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Topic: Cumulative voting

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	Preference Voting vs. Cumulative Voting
		Cumulative voting is easy to explain briefly, and thus a good choice to illustrate a PR system.
		When Illinois had cumulative voting in three-member districts for state legislative elections, there were usually only four candidates in the general election (until they made a rule change requiring parties to nominate two people, there often had been only three for three seats!).
		Cumulative voting is not a semi- proportional system because of a higher winning threshold.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/articles/rich.htm (1288 words)

	Preference Voting vs. Cumulative Voting
		Cumulative voting is easy to explain briefly, and thus a good choice to illustrate a PR system.
		When Illinois had cumulative voting in three-member districts for state legislative elections, there were usually only four candidates in the general election (until they made a rule change requiring parties to nominate two people, there often had been only three for three seats!).
		Cumulative voting is not a semi- proportional system because of a higher winning threshold.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Political/Preference_Voting.html (1278 words)

	Cumulative Voting
		Cumulative voting is a type of voting process that helps strengthen the ability of minority shareholders to elect a director.
		This method allows shareholders to cast all of their votes for a single nominee for the board of directors when the company has multiple openings on its board.
		With cumulative voting, you could choose to vote all 2,000 votes for one candidate, 1,000 each to two candidates, or otherwise divide your votes whichever way you wanted.
	www.sec.gov /answers/cumulativevote.htm (146 words)

	Semiproportional Systems
		No country uses the cumulative vote to elect their national legislature, and the limited vote is only used in Spain to elects its senate.
		The major difference is that voters may "cumulate" or combine their votes on one or more candidates instead of having to cast one vote for each candidate.
		For example, in a seven-seat district, voters might have five votes, or three, or even one, though the most usual arrangement is for voters to have one or two fewer votes than seats.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/semiproportional.htm (1117 words)

	CV & D Factsheet I-C-3-c-2: Cumulative Voting
		Cumulative voting is a semi-proportional voting system based on voting for individual candidates.
		Voters in each district have as many votes as there are seats to be filled, as would be true in a plurality election, but CV allows voters to express a strong preference for their favorite candidate or candidates – unlike plurality, they are not restricted to giving just one vote to a candidate.
		Cumulative voting also has been imposed by federal judges in three voting rights cases, as of June 2000, but has yet to be upheld by higher courts.
	www.fairvote.org /factshts/cumulati.htm (712 words)

	New Rules Project - Governance - Cumulative Voting
		Cumulative voting differs from proportional representation, where there are multiple seats but each voter can cast only one vote, and the seats are filled in proportion to the number of votes received by each candidate.
		One advantage of cumulative voting over other systems is that it is able to measure strong, as opposed to weaker, preferences for a candidate by allowing voters to cohere their votes (give all votes to a single candidate), or spread them among several.
		On May 4, 2002, cumulative voting was used for the second time to elect the school board in the Amarillo Independent School District, the largest jurisdiction in the nation to use cumulative voting with a total population of 160,995.
	www.newrules.org /gov/amarillo.html (910 words)

	Homeowners Associations: CUMULATIVE VOTING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Cumulative voting is designed to give minority shareholders a chance to be represented on a board of directors by allowing them to heavily support a nominee that they believe will best protect their interest.
		In those states that permit cumulative voting (nearly all do) and where it is approved by the corporation, a shareholder may cumulate his or her votes by giving one candidate a number of votes equal to the number of directors to be elected, multiplied by the number of shares of stock that the shareholder owns.
		Cumulative voting was enacted as a settlement to a lawsuit brought by the League of United Latin American Citizens, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and three individuals against Amarillo ISD.
	www.ahrc.com /new/index.php/src/news/sub/qa/action/ShowMedia/id/722 (2419 words)

	Cumulative voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cumulative voting is used heavily in corporate governance, where it is mandated by many U.S. states, and it was used to elect the Illinois House of Representatives from 1870 until its repeal in 1980.
		Cumulative voting satisfies the monotonicity criterion, the participation criterion, the consistency criterion, the plurality criterion, and reversal symmetry.
		Cumulative voting is used heavily in corporate governance, where it is mandated by many U.S. states, and it was used to elect the Illinois House of Representatives from 1870 until 1980.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cumulative_voting (1093 words)

	Cumulative Voting
		In cumulative voting, the stockholder may vote in the same manner as statutory voting or cast 600 votes for only one nominee, 300 for two, 200 for three, or any other combination.
		Cumulative voting allows small shareholders to have a better chance of naming representatives on the board of directors.
		Cumulative voting is required under the corporate laws of some states, and is at the discretion of the corporation in most others.
	www.totalreturnannuities.com /annuity-glossary/c/cumulative-voting.html (178 words)

	Cumulative Voting: The great debate over Illinois' unique system of electing legislators: No----ii760912.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Cumulative voting was adopted in Illinois in 1870 at a time when a number of deep divisions — political, economic, social and cultural — all ran along a single line, that separating the north from the south.
		Cumulative voting worked best for the express purpose for which it was intended when the number of nominees in each district did not exceed three.
		Cumulative voting was one of the hardest fought issues of the Constitutional Convention of 1970.
	www.lib.niu.edu /ipo/1976/ii761112.html (1258 words)

	OrangePolitics.org : Cumulative voting for Orange County?
		Cumulative voting is a process that strengthens the ability of minority constituencies to gain representation.
		Under cumulative voting, you would be able to cast up to three votes for a single candidate, two for one candidate and one for another, or any other combination that might express a voter's interests.
		It is almost a certainty that cumulative voting would lead to the election of a more conservative member to the County Commissioners.
	orangepolitics.org /2005/11/cumulative-voting-for-orange-county (1251 words)

	Texas Politics - Cumulative Voting in Texas
		Cumulative voting represents an alternative to the single-member district form of representation that characterizes government on all levels in Texas and the United States.
		Cumulative voting systems allow voters to cast as many votes as there are seats on a particular board or commission.
		Cumulative voting received an extra boost a few years later when several concerned Black and Latino residents with the support of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) sued the city of Amarillo.
	texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu /html/vce/features/0601_01/slide1.html (399 words)

	Study looks to reinstate cumulative voting in Illinois
		A coalition of academicians and political experts recently released a report that states cumulative voting is the band-aid for voter apathy, a lack of competition and a lack of minority representation.
		Advocates of cumulative voting say the pull southern legislators such as McCormick and Winchester enjoyed in the House was lost partly as a result of the cutback amendment.
		Cumulative voting may have been a small part of the fading power, but the most devastating blow to Southern Illinois was a 1960 Supreme Court decision that required legislative districts to reflect population.
	www.dailyegyptian.com /fall01/08-27-01/voting.html (1653 words)

	ALTERNATIVE VOTING SYSTEMS
		They are plurality voting (the candidate with the most votes wins) and plurality voting with a runoff (the two candidates with the most votes are paired against each other in a second, or runoff, election; the candidate with the most votes in the runoff election wins).
		A rational voter will vote for a second choice if his or her first choice appears to be a long shot--as indicated, for example, by the polls--but the voter's calculus and its effects on outcomes is not yet well understood for either approval voting or the other procedures discussed herein (Nurmi, l987; Merrill, l988).
		Although cumulative voting offers a means for parties to guarantee their approximate proportional representation, it requires good predictive abilities and considerable organizational efforts on the part of parties to ensure that their supporters concentrate their voters in the proper manner.
	bcn.boulder.co.us /government/approvalvote/altvote.html (6123 words)

	Startup Toolbox
		Cumulative voting is one of those theoretical legal concepts I’ve generally tried to avoid- it involves math, the archnemesis of attorneys everywhere.
		Cumulative voting means that instead of voting shares for each director on a slate, shareholders can throw all of their potential votes behind one candidate.
		In California, cumulative voting is an “inalienable” right of shareholders of private companies- it can’t be written out of the Articles of Incorporation or bylaws.
	blog.jparkhill.com (2392 words)

	Cumulative voting under Illinois Corporate Law and Illinois Business Corporation Act of 1983
		Cumulative voting simply means that the number of votes available to a shareholder in any given election is equal to the number of shares outstanding held by the shareholder times the number of positions up for vote.
		Cumulative Voting: "Each shareholder voting at an election of directors shall have the right to as many votes as shall equal the number of directors to be elected, multiplied by the number of shares owned by such shareholder.
		The end result of cumulative voting is that a minority shareholder is able to obtain some representation on the Board of Directors of the corporation and thus, at least can have a say in the management of the corporation.
	www.illinois-attorney.com /lp22.htm (973 words)

	[No title]
		Under cumulative voting for election of directors, each stockholder is entitled to cast a number of votes for such election equal to the number of shares held by the stockholder multiplied by the number of directors to be elected.
		This could tend to promote narrow interests rather than those of stockholders at large, whereas the election of directors by plurality vote of all voted shares is designed to produce a board that views its accountability as being to all stockholders generally.
		The present method of electing directors, where each director is elected by a plurality vote of the shares held by all stockholders, encourages the directors to administer the affairs of Allstate for the benefit of all stockholders.
	www.allstate.com /investor/annual_report/1998/proxy/06_prop5.html (1053 words)

	RangeVoting.org - "Cumulative" voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The trouble with cumulative voting is that, strategically speaking, it is the same thing as plurality voting.
		Obviously if all the Gore voters wasted 1 vote out of their 5, but all the Bush voters didn't waste any votes, then (if these two kinds of voters were approximately equinumerous) Bush would beat Gore by a 5:4 ratio.
		In practice, probably Cumulative Voting would not be quite as bad as Plurality, because some people would be willing to spread their votes around, instead of putting all their votes on the lesser evil – but it is hardly worth dancing in the streets about.
	rangevoting.org /rangeVcumulative.html (360 words)

	Voting system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Votes are transferred between candidates in a manner similar to instant runoff voting, but in addition to transferring votes from candidates who are eliminated, excess votes are also transferred from candidates who already have a quota.
		Cumulative voting is a common way of holding elections in which the voters have unequal voting power, such as in corporate governance under the "one share, one vote" rule.
		Cumulative voting is not fully proportional because it suffers from the same spoiler effect of plurality without a runoff process.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Voting_system (5260 words)

	Cumulative Voting
		Cumulative voting is a technique whereby minority shareholders concentrate all of their voting strength on one or more individual directors with the hope that they are elected.
		Since Mary's 315 votes will always exceed the votes needed to elect at least one director, she is always assured at least some representation on the board.
		Thus, cumulative voting is an excellent device for use in a closely held corporation where minority shareholders always fear that they will be shut out from representation on the board.
	www.uslaw.com /library/article/bcocumulativevoting.html?area_id=43 (799 words)

	TheCorporateCounsel.net Blog: New Compensation Rules Raise Many Complexities
		The purpose of cumulative voting is to ensure minority representation on a board.
		Thus, the protections afforded directors elected or supported by a group of minority shareholders remain intact: no director may be removed without cause if the votes cast against the director’s removal would be sufficient to elect the director if voted cumulatively at an election at which the same number of votes were cast.
		Bishop’s concern with the removal of cumulatively-elected directors is not so significant to prevent corporations from being given the option to select majority voting, and does not further the argument that SB 1207 either is inconsistent with or undermines cumulative voting.
	www.thecorporatecounsel.net /blog/archive/001154.html (1317 words)

	Fruits and Votes » Blog Archive » Cumulative voting is not PR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Cumulative voting is a proportional voting system that allows more than one political grouping to elect a representative in the same constituency.
		Cumulative voting, like its close cousins SNTV and MNTV, deserves to lie in the dustbin of electoral-system concepts from the pre-party and pre-proportionality era.
		Cumulative voting may or may not count as a form of PR–that’s a semantic point.
	fruitsandvotes.com /?p=819 (995 words)

	FAQ's
		Voting and vote setup can be done conveniently from home.
		A vote is a decision by a limited group on a question or issue.
		Vote tallies are available to registered voters and the vote sponsor after the close of polls.
	www.worldvotingbooth.com /FAQ.htm (992 words)

	Reflections on the Election process
		Voting should be done only on internet connected machines at the public polling place on election day.) Still, every poll manager I have worked with, regardless of race or party affiliation, regardless of depth of understanding of voting machines and election laws, are wholeheartedly dedicated to making sure that the election is conducted fairly.
		Under a cumulative voting system, each voter is given as many votes as there are positions to be filled and allowed to cast those votes for one candidate or distribute them in any way among the candidates.
		Cumulative voting is more prevalant in corporate shareholder elections than government elections, but there is at least one precedent, in Illinois.
	www.knology.net /~jkozma/Voting.html (1361 words)

	KoreaTimes : Cumulative Voting Becomes Hot Potato (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		And at the heart of the class action lawsuit system is the cumulative voting system, which minority shareholders want companies to include in their articles of incorporation.
		The cumulative voting system would boost the rights of the minority shareholders as they are able to cast all of their votes for a single candidate.
		The FTC wants companies to have the voting system in addition to a written voting system and an internal transaction committee in order to be eligible for the exemption on the rule banning chaebol companies from investing in other subsidiaries in amounts beyond 25 percent of their net asset.
	times.hankooki.com /lpage/biz/200406/kt2004061718403611900.htm (401 words)

	Conscious Choice: Cumulative Voting
		Reviving Illinois’ cumulative voting system would open up the legislature to alternative voices, according to Johnson-Weinberger, who is pushing for a state constitutional amendment to bring back Illinois’ unique electoral system.
		Under the cumulative voting system, which existed in Illinois between 1870 and 1980, citizens of a state congressional district were able to elect three candidates for the Illinois House of Representatives.
		Cumulative voting in Illinois ended not because of the election of "radicals" — almost all legislators elected since the 1950s were still members of the Democratic or Republican party.
	www.consciouschoice.com /2000/cc1306/cumulativevoting1306.html (2021 words)

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