)

	articles : Cross Cultural Communication: Caring for Kids from Different Backgrounds : Youth Specialties
		The teacher didn't verbalize her desire to have her own cultural standard upheld (you're being deceived or mocked without eye contact), and Maya tried to be respectful the way she'd been taught.
		If one denies ethnocentric tendencies, he or she then denies a cultural norm and cultural differences, and the idea of true cross- cultural communication will be lost.
		Cultural trends develop because they work for the dominant force within a society, so we should be careful about which cultural factors we want to battle.
	www.youthspecialties.com /articles/topics/communication/cross_cultural.php (1535 words)

	GMF - Alumni Newsletter - Cultural Diversity and Global Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cultural diversity is made manifest not only by means of the varied ways in which the cultural heritage of humanity is expressed, augmented and transmitted but also through the diverse modes of artistic creation, production, dissemination, distribution and enjoyment.
		Cultural diversity is definitely a diverse concept itself and to strike a balance between its different meanings should be a shared goal.
		Cultural diversity across societies and cultural freedom of individuals within societies are high values that should encourage the US and the EU to find a ground for understanding, and to compromise their individual economic interests with respect to their specific cultural features for the sake of some fundamental principles of their common civilization.
	www.gmfus.org /mmf_newsletters/mmf_fall05/diversity/index.shtml (1054 words)

	MANAGING AND HARNESSING THE POWER OF CROSS_CULTURAL DIFEFRENCES (free Business e-Coach)
		Culture in general is concerned with beliefs and values on the basis of which people interpret experiences and behave, individually and in groups.
		Culture is often at the root of communication challenges.
		Cultural differences play a key role in the creation of trust, since trust is built in different ways, and means different things in different cultures.
	www.1000ventures.com /business_guide/crosscuttings/cross-cultural_differences.html (1269 words)

	UUA: Singing the Journey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cultural anthropologists have pointed out for many years that all cultures are profoundly affected and necessarily changed by interaction with the “other.” Cultural exchange happens under both positive and negative circumstances, in peaceful trade relations as well as in situations of oppression and theft.
		But the cultural norm which seems to be taking hold at this time is to say that the people who should be playing jazz are those who are dedicated enough to invest the time and effort to learn to play it well.
		All of this to say that while the question of cultural appropriation may never completely be resolved, our musicians can go a long way toward alleviating many of the most obvious concerns by committing themselves to respectful, dedicated preparation of all music that is to be used in worship.
	www.uua.org /publications/music/appropriation.html (2175 words)

	Cross-Cultural Communication - Miscommunication - Successful Cross-Cultural Communication · Successful ...
		Culture can be a topic of discussion as hot as religion or politics, so treat it with lightness and respect, openness and thought.
		While many cultural norms influence a manager's behavior and subsequent reactions, five particularly important ones are hierarchy and status, groups vs. individual orientation, time consciousness, communication and conflict resolution.
		His cultural background might require you to pick up on nonverbal cues to understand that his nodding and affirmative response is a polite, face-saving gesture, not an indication of agreement or understanding.
	www.business-english-training.com /integr.htm (4623 words)

	Caitcheon Cross-Cultural Training - Programs: Administrators
		International schools must respond to their multicultural student bodies in a different way to schools in 'home countries' where the majority culture is reflected in schools and where the cultural composition is limited and stable.
		Cultural differences manifest in mundane day-to-day issues such as how to deal with cheating when 30% of the student body considers it acceptable for instance or in fundamental values that run deep.
		Their sensitivity to cultural issues and their judgement in dealing with the issues which inevitably arise in an international school that provide guidelines for teachers and students.
	www.caitcheon.com /schools/school5.htm (984 words)

	HRD :: Your Global Learning Partner
		In a company, for example, a cultural norm might be: Don't disagree with your boss in public.
		The cultural implication is that it is management who generate ideas, make decisions, and provide leadership, and it is staff's role not to think, not to speak, but to listen and do.
		Other cultural change studies have shown that if the cultural norms of a cohesive group support the organisation's mission, the workers' performance will be high; and the culture is said to be adaptive.
	www.organisationalchange.co.uk /articles/cultural_change_3.htm (893 words)

	The Witness: Faith and Dogma in a Cultural "Third World"
		According to Dirokpa, "The gospel purifies all cultures." Nevertheless, a culture cannot be in principle "impure" because it is the seal of the experiences of life in its communities.
		The assumption of a "cultural norm" is a denial of the culture itself.
		It is therefore not surprising that the sexual exploitation of women, girls and boys in the church has never raised a concern for church realignment, the threats of schism, or the breaking of inter-denominational ties.
	www.thewitness.org /article.php?id=183 (1289 words)

	Peace Corps \| Coverdell World Wise Schools \| Educators \| Lesson Plans
		In reference to culture, context refers to the often unwritten rules or norms that have evolved and become a part of a group's expected behavior in various situations.
		This norm guides behavior and lets everyone know what's right and what's rude, for example, when one is in the presence of someone's parents.
		Explain that just as there are cultural norms at home, in school, in the community, or in the country, there are cultural norms in other countries.
	www.peacecorps.gov /wws/educators/lessonplans/lesson.cfm?lpid=368&gid=2 (510 words)

	Normative Systems Info
		Culture change requires a systematic approach that includes a high degree of shared ownership and involvement.
		Successful culture change can best be achieved when organizational leaders understand the culture and then work together to plan for systematic change.
		The appendices include a Cultural Norm Indicator for Organizations, a Cultural Norm Indicator for Leadership and an Organizational Ethics Questionnaire.
	www.healthyculture.com /orderpages/NormativeSystems.asp (826 words)

	Autralia - Austraian Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Explained
		Privacy is considered the cultural norm and attempts at personal ingratiating may meet with rebuff.
		In these cultures, males dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure, with females being controlled by male domination.
		In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society.
	www.geert-hofstede.com /hofstede_australia.shtml (963 words)

	Forum for Family and Consumer Issues, Vol. 9, No. 3
		Some define cultural competence as "a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enables that system, agency, or those professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations" (Cross, Bazron, Dennis, and Isaacs 1989; Isaacs and Benjamin 1991).
		Simply put, culturally respectful methodologies consist of programming, evaluation, and research that are comfortable for both the members of the community and for the researchers.
		One effective strategy recommended by Taylor-Powell (2001) is to ask colleagues of the cultures being studied, and stakeholders, such as agency personnel, to review the instrument for prejudices and cultural assumptions that may inadvertently be present and could be interpreted as disrespectful, including suitability of language and appropriateness of survey items for the target audience.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/fcs/pub/9_3/cultural.html (3874 words)

	Our Discovery of Diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Just as English departments were at the heart of education ten years ago because they were custodians of the cultural norm, they are in the center of the turmoil today as the norm is being questioned.
		There appears to be a swing away from the humanities, whose subject matter is the documents of traditional culture, to the social sciences, whose subject matter is statistical study of individual and group behavior.
		Although ADE was not founded to cope with the changes in American culture which are now producing strain in English departments, it is providential that we have it, and I hope that it will continue to find new ways to keep chairmen and departments in touch with one another and with reality.
	www.mla.org /ade/bulletin/n035/035016.htm (1119 words)

	What is cultural relativism?
		Answer: Cultural Relativism is a philosophy that believes that when it comes to matters of right and wrong, and other values of a moral nature, that there are no absolutes, or any fixed truth, but rather that all is relative.
		Today’s cultural relativist would say that even though the killing of newborns, or pre-born human children, is still considered to be somewhat bad here, in other cultures it is perfectly acceptable, and is even considered to be good in some, and therefore it is not inherently bad or evil.
		Therefore the cultural relativist’s euphemism “tolerance” by necessity, in order to make the rule not the exception, and in order to maintain and successfully implement their philosophy, must eventually become “intolerant”, or else their influence falls apart.
	www.gotquestions.org /cultural-relativism.html (899 words)

	Biculturalism - Joel on Software
		The Unix programming culture holds in high esteem programs which can be called from the command line, which take arguments that control every aspect of their behavior, and the output of which can be captured as regularly-formatted, machine readable plain text.
		This is appropriate for a culture in which 99.999% of the users are not programmers in any way, shape, or form, and have no interest in being one.
		So here we are, 20 years after Unix developers started trying to paint a good user interface on their systems, and we're still at the point where the CEO of the biggest Linux vendor is telling people that home users should just use Windows.
	www.joelonsoftware.com /articles/Biculturalism.html (2286 words)

	Hookah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Use of the hookah has become popular in Israeli society at large where smoking is already a cultural norm.
		Hookahs can be found at some coffee houses, restaurants and more recently, at outdoor concerts and nightclubs.
		Hookah use is also common in the Palestinian Arab home where families will commonly smoke after a large meal or at a family gathering.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hookah (2801 words)

	Cultural variation in infant sleeping arrangements
		In almost all cultures around the globe, babies sleep with an adult, while older children sleep with parents or other siblings1.
		Co-sleeping is the cultural norm for approximately 90% of the world's population2.
		There are several factors that maintain the cultural practice of separate sleeping quarters for infants.
	www.radessays.com /link.php?site=re&aff=r2c2&dest=viewpaper.php?request=41137 (219 words)

	Compassion Radio
		President Norm Nelson accepts National Religious Broadcasters' Milestone Achievement Award at the NRB Annual Convention in Nashville.
		Founders, Wilbur and Ethyl Nelson, stand in front of 2,000 seat "Nelson Hall" cultural center at Isabelle School in Pusan, Korea, named in the family's honor.
		Norm and Cher Nelson travel extensively throughout the world, bringing hope and help to the neediest people in the toughest places on Earth.
	www.compassionradio.com (914 words)

	What is your claim to flame?
		If Brian did violate a norm by using “HEH” (one should not use capital letters) then Jack was within his rights to criticize and his criticism did not violate a different communicative norm (one should not unduly criticize another person’s form of talk).
		Alexander has accused Max of violating a cultural norm, which is to keep conversation on public channels cordial and avoid so–called flaming messages that attack.
		Flame claims and flames are not the result of cultural norm violations but instead provide a window into how participants negotiate cultural norms into and out of existence.
	www.firstmonday.org /issues/issue11_9/lange/index.html (9256 words)

	A Smart Investment:Cross-cultural Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The family value set is composed of norms we learned from our families of origin, including such important life skills as stability and security, safety, religion, education and health.
		Ultimately, ensuring that cross-cultural education is available for culturally diverse teams is a smart investment for employers wishing to avoid misunderstandings and poor business results.
		That’s why it’s essential to remember that we all come with a different cultural suitcase, and the best way to ensure team success is to depend on agreed-upon team values -- even when a team is under a lot of pressure.
	www.worldatwork.org /canadanews/canada/html/canv11n2-7.html (667 words)

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