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Topic: Cumanians

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	Balassa–Ortutay: Hungarian Ethnography and Folklore / Great Plain
		The Cumanians, of Turkish origin, arrived in Hungary while fleeing from the Tartars in the middle of the 13th century.
		The Great Cumanians, with Karcag as their headquarters and largest town, occupied the central part of the region east of the Tisza (Tiszántúl), while the Little Cumanians lived between the Danube and the Tisza with the town of Kiskunfélegyháza as their headquarters.
		Cumanian family and community organizations survived almost unaltered until the final termination of their privileges (1876).
	mek.oszk.hu /02700/02790/html/10.html (1414 words)

	Jassic people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jassic people were a nomadic tribe that settled in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 13th century.
		The Jassic people came to Hungary together with the Cumanians, chased by the Mongol-Tatars.
		They were admitted by the Hungarian king Béla IV, hoping that they would assist in fighting against a Mongol-Tatar invasion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jassic_people (303 words)

	Árpád dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The nomadic Cumanians were settled in present-day central Hungary, and German settlers came mainly to present-day Slovakia and to Transylvania.
		The king had his ambitious son Stephen (duke of Transylvania between 1257–1259 and after 1260, duke of Styria between 1259–1260) marry the Cumanian princess Elizabeth and in 1262 he granted him the title Rex iunior and the eastern part of Hungary as fief, which entailed fightings between Béla and Stephen.
		The short rule of Stephen V (1270–1272) was followed by the rule of his son, the young Ladislaus IV (1272–1290), who was influenced by his Cumanian mother and her surroundings, which brought about royal conflicts with the church and the oligarchs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arpads (2469 words)

	E-Books : Transylvania, A Short History: 7: The Tearful Chronicle - Historical Text Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Concerning the eastern Cumanians mentioned in the letter, their accommodation ultimately turned out to be detrimental, but not for the reasons given in the Khan's letter.
		The appearance of the still nomadic, pagan, Cumanians in the Great Plain upset the internal peace of the country and raised discontent and anger with the king's decision at the precise moment when there was the greatest need for harmony.
		He was succeeded on the throne by Ladislas IV (the Cumanian), the son of the "Cumanian woman".
	www.historicaltextarchive.com /books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=14&cid=7 (3411 words)

	HTML文書で最も初歩的なことは
		Nevertheless, the grave artifacts are typical of the Cumanian steppe culture; and five of the six skeletons that were complete enough for anthropometric analysis appeared Asian rather than European (Horvath 1978, 2001), including two from the mitochondrial haplogroup H, which is typically European.
		This database was used to determine the relationships between the ancient Cumanians, modern Hungarians, and Eurasian populations and to estimate the genetic distances between these populations.
		We attempted to deduce the genetic trace of the migration of Cumanians.
	www.geocities.jp /kiwipakage/fff.html (596 words)

	E-Books : Transylvania, A Short History: 6: How Does it Happen that Three is Really Four? - Historical Text Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		They were chased back to Europe, and in 1211 the benevolent Andrew II (1205-1235) invited them to the Barcaság, mainly in order for them to oppose the Cumanian attacks and to convert the Cumanians, which truly was their mission.
		Secondly, the Cumanians, whose proximity was the reason for the invitation to the Teutonic Order, also began to develop a more advanced administrative structure in the area to the east and to the south of the Carpathians.
		The Cumanians were transiently allied to the Bulgarian-Wallachian block, mentioned above, but the increasing pressure by the Tatars (Mongolians) from the East, made them look for assistance to the West and even accepted Christianity.
	www.historicaltextarchive.com /books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=14&cid=6 (3636 words)

	THE DACO-ROMAN LEGEND
		They were the ones who led the Cumanians, breaking into Byzantine territories through the passes of the Balkan Mountains in 1094.
		He met the Cumanians at Kerlés (Cserhalom) in 1071, at Bökény (Szabolcs county) in 1081 and in Pogányró on the riverbanks of the Temes in 1091.
		The first letter went to the leader of the Hungarian Dominicans, the second document to the Primate of Esztergom, the third to Prince Béla, son of Andrew II., who was later crowned Béla IV.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/kos/kos04.htm (1642 words)

	The Budapest Sun Online - Story page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Kun (translated in English as Cumanian) were known in ancient times as the fl and white Cumanians and were said, by Herodotus and other historians, to be related to the Parthians.
		The Cumanians were a hardy, horse-riding, nomadic Turkic-Tartar group which pushed its way west from the steppes of Asia during the Middle Ages, settling on the eastern slopes of the Carpathians.
		In the 11th century they were allowed to settle down in Hungary, in the huge area between the Danube and the Tisza rivers, by the chivalrous King St László, whose legend tells of his saving a Kun maiden by scooping her up from the midst of a battle.
	www.budapestsun.com /full_story.asp?ArticleID={027FBA39A31E43EDAA3DF57DEC091DAB}&From=Style (761 words)

	Arpads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The nomadic Cumanians were settled in present-day central Hungary, and Germansettlers came mainly to Slovakia.
		The king had hisambitious son Stephen (since 1257-1259 and again since 1260:duke of Transylvania,1259-1260: duke of Styria) marry the Cumanian princess Elizabeth and granted them(in 1262) the title Rex iunior and the eastern part of Hungary as fief, which entailed fightings between Béla andStephen.
		The short rule of Stephen V (1270-1272) was followed by the rule of the young Ladislaus IV (1272-1290), who was influenced by his Cumanian mother and hersurroundings, which brought about royal conflicts with the church and the oligarchs.
	www.therfcc.org /arpads-154145.html (2284 words)

	THE DACO-ROMAN LEGEND
		The defeated Cumanians fled to the Nogaj Tatars.
		The decisive battles of the war between the Crusaders and the Cumanians were fought in Transylvania.
		King Charles Robert founded the voivodship of Ungro-Vlachia in 1324, based on the Cumanians, Germans and resettled Hungarians in addition to the immigrated Vlachs.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/kos/kos06.htm (1875 words)

	[No title]
		Concerning the eastern Cumanians mentioned in the letter, their accommodation ultimately turned out to be detrimental, but not for the reasons given in the Khan's letter.
		The appearance of the still nomadic, pagan, Cumanians in the Great Plain upset the internal peace of the country and raised discontent and anger with the king's decision at the precise moment when there was the greatest need for harmony.
		He was succeeded on the throne by Ladislas IV (the Cumanian), the son of the "Cumanian woman".
	www.hungarianhistory.com /lib/transy2/transy04.htm (3363 words)

	Új lap - 1
		It was a long-lasting belief that the Magyars of the Conquest brought this breed with themselves, and later the Cumanians were believed to be the ones who neutralized it.
		A Transylvanian variant of the same cattle was known and, at the turn of the century, a bluish-grey, so-called kun (Cumanian) breed in the Kunság was also recorded.
		During the Napoleonic Wars, the Austrian Imperial Armies captured several young stallions from a French farm at Rosiéres, including a light-chestnut Anglo-Norman stallion called Nonius, which was assigned to Mezőhegyes in 1816.
	www.tagdebr.sulinet.hu /comenius/Comenius/p15.1.htm (593 words)

	Magyar Iszlám Közösség
		The Cumanian tribes established a nomadic state which extend from the Caspian Sea to the border of the Hungarian Kingdom.
		The Cumanian wife was from a prince family, according to many searchers she was a daughter of Cumanian prince.
		He was on his usual way to the Cumanians in the spring of 1290, when 3 assassins killed him on the 10 of July.
	www.magyariszlam.hu /eng/history.html (17681 words)

	Hungarian National Museum
		Among them, the funeral insignia of Béla IV might not be the most spectacular, but certainly the most important relics from a historical point of view.
		The historical relics of the developing cities, of the settling Cumanians, and also of several layers of the stabilizing feudal society (secular and church aristocracy, military, and peasantry) are displayed at the exhibition.
		The aquamanile, a man or animal shaped water-holding vessel originally was used to wash hands during mass but later it became popular among the aristocracy as well.
	www.hnm.hu /en/kiall/kia_allando1_1.html (270 words)

	Horgos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		From the beginning of the 13th century Cumanians lived in this country, who got a quite a big autonomy from Béla IVth, the border of their loose autonomous territory separated the area of the village from today.
		The remembrance of the Cumanians is cherished in some border-names, like the Kun-tó (Cumanian-lake), Kis-Kun-tó (Little-Cumanian-lake), Kun-halom (Cumanian-hill).
		The most important monuments of the Middle Ages are a relic of one little church and some tombs of the age of the Tartars' invasion by the Kishorgosi major (Farmstead Little-Horgos).
	www.horgos.org.yu /eng/introducion.htm (903 words)

	Iasi - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The inscription by which the existence of a Jassiorum municipium in the time of the Roman Empire is sought to be proved, lies open to grave suspicion; but the city is mentioned in a 1408 document by Prince (Voivode) Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Kind).
		It probably derives its name from the Jassians (Iazyges), or Uzes who accompanied the Cumanians.
		It was often visited by the Moldavian court.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=Iasi (556 words)

	Untitled
		The Cumanians slowly assimilated into the Hungarian communities when Turk attacks were wasting the country.
		So the residents of the Jazygian and Cumanian settlements received plots of land depending on the amount of the fee was paid for it.
		There were developed a stratum with significant property but on the other side were people who weren't able to take part in public expenses so they didn't get own land and didn't get role in the management of the settlement.
	w3.enternet.hu /kunszph/honlap/vtorten/atort.html (1530 words)

	Freefire Zone Forums - The Story of the Lajkonik
		In 1229 this army defeated the Cumanians again at the River Yaik, though the Cumanian Khan Köten was later able to defeat them near the Black Sea, temporarily halting the Mongol advance.
		Ogedei sent one of Genghis Khan’s grandsons, Batu, with a massive army to claim the western lands and it was this army in 1237 that laid waste to Bashkiria and scattered the Volga Magyars, among many others.
		The Cumanian clans held a council and decided at this critical moment when their cavalry were most needed by Béla IV to de-camp and abandon Hungary for Bulgaria.
	www.freefirezone.net /showthread.php?t=5634 (2646 words)

	Saxon Settlement and the Reorganization of the Southern Border Defences
		The small groups of Cumanians that stayed behind in the Lower Danube region presented little threat to Transylvania until, in the 12th century, a more determined enemy appeared on the southern border — the Byzantines, whose intent was not to plunder but to conquer.
		In terms of the royal charter, the knights came under the king's direct authority, but otherwise enjoyed broad autonomy and privileges: the voivode had no power over them, they were free to trade, organize markets, and build towns and castles, and they were exempted from taxes.
		It is obvious, in light of their subsequent role in Prussia, that the knights intended to establish an eastern German {1-425.} state centred in the Barcaság, a natural redoubt, and extending to the Danube delta.
	mek.oszk.hu /03400/03407/html/72.html (2738 words)

	Berehovo (Transcarpathia, Ukraine)
		Prince Lampert ruled the territory after the death of the king.
		The settlement was devastated in 1141 by the Cumanians and Petschenegs.
		The new Saxonian settlers from the Rhine Lands gave the new name of the town: Lampertszásza.
	flagspot.net /flags/ua-zk-bh.html (416 words)

	Brestowatz History page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1763 Cothman writes; "this village has Greek Catholic and Serbian inhabitants." By 1746, it became a settled village of the Chamber listed by the County Council.
		A part of the territory of the village known as "Katalin's Hill" (in Hungarian, called "Kúnhalom") are three archaic mounds and of a fort (the nomadic Hungarians, Cumanians built their grave mounds here).
		The Roman Catholic parish was developed in 1787, the church being built in 1818 and repaired (renovated) first in 1852, then in 1896.
	www.feldenzer.com /brestowatz_history_page.htm (423 words)

	Tourist Information - Bács-Kiskun County (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Goulasch, cellar beef stew, well seasoned beef pörkölt with red wine and potatoes, fish soup, mutton stew, etc. are dishes typically cooked in stew pot, on an open fire.
		The Kiskunság is part of the Hungarian Great Plain and the Cumanians who settled here liked to cook potatoes, mashed potato with smoked sausage and and potato pancakes.
		Cabbage is prepared in many different ways: It is chopped up into small pieces and and soured or whole cabbages are stored in pits to preserve from frost.
	www.countypress.hu /touristinformation/uk/bacskiskun.htm (953 words)

	Mitochondrial DNA of ancient Cumanians: culturally Asian steppe nomadic immigrants with substantially more Western ...
		This data set was used to discover the relationships between Cumanians, Hungarians, and the members of Eurasian populations in order to study the genetic traces of the ancient group migrations and to examine their admixture with different human communities.
		In view of the cultural objects and the historical data, the archeologists concluded that the burials were indeed Cumanian and mid 13th century; hence some of the early settlers in Hungary were from that ethnic group.
		In 1999 the grave of a high-status Cumanian derived from the same period was discovered about 50 m from the church of Csengele; this was the first anthropologically authenticated grave of a Cumanian chieftain in Hungary (Horvath 2001), and the contents are consistent with the ethnic identity of the excavated remains from the church burials.
	goliath.ecnext.com /coms2/gi_0199-5359391/Mitochondrial-DNA-of-ancient-Cumanians.html (1563 words)

	Magyar Folklórközpont AHFC * AHEA * Folklór Múzeum ®
		During the last thousand years, several decrees were issued, which prohibited the wearing of these extraordinarily expensive clothes, dear to all the people.
		In the 13th century, after the Mongol invasion, Cumanians settled in Hungary.
		The typical Cumanian garment reached to the ground, was tightly fitted around the waist, and gathered at the hips.
	hungaria.org /ahm/muzeum/index.php?get=dress (1967 words)

	[No title]
		A related people, the Cumanians, fled the Mongol invasion and settled in Hungary under the protection of the Magyar king B{e'}la IV in the late 13th century (Horv{a'}th, p39ff).
		This works in the submitter's favor, since the Cumanians settled in Europe, and there are records from Hungary of individuals with the byname Kun (Cumanian).
		These records date from the 15th and 16th centuries, after the assimilation of the Cumanians into western culture, so the given names of these individuals are unhelpfully Christian.
	www.sca.org /heraldry/loar/2002/11/02-11lar.txt (16301 words)

	Hungary - Historical Flags - Kingdom of Hungary (Pre-1848) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		By mother's maiden name is Marussy, and there is a family tradition that Marussy is a Hungarized version of the Cumanian name Morzsinai, and that we are descendants of the brother of Morzsinai Erzsebet, so we have a blood relationship connection to the Hunyadi family.
		Before the Mongol Invasion the territory was under Cumanian rule.
		It could be the nobles were Cumanians by origin in the 15th century...
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/hu_king.html (2617 words)

	Bakhchisaray - Bakhchisaray Khan Palace - Official website : Introduction into the History of Bakhchisaray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After the decline of the Scythian State the dominancy in the Crimean plains passed to Turkic peoples: Huns in the 4th-6th centuries, Qazarians and Bulgarians in the 7th-9th centuries, Bacanaqs (Pechenegs) in the 9th-11th centuries and Cumanians (Qıpçaqs) from the middle of the 11th century.
		The area to the south from the plains, in the Crimean Mountains and along southern seashores of the peninsula, was inhabited by a complicated ethnical conglomerate of descendants of different peoples: Tauris, Greeks, Scythians, Sarmatians, Goths, Alanians, partly Turkic peoples as well.
		After the 10th century the fortress of the Alanian princes along with its possessions in the valley passed under the control of Turkic state units, particularly to the Cumanian khans, which the Alanian princes paid annual tribute to.
	www.hansaray.org.ua /e_ist_wstup.html (355 words)

	Lost Trails: Romania
		This is why, unlike the neighbouring nations, which have established dates of Christianization (the Bulgarians --865, the Serbs --874, the Poles --966, the eastern Slavs --988, the Hungarians --the year 1000), the Romanians do not have a fixed date of Christianization, as they were the first Christian nation in the region.
		In the 4 -- 13th centuries the Romanian people had to face the waves of migrating peoples --the Getae, the Huns, the Gepidae, the Avars, the Slavs, the Petchenegs, the Cumanians, the Tartars --who crossed the Romanian territory.
		The migratory tribes controlled this space from the military and political points of view, delaying the economic and social development of the natives and the formation of local statehood entities.
	www.losttrails.com /pages/Destinations/Romania2.html (5286 words)

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