Culture of the Song Dynasty

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Topic: Culture of the Song Dynasty

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	Chinese History - Song Dynasty å® (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The Song period is marked by a revival of old Confucian traditions after the Tang age of Buddhism, and the prevailing position of civil scholars over the military age of Tang and Five Dynasties.
		The Song Dynasty did not rule over whole China- the north was occupied by the empires of Liaoé¼, Western Xiaè¥¿å¤ and Jiné‘, all empires founded by Non-Chinese peoples (Khitans, Tanguts and Jurchens).
		But Song culture was also a culmination of the heritage of two thousand years of culture, and from this point of crystallization on, Chinese thinking became orthodox, culture became sterile as if it had been unchanged since thousands of years.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/song.html (295 words)

	The Epoch Times Epoch Times Commentaries on the Communist Party — Part 6
		When speaking of “loyalty,” Chinese people naturally think of Yue Fei (1103-1141 AD), a Song Dynasty general who served his country with unreserved integrity and loyalty, and Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD), prime minister of the Shu State during the Three Kingdoms period, who “gave his all until his heart stopped beating.”
		Emperor Shizong [31] of the Later Zhou Dynasty (951-960 AD) tried to extinguish Buddhism merely to use the Buddha statues to mint coins, and did not touch Taoism or Confucianism.
		Thereafter, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism became complementary beliefs in Chinese society, bringing the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.) to the peak of its glory and prosperity, as is known to all under heaven.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-12-20/25087.html (12494 words)

	Chinese History - Song Dynasty (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		The Song period is marked by a revival of old Confucian traditions after the Tang age of Buddhism, and the prevailing position of civil scholars over the military age of Tang and Five Dynasties.
		But Song culture was also a culmination of the heritage of two thousand years of culture, and from this point of crystallization on, Chinese thinking became orthodox, culture became sterile as if it had been unchanged since thousands of years.
		The Song time is often called a "Chinese Renaissance" because - similar to the European renaissance - progress in technology and inventions, the upcoming of new philosophical interpretations of the old texts meant a renewal of the old and the creation of new streamings.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /History/Song/song.html (248 words)

	History of Chinese calligraphy : Song dynasty
		Even during Song dynasty, the Chinese armies often were defeated by the minority armies in north of today's China.
		Mi Fu is the best calligrapher in Song dynasty but unfortunately, he didn't reach the level of calligraphers in Tang dynasty.
		Song dynasty is a dynasty with flourishing culture.
	www.wavedancing.net /history/song.htm (358 words)

	Song
		Often called the Golden Era of Chinese culture, the Song Dynasty was ushered in by a military coup of the commander of the palace guard of the last Five Dynasties emperor, Zhao Kuangyin.
		The period of the Song was divided into the Northern Song with its caiptal at Kaifeng and the Southern Song which, after an invasion by the Ruzhen in the north with the consequent formation of the Jin Dynasty, established its capital in Hangzhou in the south.
		The brief Five Dynasties chaotic period of warring feudal states thus gave way to the great creative age that put China ahead of the rest of the world in terms of technological invention, material production, political philosophy and elite culture.
	www.phoenixndragon.com /Song-text.htm (171 words)

	Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 A.D.) Special Topics Page Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		Southern Song society was characterized by the pursuit of a highly aestheticized way of life, and paintings of the period often focus on evanescent pleasures and the transience of beauty.
		In 1125, when the Jurchen, a seminomadic people from northeast Asia, invaded Song China and captured the capital at Bianliang (modern Kaifeng), founding their own Jin dynasty in the north, the Song court reestablished itself in the south in Hangzhou, where it continued to rule for another 150 years as the Southern Song dynasty.
		One particularly important source of inspiration for Southern Song artists was the natural beauty of Hangzhou and its environs, especially West Lake, a famed scenic spot ringed with lush mountains and dotted with palaces, private gardens, and Buddhist temples.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/ssong/hd_ssong.htm (420 words)

	A study of Tea Culture during Tang and Song Dynasty - Part IV
		During Song Dynasty, there was a poem describing the state of "Zen".
		During Tang and Song Dynasty, the teas were brewed in the cup.
		It was commonly believed that the teapots were not used as teapots until Ming Dynasty.
	www.rdandt.com /HISTORY/history19.htm (434 words)

	Chinese Culture Village
		Although it went through wars in Southern Song Dynasty, and suffered from discrimination as the remaining citizens of the overthrown dynasty, Hang Zhou appeared to be a prosperous and magic city in the eye of the Italian tourist.
		In the 13th century during the Yuan Dynasty, the magnificent city of Hangzhou confronted a period of decline.
		There are still a lot of westerners at his persuasion who come to Hang Zhou, the place this Italian called the finest and most splendid city in the world.
	www.ronghuai.net /marcopolo.html (694 words)

	China's Dynasty: Song Dynasty
		The art of the Southern Song Dynasty developed in an urban culture characterized by active foreign trade and the emergence of a merchant class eager for diversions and entertainments previously available only to the nobility.
		The period of the Southern Song is neither a period of power nor stability and the dynasty only controlled the area south of the Yangtze River.
		Some of the Song ministers went south to Fujian and Guangdong to reestablish the mini-Song court which was short-lived, ending in the 2nd year of Xiangxing (1279) at Yashan.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/song/southern.htm (575 words)

	The transformations of Chinese medicine during the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 960--1127): The integration of three past medical approaches into a comprehensive medical system following a wave of epidemics
		The subject of this dissertation is the history of Chinese medicine during the Northern Song dynasty and how changes in medical doctrines and practices mirrored corresponding transformations in state, society, and economy.
		The overarching thesis of this study is that by the end of the Northern Song dynasty the three medical approaches converged into one comprehensive medical system.
		A combination of several factors converged to bring about this integration: An unprecedented government activism resulting in part from emperors' interest in medicine, advancements in printing, a demographic shift southward resulting in a corresponding movement of the center of Chinese culture and economy, expansion in volume and characteristics of trade, and a wave of epidemics.
	repository.upenn.edu /dissertations/AAI9953537 (475 words)

	Boston.com / Museum of Fine Arts / Chinese paintings / Press room
		Dao was embodied in the qi or spirit-energy of all matter: a rock, the evanescent mists and clouds of mountain peaks or the roaring thunder of a waterfall.
		From the Han dynasty (206 B.C.- 220 A.D.) onward, Confucianism lay the foundation for the imperial bureaucracy, most notably the system of civil service examinations that, in theory, allowed a man of letters or wenren to rise in Chinese society according to the merits of his learning and character.
		In a 10th century Northern Song version, Guanyin (Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva) as Savior from Perils, the image retains the male gender of its Indian prototype.
	graphics.boston.com /mfa/chinese/three.htm (1149 words)

	Boston.com / Museum of Fine Arts / Chinese paintings / Overview
		The early Northern Song emperors supported the compilation and printing of the Confucian classic texts; court painters made copies of famous Tang figure paintings.
		Song rulers sought to unify China through culture, rather than by military means.
		However, absorbed in such preoccupations, Huizong neglected to guard his northern borders and lost his kingdom to the invading Tartar nomads.
	graphics.boston.com /mfa/chinese/nsong.htm (136 words)

	Song Dynasty China Technology - The best song products, sites and information on the web today!
		China under the Northern Song Dynasty (map) -- [Brooklyn College Core 9 Chinese Culture]...
		Northern Song (960- 1125) Southern Song (1127- 1279) The Song (pronounced Soong) dynasty ranks up there with the Tang and the Han as one of the great dynasties.
		The Song Dynasty (Chinese:å®æ) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279.
	song.bigfatdirectory.net /index.php?k=song-dynasty-china-technology (1080 words)

	Southern Song (Sung) Dynasty: Ancient China Dynasties
		The art of the Southern Song Dynasty developed in an urban culture characterized by active foreign trade and the emergence of a merchant class eager for diversions and entertainments previously available only to the nobility.
		The period of the Southern Song is neither a period of power nor stability and the dynasty only controlled the area south of the Yangtze River.
		Some of the Song ministers went south to Fujian and Guangdong to reestablish the mini-Song court which was short-lived, ending in the 2nd year of Xiangxing (1279) at Yashan.
	www.muztagh.com /china-history/song/southern.htm (582 words)

	song.html
		Near the end of the Song dynasty, the famous blue and white porcelain was created.
		Great advances were made in the areas of technological invention, material production, political philosophy, government, and elite culture.
		He was a general, made emperor by his soldiers in 960 A.D. Unlike the generals before him who had declared themselves emperors of dynasties that soon failed, Chao K�uang-yin lived a long life.
	www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu /prehistory/china/classical_imperial_china/song.html (582 words)

	Culture List
		Chinese, Yonghe kilns, Ji'an, Jiangxi province; Northern or Southern Song dynasty, 12th or 13th c.
		Chinese, Shaanxi province; Northern Song or Jin dynasty, 12th or early 13th century
		Chinese, North, Hebei or Henan province; Northern Song or Jin dynasty, 12th century
	php.unc.edu /ackland/art/collection/search/Help_CultureList.html?letter=C (539 words)

	Boston.com / Museum of Fine Arts / Chinese paintings / Overview
		The art of the Southern Song dynasty developed in an urban culture characterized by active foreign trade and the emergence of a merchant class eager for diversions and entertainments previously available only to the nobility.
		In 1127, the Tartars sacked the Northern Song capital of Kaifeng, taking Emperor Huizong and most of his family hostage; they later died in captivity.
		Establishing his court at the lake city of Hangzhou, Gaozong made peace with the Tartars, accepting humiliating terms that included the payment of tribute.
	graphics.boston.com /mfa/chinese/ssong.htm (170 words)

	eng20030120_110450.shtml
		Judging from words on the coins, the owner lived in the middle or late Song Dynasty, from 1036 to 1112, and the relics could helpscholars studying the history and culture of the area in the Song Dynasty, Jiang said.
		The "spirit bottles" were once popular funerary objects in which to "keep" the spirit of the dead person in southern China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, according to archeologists.
		Archeologists have found two rare celadon porcelain bottles in an ancient tomb dating from the Song Dynasty (960-1279), at Liuzhou City in south China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /200301/20/eng20030120_110450.shtml (170 words)

	ah370s9.html
		In 960, after several decades of regional division, the Song dynasty reestablished a unified empire, though a much smaller one than in the Tang period.
		In 1126, the Jin invaded the Song and conquered much of its territory, including its capital at Kaifeng.
		The Song is generally regarded as a period of cultural introspection and consolidation, in contrast to the Tang.
	www.wisc.edu /arth/ah370/ah370s9.html (170 words)

	essay.html
		While the Liao government incorporated a number of aspects of Song court culture and political bureaucracy, the emperor and his court retained Khitan rites, rituals, foods, clothing and language.
		One group, the Jurchen, known to the Song dynasty as the Nuzhen, were one of the first of the various nomadic peoples to be conquered by the Khitan in the tenth century, and was one of the most strongly oppressed.
		One element the Khitan adopted from the Chinese (or perhaps this too was preserved from their own culture) was a notion of ethnic superiority to the other nomadic peoples which they conquered and governed.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/exhibit/khitans/essay.html (1018 words)

	essay.html
		While the Liao government incorporated a number of aspects of Song court culture and political bureaucracy, the emperor and his court retained Khitan rites, rituals, foods, clothing and language.
		One group, the Jurchen, known to the Song dynasty as the Nuzhen, were one of the first of the various nomadic peoples to be conquered by the Khitan in the tenth century, and was one of the most strongly oppressed.
		After the founding of the Song dynasty in 960, the Song court made the recapture of these sixteen prefectures a high political priority, which resulted in a number of campaigns with the Khitan over the next thirty years, all ultimately unsucessful.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/exhibit/khitans/essay.html (1018 words)

	Chinese History - Song Dynasty (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		The Song period is marked by a revival of old Confucian traditions after the Tang age of Buddhism, and the prevailing position of civil scholars over the military age of Tang and Five Dynasties.
		But Song culture was also a culmination of the heritage of two thousand years of culture, and from this point of crystallization on, Chinese thinking became orthodox, culture became sterile as if it had been unchanged since thousands of years.
		The Song time is often called a "Chinese Renaissance" because - similar to the European renaissance - progress in technology and inventions, the upcoming of new philosophical interpretations of the old texts meant a renewal of the old and the creation of new streamings.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/song.html (248 words)

	Ming1
		When the Song attempted to regain their former territory which had been captured by the Liao, the Jin turned against the Song, conquered in addition the northern part of Song territory, and claimed that the payments once delivered to the Liao were now due to be delivered to their court.
		The History of the Wei Dynasty (Weishu) relates the origins of the Tuoba to Changyi, one of the sons of the Chinese mythical Yellow emperor.
		The end of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE was followed by a period of disunion which came to an end when in northern China the Tuoba Xianbei founded the Northern Wei Dynasty in 386, famous for an extensive patronage of Buddhism.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/Mingqing04/ming1.htm (248 words)

	Ming1
		When the Song attempted to regain their former territory which had been captured by the Liao, the Jin turned against the Song, conquered in addition the northern part of Song territory, and claimed that the payments once delivered to the Liao were now due to be delivered to their court.
		The end of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE was followed by a period of disunion which came to an end when in northern China the Tuoba Xianbei founded the Northern Wei Dynasty in 386, famous for an extensive patronage of Buddhism.
		The History of the Wei Dynasty (Weishu) relates the origins of the Tuoba to Changyi, one of the sons of the Chinese mythical Yellow emperor.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/Mingqing04/ming1.htm (248 words)

	Ming1
		The end of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE was followed by a period of disunion which came to an end when in northern China the Tuoba Xianbei founded the Northern Wei Dynasty in 386, famous for an extensive patronage of Buddhism.
		The History of the Wei Dynasty (Weishu) relates the origins of the Tuoba to Changyi, one of the sons of the Chinese mythical Yellow emperor.
		When the Song attempted to regain their former territory which had been captured by the Liao, the Jin turned against the Song, conquered in addition the northern part of Song territory, and claimed that the payments once delivered to the Liao were now due to be delivered to their court.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/Mingqing04/ming1.htm (635 words)

	Search Tuna Report for tang dynasty
		The Emperor Or Huangdi In Pinyin: Huang2 Di4 Of China Then Became The Title Of Head Of State Of China From The Qin Dynasty 221 To The Fall Of The Qing Dynasty In 1911....
		RenZong XuanZong YingZong XianZong XiaoZong WuZong ShiZong MuZong ShenZong GuangZong XiZong SiZong Qing Dynasty TaiZu TaiZong ShiZu ShunZhi ShengZu KangXi Kangxi Was The 4-Th Emperor Of The Qing Dynasty....
		Northern Zhou 557 581 China 5000 History By Period: Sui Dynasty 581 618 Brooklyn College Core 9 Chinese Culture History By Period: Tang Dynasty 618 907 China 5000 Brooklyn College Core 9 Chinese Culture Brooklyn College Core 9 Chinese Culture History By Period: Five Dynasties 907 979 Later Liang 907 923.......
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/2826.html (1011 words)

	Chinese Text Sampler: Readings in Chinese Literature, History, and Popular Culture
		Poetry of Du Fu - The Tang Dynasty was the Golden Age of Chinese literature, and Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the period.
		Written in the Ming dynasty by Wu Cheng'en, this supernatural novel recounts the pilgrimage of a Chinese monk and his animal companions to India in the 7th century.
		(1.8) - A popular song of revolutionary times exalting the leadership of Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~dporter/sampler/sampler.html (1011 words)

	Korean Architecture - Koryo Dynasty
		The culture of the Koryo Dynasty inherited Shilla culture, including Buddhism.
		Influenced by the architectural trends of Song China, Koryo in its early years developed a unique architectural style featuring curved bracket arms on top of columns called column head bracketing.
		With brackets placed only on the column heads, the framework was rather simple, and the ceiling was left bare with no covering panels or canopies; the roofs were mostly gabled.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/korea/arc/koryo_dynasty.htm (1011 words)

	Shen-nong Limited.
		The culture, art and lifestyle of the country during the period remained basically the same as it had during the Song Dynasty, but the prosperity of the previous dynasty began to fade.
		The Jin and the Yuan were neighboring nomadic non-Chinese tribes who lived in the north-east of the empire during the Song Dynasty before they developed their own powerful kingdoms.
		The Jin Dynasty was founded by a Tanguts tribe in 1115 and conquered the northern part of China in 1126.
	www.shen-nong.com /eng/shen-nong/history/jinyuan/jinyuan.htm (1011 words)

	The Epoch Times Epoch Times Commentaries on the Communist Party — Part 6
		When speaking of “loyalty,” Chinese people naturally think of Yue Fei (1103-1141 AD), a Song Dynasty general who served his country with unreserved integrity and loyalty, and Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD), prime minister of the Shu State during the Three Kingdoms period, who “gave his all until his heart stopped beating.”
		In the Book of Song (Yue Shu), Volume 24 of the Records of the Historian (Shi Ji), Sima Qian (145-85 BC) [93] said the nature of man is peaceful; sensation of external matters affects one’s emotions and stir up the sentiment of love or hate based upon one’s character and wisdom.
		Every reader could probably find various sorts of elements of the Party culture from his personal experiences.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-12-20/25087.html (1011 words)

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In the News (Thu 17 Dec 09)