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Topic: Cumans

	Cumans and Tatars - Cambridge University Press
		The Cumans and the Tatars were nomadic warriors of the Eurasian steppe who exerted an enduring impact on the medieval Balkans.
		As a consequence, groups of the Cumans and the Tatars settled and mingled with the local population in various regions of the Balkans.
		From 1091 the Cumans gained the upper hand in the Balkans, and their role in the re-establishment of the Bulgarian Empire in 1185–6 and in its eventual fate was fundamental.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0511110154&ss=fro (2926 words)

	Cumans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cumans, also called as Polovtsy, (Russian Половцы, from old Slavic for pale yellowish) was the European name for the Western Kipchaks, a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga.
		While the Cumans were assimilated, their name can still be seen in placenames such as the city of Kumanovo in Macedonia, Comăneşti in Moldavia and Comana in Dobruja.
		Cumans having settled in Hungary had their own self-government there, and their name (kun) is still preserved in the county names Bács-Kiskun and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, and town names as (eg.) Kiskunhalas, Kiskunszentmiklós as well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cumans (495 words)

	The Mongols in the West
		The Cumans must have gotten wind of the impending invasion, for one of their chiefs, whose name is known only in its Chinese transcription Hu-lu-su-man,16 felt it wise to undertake the long journey to the court of Ogedei to offer him his spontaneous submission.
		It is certain that Cuman was the vernacular most used; its ubiquity is vouchsafed by many travelers, and the Italian trader Pegolotti in his commercial handbook, usually referred to as La pratica della mercatura, written in the middle of the 14th century, urged his fellow merchants to engage servants who knew the Cuman language well.
		The major document of the Cuman language as used on the territory of the Golden Horde is the so-called Codex Cumanicus 71 a compilation of various texts originally written in the first decade of the 14th century by Italians and Germans.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/sinor1.htm (13704 words)

	Cumans. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		the main Cuman forces were defeated by the Eastern Slavs.
		Some were sold as slaves, and many took refuge in Bulgaria and also in Hungary, where they were gradually assimilated into the Hungarian culture.
		Others joined the khanate of the Golden Horde (also called the Western Kipchaks), which was organized on the former Cuman territory in Russia.
	www.bartleby.com /65/cu/Cumans.html (184 words)

	Cumans: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		The presence of Turcopoles, Cumans, Patzinaks, and other Oriental races in the polyglot Byzantine army was of traditional standing: but their presence in the...
		I have in mind the Kipchack Turks, better known as Cumans, who were closely and positively associated with steppe-land Jews in the 11th and 12th centuries, and who may have supplied...
		CUMANS or Kumans both: koo manz, nomadic East Turkic people, identified with the Kipchaks (or the western branch of the Kipchaks...Venice.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/cumans.jsp (979 words)

	Battle of the Stugna River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of the Stugna River (26 May 1093) was a battle between the princes of Kievan Rus (Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir Monomakh of Chernigov) and the nomadic Cumans tribe (a Turkic peoples).
		However Sviatopolk incarcerated the Cumans ambassadors and the Cumans came in force to attack Kiev.
		Union against Cumans was achieved and Sviatopolk released the ambassadors of Cumans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_the_Stugna_River (413 words)

	Reality Macedonia : Book review: Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1183-1365.
		The Cumans and Tatars not only made their presence felt as troops under their own command, or as mercenaries in foreign armies, but were also assimilated by the societies with which they came into contact, in some cases inhabiting the uppermost reaches of government and society.
		An important point that Cumans and Tatars establishes is that while the Ottomans tend to get all the credit (or, all the blame) for wresting control of the Balkans, there were other Turkic peoples who had established a strong presence there far before they had ever dreamed of an empire in Europe.
	www.realitymacedonia.org.mk /web/news_page.asp?nid=4237 (1395 words)

	History
		By 1239, the leader of the Cumans, Köten Khan, asked King Béla IV of Hungary for asylum, and the Cumans were allowed to settle in the center of Hungary.
		The Cumans who, as horsemen, were armed against the Mongol invasion, decided to leave Hungary and fled South, ravaging the countryside as they went in revenge for the murder of their leaders.
		The Cumans returned to Hungary and were allowed to settle in the center of the country on crown lands and lands that had been abandoned because of the Mongol invasion.
	www.komondor.org /html/history.html (1111 words)

	Cumans (1054 - 1394 AD) -- DBA 130
		The Cumans historical opponents are Pechenegs (#109), Early Hungarians (#119), Seljuqs (#124), Early Russian (#129), Comnenan Byzantine (#133), Khwarizmian (#146), Later Bulgar (#147) and Mongol (#154).
		Tactically the Cumans were a fairly typical steppe nomad army, relying on hit and run tactics by horse archers to wear down and disorder the enemy.
		Cuman camps should be a wagon laager, with tents either on the wagons or inside the laager.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba130.html (1245 words)

	balkanalysis.com - Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1183-1365 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cumans and Tatars is also very well-written, especially since it comes from a non-native writer of English.
		One of the most fascinating is the description, given in passing, of the burial rite for a Cuman prince who, “being a pagan, was buried outside the city walls of Constantinople in a tumulus.
		Considering that Cumans and Tatars assumes a certain amount of prior knowledge on the part of the reader, and especially concerning the origins of the Turkic peoples in Central Asia and Mongolia, it would have been nice to have more maps.
	www.balkanalysis.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=532 (2944 words)

	Komondor Blog
		Komondors are believed to have been the dogs of the Cumans, a group of people originally living in China.
		The Cumans were displaced at the end of the 10th century and in 1246 were allowed to settle in the center of the Hungary on crown lands and lands that had been abandoned due to the Mongolian invasion.
		The Komondor remained primarily in the rural areas as a livestock guard dog, for sheep.
	www.komondorlgd.blogspot.com (2048 words)

	Zzzptm Dot Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Cumans had never seen it before, and many perished and were routed under the spreading blaze of that stuff.
		The Cumans were not to be trusted to keep their fighting to the daylight hours.
		Nicholas knew the Cumans would attack as soon as he began moving his ships again, but that he could hold out a while longer if they attacked again while the ships were stationary.
	www.zzzptm.com /history9.html (1055 words)

	Cumans - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		The Cumans or Kumans, also known as Polovtsy were a nomadic East Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga.
		Their name can still be seen in placenames such as the city of Kumanovo in Macedonia.
		In the 13th century, the Cumans became Catholic Christians.
	www.indopedia.org /Kuman.html (251 words)

	Kipchak timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cuman army invades Hungary and is vanquished by King (St.) Ladislas.
		The Cumans, disillusioned, desperate, and furious, exacted revenge upon the Hungarians by deserting them in their greatest time of need.
		John III settles 10,000 Cumans as military colonists in Thrace and Anatolia, later mustered for campaigns in Europe.
	www.kipchak.com /interested/Kipchaktime.html (862 words)

	SCC Forums -> Cumans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Because it would not be incorrect for their to be both Mongol and Qipchaq units for the Mongols, since most of the Mongols in the West were Qipchaq.
		Cuman hvy cav is currently identical to steppe heavy cav stat-wise, but they wear a facemask which appear to be rather typical for the cumans.
		I think that people regard Qiptchaks and Cumans as different due to their settling in the Great Plain, which was afterwards mentioned as Kunság, thus creating the impression that this was "cuman land" before the Kiptchaks (isn't this spelling nice as well:)) arrived.
	www.stratcommandcenter.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=12107 (727 words)

	Cumans - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Cumans or Kumans, also known as Polovtsy were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga.
		The Cumans from the current Russia joined the khanate of the Golden Horde after which they became known as Tatars.
		Catholic "Diocese of the Cumans" included Romania and Bessarabia.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Cumans (236 words)

	Romanian history - the Cuman csango (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the 13th century the Cuman state became Catholic and during this time Hungary settled Szekely and Saxons in the area that was to become Moldavia.
		The land was part of Cumania (the land of the Cumans or Kuns) and many villages still have place names of Magyar origin dating form this period.
		Hungarian frontier-guards arrived and are the ancestors of present-day Moldavian Hungarians.
	www.eliznik.org.uk /RomaniaHistory/csango_cumman.htm (500 words)

	An Illustrated Guide to the Puli
		Fleeing the Mongols, the Cuman began migrating from Asia in 900 A.D. and brought with them a little dog that was possibly a relative to the Puli today.
		This southern journey by the Cumans gives rise to speculation about the origin of a dog now found in this area: the corded Bergamasco, which in appearance is somewhere between a Puli and a Komondor.
		The Cumans were later recalled by the Hungarian monarchy in 1246 and settled in central Hungary where they intermarried with the Magyars.
	www.puliclub.org /JECPuliHistory.htm (1734 words)

	Cumans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cumans or Kumans were a nomadic East Tukic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga.
		Many took refuge in Hungary and Bulgaria, where they were assimilated.
		In the 13th century, the Cumans became Catholic Christians, a "Diocese of the Cumans" being created, that included Romania and Bessarabia, this title being kept until 1523.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Cumans (162 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rumania
		At the beginning of the tenth century the country was subjected to the repeated attacks of the Peshenegs, and in the middle of the eleventh to those of the Cumans.
		Numerous Hungarians and Germans had meanwhile settled in the plain of the Danube, then occupied mostly by the pagan Cumans, and the majority of the latter were won for Christianity.
		For these converted Cumans the Archbishop of Gran erected the "Diocese of the Cumans", which included not only the modern Rumania, but also Bessarabia and a portion of Transylvania.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13224b.htm (4370 words)

	Joseph Kenny's Translation of the "Vitae Fratrum", Part 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thus they were able to baptize the leader of the Cumans, whose name was Boris, along with some of his family.
		The mission to these pagans was interrupted while, as a result of the Tartar persecution, the Cumans were scattered to different parts of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and other nearby regions.
		The Cumans were a Turkish-related people in Asia.
	www.diafrica.org /nigeriaop/kenny/VF6.htm (2614 words)

	Ivasioni Mongol i Europes. - Forumi Shqiptar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection, in return for which they offered to convert to Western Christianity.
		Moreover, the Cumans pledged 40,000 warriors, experienced in the Mongols' mobile steppe warfare, to Hungary's defense.
		The enraged Cumans left the country for Bulgaria, pillaging as they went, while Archduke Frederick returned to Austria to observe the coming war from the sidelines.
	www.forumishqiptar.com /showthread.php?t=16078 (3806 words)

	Hungarian Army Composition
		King Ladislas IV was known as 'the Cuman' not only because his mother was a Cuman princess but for his continual support for the Cuman people against that of the Catholic Church.
		The main power of the Cumans was broken in 1280 (82 in some sources) when their revolt was crushed at the battle of Lake Hod and large numbers migrated out of Hungary.
		Even though Cumans appear as a distinct ethnic group in later sources they are no longer mentioned in military terms.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /matthaywood/main/Hungarian_Composition.htm (4472 words)

	History of Galicia and Volhynia second half of 13th century. Historical notes about medieval political history of ...
		Popolation was composed of Galician Rus' people or "ours ungodly": Cumans, Torks etc. There most likely were also possesions of Galician noblemen (boyars), who escaped from duke's court, so called "vyhontsi" (the ones who were chased away).
		It is clear that relations with Cumans in Galicia and whole of south east Rus were tight ones and quite friendly in 13th century.
		Educated people at Galician court knew Cuman language and Cuman oral tradition was reflected in local chronichle writings.
	www.personal.ceu.hu /students/97/Roman_Zakharii/gal.htm (3613 words)

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