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Topic: Cuneiform tablet

	Cuneiform script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cuneiforms were written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus.
		Cuneiform tablets could be fired in kilns to provide a permanent record, or they could be recycled if permanence was not needed.
		Invented by the Babylonians to record the Sumerian language, cuneiform was subsequently adopted by the Akkadians, Elamites, Hittites and Assyrians to write their own languages and was widely used in Mesopotamia for about 3000 years, though the syllabic nature of the script as it was refined by the Sumerians was unintuitive to the Semitic speakers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cuneiform_script (1592 words)

	Cuneiform Tablets
		The earliest attested documents in cuneiform were written in Sumerian, the language of the inhabitants of southern Mesopotamia and Chaldea from the 4th until the 2nd millennium BC.
		Earlier cuneiform was written in columns from top to bottom but during the 3rd millennium came to be written from left to right with the cuneiform signs turned on their sides.
		Cuneiform was borrowed by the Elamites, the Kassites, the Persians, the Mitanni, and the Hurrians.
	www.crystalinks.com /cuneiformtablets.html (908 words)

	CLARK COLLECTION OF ANCIENT ART (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The cuneiform tablets are mainly records of the sale, transfer, or receipt of grain and animals used for cultic and secular purposes.
		Cuneiform, from the Latin cuneus, meaning "wedge," is the term applied to a mode of writing which used a wedge-shaped stylus to make impressions on a clay surface, and also on stone, metal, and wax.
		Cuneiform writing was probably invented by the Sumerians, but was subsequently adapted for writing in the Akkadian language, of which Babylonian and Assyrian are dialects.
	www.ripon.edu /clark_collection/cuneiform.html (730 words)

	Cuneiform Writing @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
		Clay tablets were the primary media for everyday written communication and were used extensively in schools.
		Tablets were routinely recycled and if permanence was called for, they could be baked hard in a kiln.
		This tablet is one of the earliest on record.
	www.upenn.edu /museum/Games/cuneiform.html (1437 words)

	Cuneiform Writing on Ancient Stones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A damaged Babylonian tablet recording a version of their idea of the flood story in which Ziusudra (the counterpart of Noah) is described as a priest of the god Enki.
		A cuneiform tablet found inside the Egyptian governor's residence in Aphek is written in Akkadian cuneiforms and contains a request by `Takuhlinu', an official in Ugarit, for a shipment of wheat from Haya, Aphek's Egyptian ruler.
		An image of the tablet and the cuneiforms of the line containing the word meaning `New Jerusalem', a place where the exiles lived, are shown.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /cuneiform_writing.html (1537 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for cuneiform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		cuneiform CUNEIFORM [cuneiform] [Latwedge-shaped], system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium BC in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley, probably by the Sumerians.
		Behistun Inscription BEHISTUN INSCRIPTION [Behistun Inscription] or Bisutun Inscription, cuneiform text, the decipherment of which was the key to all cuneiform script and opened to scholars the study of the written works of ancient Mesopotamia.
		Cuneiform inscriptions made visible on bronze plates from the Upper Anzaf Fortress, Turkey.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/03329.html (628 words)

	Cuneiform tablet with a bilingual hymn [Seleucid] (86.11.286a) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Cuneiform tablet with a bilingual hymn [Seleucid] (86.11.286a)
		This cuneiform tablet records part of a balag, a song of lament that accompanied a stringed instrument.
		This tablet contains a lament by Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of fertility, over the destruction of her cities and shrines, and contrasts her present humiliation with her previous power.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ho/04/wam/hod_86.11.286a.htm (221 words)

	[No title]
		The cuneiform tablet is in a fixed position and several images are taken of it under different lighting conditions.
		As the tablet also had 2D capture problems, using it as the test object would also prove to be an additional bonus in contributing to the research of creating cuneiform tablet archives.
		Cuneiform tablets are described using the IndexedFaceSet node in a VRML file.
	www.eee.bham.ac.uk /woolleysi/studentreports/3dscanning2001.doc (8535 words)

	CDLB 2003:4
		Because of breaks in the tablet, a number of cases, for example O0101d2, are ambiguous regarding the numerical sign system used.
		One of the perplexing aspects of time notation on this tablet is the deliberate use of signs representing 12 months and 1 year in different cases.
		The utilitarian nature of these tablets suggests that the items mentioned here represented one or more transactions of goods that were either delivered or received, or perhaps they had only been ordered or promised.
	cdli.ucla.edu /Pubs/CDLB/2003/CDLB2003_004.html (1599 words)

	CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS IN THE LOOTED IRAQ MUSEUM
		The cuneiform writing system (from the Latin word for "wedge") was in use in ancient Mesopotamia for some three thousand years (approximately 3,000 B.C. to the beginning of the Christian era).
		The world's largest collection of cuneiform tablets is probably the British Museum‘s, much acquired in their excavations in the mid- to late nineteenth century, and partly acquired on the antiquities market.
		The size and shape of cuneiform tablets varied greatly depending on the period and area and the purpose of the tablet.
	www.ifar.org /cuneiform.htm (1256 words)

	Cuneiform
		Clay tablets containing numerical tallies and records began to occur in Sumeria around 3300 BCE, about the same time that large urban complexes began to appear.
		However, the syllabic sounds that the Sumerian cuneiform represented were used to approximate the sounds of Akkadian words.
		An Indo-European language, Hittite, adapted cuneiform (and joint cuneiform/hieroglyphic inscriptions led to the decipherment of Hittite hieroglyphics).
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/jmstitt/Eng480/Writing/Cuneiform.html (442 words)

	05.06.2003 - Clay cuneiform tablets from ancient Mesopotamia to be placed online
		The tablets, most purchased by private donors from antiquities dealers, were given to the museum in the first half of the 20th century.
		Through the antiquities market, tablets were scattered around the world, ending up in private collections of one to 1,000 tablets and in much larger collections at some public museums or other institutions.
		Many Ur III tablets are sealed with small, carved, cylindrical seals that were rolled over the wet clay as the equivalent of a modern signature.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2003/05/06_tablet.shtml (1203 words)

	USATODAY.com - Ancient writing system gets Internet update (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		For the few hundred cuneiform researchers worldwide, translating tablets today requires a time-consuming and expensive process of jet travel from one collection to another, leaving many of the ancient records unknown to historians and the public.
		Cuneiform flourished from 3200 B.C. to perhaps as recently as A.D. A written language that combines about 600 common signs representing ideas with rebus-style depictions of sounds, cuneiform recorded the tax receipts, religion, science, medicine and legends of the ancient world.
		Cuneiform means "wedge-shaped," a reference to the triangular impressions that make up the crosses and slashes of each word.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/2002/05/21/cuneiform.htm (961 words)

	LCM conservation cuneiform tablet
		The tablet is excavated in Telloh, at the time Ğirsu, the capital town of the province Lagaš.
		Often cuneiform tablets have not been fired and can therefore not be immersed in water for desalination.
		The tablet was fixed to a porous support with the side least damaged down.
	www.lcm.rug.nl /lcm/teksten/teksten_uk/cuneiform_tablet_uk.htm (941 words)

	Museums and the Web 2003: Papers: Watkins and Snyder
		The clay tablets were sun-dried or oven-baked and were thus preserved in the sands of the Near East for millennia.
		Cuneiform research is hampered by the lack of a standard computer encoding for cuneiform text, there being no ASCII equivalent for cuneiform.
		But due to the multi-tiered three dimensionality of cuneiform documents (wedge impressions, round tablets, and over-the-edge writing), scores of photographs are required, taken at different angles, with different lighting, and at different magnifications, in order to convey enough useful 2D information to enable the collation of a single tablet.
	www.archimuse.com /mw2003/papers/watkins/watkins.html (2432 words)

	Hey, mister -- wanna buy a 4,000-year-old cuneiform tablet for $10? - Salon
		A square tablet recording a sale that took place more than 4,000 years ago of a sheep, or maybe some grain -- it's a little hard to read -- well, that receipt will set you back less than $10.
		Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, says that many of these artifacts are real, but he wouldn't recommend buying them.
		Rogue forgers don't usually bother to spend the years it takes to learn cuneiform before they chisel their fakes, and copying from photographs of an original is harder than it sounds.
	dir.salon.com /story/tech/feature/2002/05/11/sumerian/index.html?x (719 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Sumerians on the Information Superhighway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The tablets represent what most scholars believe is the world's oldest written language, probably predating Egyptian hieroglyphics by several hundred years.
		Furthermore, outside experts, drawing on cuneiform tablet collections in the British Museum, the Museum of the Ancient Orient in Istanbul, the Iraq Museum, the Louvre and the Staatliche Museen in Berlin, as well as in major US institutions, are playing important parts in the effort to unlock the Sumerians' language.
		Cuneiform script was created around 3200 BC in cities on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, probably as a basic accounting tool, beginning with sketches of actual objects and number symbols tallying an owner's assets.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200002/sumerians.on.the.information.superhighway.htm (3045 words)

	Siegfried H. Horn Museum - Andrews University
		Cuneiform Tablets of the Siegfried H. Horn Museum.
		Some of tablets have been digitized by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, and these are available from their Siegfried H. Horn Museum cuneiform tablets website.
		Classified as (1) archival: economic and administrative data with most of Ur III tablets from cattle center of Drehem and deal with receipt of cattle from Sumerian cities and with shipment of cattle to Nippur with a smaller group of tablets from Umma concerned with gurs-serfs who did agricultural work and dug canals.
	www.andrews.edu /ARCHAEOLOGY/museum/tablets.html (525 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Heritage \| Ancient peace
		On the morning of 1 September, when the German archaeological mission of Hildesheim was clearing a dump next to a kiln used to produce glass near the ancient capital of Per-Ramses in the reign of Ramses II, a 5x5cm fragment of diplomatic correspondence came to light.
		The tablet was found unexpectedly beside a 2m wide kiln dating to the Late Period.
		One of the faces of the tablet, which is burnt to dark red at its surface and has a red-orange inner core, is almost completely eroded, with only two or three signs preserved.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/659/hr2.htm (726 words)

	Digital Hammurabi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Capping 4 years' effort, the Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding, under the auspices of the Digital Hammurabi Project, successfully completed its efforts to encode cuneiform when, in June 2004, both the Unicode Technical Committee and the ISO 10646 WG2 unanimously approved the proposal.
		Digital Hammurabi is a major, cross-discipline effort originating at the Johns Hopkins University aimed at scanning, visualizing, and publishing very high resolution, three dimensional models of cuneiform tablets and at producing an international standard computer encoding for cuneiform text.
		We will enable scholars to select tablets from cuneiform digital archives for use on their local computers where they can manipulate them at will, linking 3D cuneiform images to encoded cuneiform text.
	www.jhu.edu /digitalhammurabi (1022 words)

	Cuneiform Tablet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The tablet should be thick enough to dry into a sturdy tablet (1/4" or a little less).
		Your tablet should be approximately the size of your palm.
		The tablet and the nameplate are due on Friday, November 4th.
	www.esd.k12.ca.us /jfs/A9/pages/Cuneiform_Tablet.html (247 words)

	Institute of Archaeology Publications Department - Andrews University
		This, the first of several volumes publishing the cuneiform tablets in the Horn Museum, presents 974 tablets dated to the Ur III period, and mostly from Drehem.
		Tablet 509, the Dugga Seal, and the Urkununna Seal are illustrated with photographs.
		Sigrist resumes his publication of cuneiform tablets in the Horn Museum collection with this corpus of 101 Old Babylonian tablets, including 22 with seal impressions.
	www.andrews.edu /ARCHAEOLOGY/pubs/books/assyrian_pub.html (1142 words)

	Thesis
		Reconstruction of ancient documents such as the Cuneiform tablets and stilus tablets provide scientists and scholars with the challenge of transforming their three dimensional characteristics to a two dimensional plane.
		However, because the surface of the Cuneiform tablet subsists of uneven curves and features of various degrees of depth they present many problems to photographers as well as epistolary scholars who try to read and represent these images.
		Calculating the topography of the Cuneiform tablets from digital images is a distinct way to extract contour measurements of the wedge shaped characters and cylinder seal impressions found in their surfaces.
	www.cis.rit.edu /research/thesis/bs/1999/barbu/Thesis1.html (2766 words)

	Cuneiform Inscriptions
		When a seal was pressed or rolled onto a clay tablet, it left its distinctive impression, in reverse.
		A sealed storeroom, container, or record was thus protected against entry, tampering, or alteration without the oversight of the individual in possession of the same seal.
		All SMM tablets were photographed by Tim Ready.
	www.smm.org /research/Anthropology/cuneiform/cuneiform.php (630 words)

	Hey, mister -- wanna buy a 4,000-year-old cuneiform tablet for $10? - Salon
		Scholars who devote themselves to translating and interpreting cuneiform tablets have long favored old-fashioned 3-by-5 or 4-by-6 index cards and pencils as their primary tools.
		An Assyriologist parsing an early cuneiform tablet at the Yale Babylonian Collection or the Hermitage would copy the words on each tablet by hand, writing a transliteration in Latin characters of what it said on the same card, noting the relationships between words and characters.
		The attempt to computerize cuneiform began as early as the late '70s at the Max Planck Institute of Human Development in Berlin, where computer punch cards were used to record about 2,000 transliterations of proto-cuneiform texts.
	dir.salon.com /story/tech/feature/2002/05/11/sumerian/?pn=3 (890 words)

	Reading Room: UNESCO-CI
		A cuneiform soothsaying tablet in the shape of liver
		Cuneiform tablet with a hieroglyph seal stamp at the center
		One of the fragments of this letter in Akkadian was bought in an auction in England a few years ago, and was united with the other fragment.
	portal.unesco.org /ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=5143&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=-459.html (377 words)

	Cuneiform tablets from Amarna
		In 1887 a woman from Amarna found nearly 400 cuneiform tablets.
		The tablets contain international diplomatic correspondence of the Amarna period, of the utmost importance for studying the history of the Near East in the 14th century BC.
		Petrie located the building in which the tablets were found and finally uncovered some further tablets.
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /amarna/cuneiform.html (63 words)

	Cuneiform Writing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Cuneiform, which comes from the Latin words Cuneus, which means wedge and Forma, which means shape, is the earliest recorded writing in
		Cuneiform is a style of writing that involves wedge shaped markings into a wet clay mixture using long reeds.
		A clay tablet of Cuneiform (right) with a drawing of the Cuneiform symbols (left).
	www.sunysuffolk.edu /~biles62/ch4.htm (292 words)

	The Flood Tablet, relating part of the Epic of Gilgamesh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Cuneiform tablet telling the legend of Ishtar's desc...
		The Assyrian King Ashurbanipal (reigned 669-631 BC) collected a library of thousands of cuneiform tablets in his palace at Nineveh.
		This, the eleventh tablet of the epic, describes the meeting of Gilgamesh with Utnapishtim.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/goto?id=OBJ1737 (313 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		Cuneiform came to function both phonetically (representing a sound) and semantically (representing a meaning such as an object or concept) rather than only representing objects directly as a picture.
		The English word cuneiform comes from the Latin cuneus, meaning “wedge.” Using cuneiform, written symbols could be quickly made by highly trained scribes through the skillful use of the wedge-like end of a reed stylus.
		Cuneiform was used to record literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh—the oldest epic still known.
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=622 (5081 words)

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