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	Cunning folk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Whether Cunning folk actually did possess any supernatural power is open to debate; certainly some were caught in fraud such as spying on customers to help their predictions, repeatedly promising vast treasure which was never found, and falsely accusing the innocent of theft or witchcraft.
		Cunning folk in general did not worry about how their magic worked, the important thing to them and their community is that people thought it did.
		Cunning folks were as busy as ever by the mid eighteenth century when religious tolerance in Britain ensured that professed atheists as well as Roman Catholics could openly admit their beliefs without danger, indeed some eccentrics did claim to worship Classical deities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cunning_folk (1244 words)

	Thelemapedia: The Encyclopedia of Thelema & Magick \| Cunning folk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The historical studies of Owen Davies have shown the extent to which cunning folk were a recognised part of British rural and urban life, and in the nineteenth century EV it is estimated there were several thousand at work across the country.
		Cunning folk claimed to be able to detect evil witchcraft and counter it by using their own spells.
		After the execution of witches in England ceased, cunning folk provided the mains means of neutralising witchcraft for those who thought themselves afflicted by it.
	www.thelemapedia.org /index.php/Cunning_folk (1109 words)

	Charmer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charmers were English practitioners of a specific kind of folk magic, specialising in supernatural healing.
		Other folk magic traditions include those of the cunning folk, the toad doctors and the girdle-measurers.
		The charming tradition is quite distinct from others and is based either on the charmer's possession of inherent healing ability by 'laying on of hands', ownership of an object that had healing properties or possession of a charm or charms in verse, typically deriving from Biblical sources genuine or apocryphal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charmer (375 words)

	october 2003 books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The cunning folk ranged widely from local intellectuals such as the Harries family with their extensive collection of rare antiquarian books, through to wild characters such as the battling, many times imprisoned Maria Giles, who reads just like a character from a modern soap opera.
		The cunning folk were always liminal characters, regarded by the church in the heyday of witchcraft beliefs as enemies even worse than openly "fl" witches as they provided subtler traps for unwary souls, and by later generations of official and "respectable: opinion as worthless charlatans.
		In later chapters Davies examines the relationship between English cunning folk and similar figures across Europe, and looks at the suggested connections with shamanism, and the claims of various pagans to be their successors.
	www.magonia.demon.co.uk /arc/00/oct2003.htm (1432 words)

	Tucan Cun Beach
		Cun (or cun, with a small 'c') is a pseudonym used by me, Vegard Ottervig (born 1 February 1985 in Lørenskog, Akershus, Norway).
		''Cun'' is an abbreviation of ''Cuneax'' (or ''cuneax''), which again is a sort of an acronym for something else.
		Cunning Stunts is an adventure / exploration / technical assistance firm that offers services including mountain climbing guides, extreme adventure guiding, and protest technical assistance, for example, engineering a BASE jump from Nelson's Column in London to draw attention to the plight of Tibet.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/209/tucan-cun-beach.html (1077 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cunning Folk and their divinatory abilities were often employed by witch finders to discover witches.
		Particularly in the aspect that Cunning Folk were said to perform 'exorcisms', while a word for Witch in Norse is 'vikja', meaning 'to turn away' in reference to spirits.
		One thing which Witches and Cunning Folk have in common throughout history is their reliance upon the otherworldly beings for at least a portion of their power.
	www.thecrookedheath.com /gudeman/trad.htm (2820 words)

	Witchcraft - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Folk magic of a more benign and socially acceptable sort may then be employed to turn the witchcraft aside, or identify the supposed witch so that punishment may be carried out.
		In England, the provision of this curative magic was the job of a witch doctor, also known as a cunning man, white witch, or wise woman.
		The important distinction is that there are records of the populace reporting alleged witches to the authorities as such, whereas cunning folk were not so incriminated; they were more commonly prosecuted for accusing the innocent or defrauding people of money.
	www.egnu.org /thelema/index.php/Witchcraft (3615 words)

	Witchcraft - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The concept of a magic-worker influencing another person's body or property against his or her will was clearly present in many cultures before the introduction of monotheism, as there are traditions in both folk magic and religious magic that have the purpose of countering witchcraft or identifying witches from those times.
		Folk magic of a more benign and socially acceptable sort may then be employed to turn the malevolence aside, or identify the supposed witch so that punishment may be carried out.
		The folk magic used to identify or protect against witches is often indistinguishable from that used by the witches themselves.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Witch (3719 words)

	Cunning Folk: Traditional Paganism and the Cunning Artst
		A old rhyme, said to be used by cunning folk when they set out on journeys "Mullein and rue, and red- cap too, hie me over to ______." (The blank being the place you are bound to.) Sometimes it is given as "Yarrow and rue." In several tales, it is presented as a flying spell.
		He lived for many years in Hadleigh, in Essex, and until his death in 1860, he practiced as a 'cunning man' and had the popular reputation of being a wizard.
		Cunning Murrell died on 16 December 1860, and was buried in an unmarked grave in Hadleigh churchyard, beside most of his twenty children.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Oracle/5871/cunningfolk.html (1154 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Virtually all Cunning Folk were astrologers and herbalists, and they stood out among the generally illiterate population as people who read and collected books.
		Cunning Folk were almost always solitary individuals, but there were also many hereditary family Clans of a type of village Witchcraft who often lived around standing stones and ancient earthworks.
		England saw a general rise in the interest of magic in the late 1800's, and a number of magickal societies helped to collect and disseminate the knowledge of magick to a wider audience.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/dragon9/ORIGINS.html (3283 words)

	Humbul full record view for -- Cunning folk
		There is a bibliography of his works and extracts from his books and articles.The cunning folk made up an entity distinct from those accused of witchcraft, although cunning folk were accused of witchcraft on occasion.
		Cunning folk were more likely to be those purporting to carry out beneficial practices, love magic, or locating lost items.
		These people were of great value to the community and so most often escaped the fate of those deemed to have caused harm.
	www.humbul.ac.uk /output/full2.php?id=7016 (273 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Cunning Folk or “White” Witches would often place curses on their client's enemies and their own.
		If the Cunning Folk thought in their judgement someone deserved a magical kick up the backside they would not hesitate to administer it!
		It was believed that a Witch's powers were refreshed in the spring time, and many would visit her cottage at this time to have charms made or old ones re-empowered.
	www.cornishwitchcraft.co.uk /cunning-folk.htm (561 words)

	Hedgies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Weather Mage is a folk-magic based weather worker, she has much in common with the Cunning Folk.
		They may find and use Wild Vis as Cunning Folk do, although they do not have the same mastery of the wild herbs, they utilize the patterns in weather to find objects containing Wild Vis.
		Since the Weather Mage is not as skilled a herbalist as the Cunning folk, they do not have the option of seeking specific plants or herbs of virtue.
	www.krikkit.dk /ressource/arsmagica/ars_hedge.html (1368 words)

	Reviews in History: Witches and Neighbours. The Social & Cultural Context of European Witchcraft
		Chapters II-IV explore the phenomena of hostile magic: the death, illness, or misfortunes of people or animals, the 'techniques' attributed to witches and the 'healers' who tried to reverse their spells, and the underlying ill-will in close-knit communities which fostered the fear of evil magic in the first place.
		Chapter V, juxtaposing some surprising elements, describes the 'diagnosing' of witchcraft, whether by cunning folk, semi-professional witch-finders, the state, the clergy, the medical profession, and th e unprofessional servants of justice.
		At one point Robin claims that cunning folk were rarely accused of being witche s, and distinguished from the latter (p.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/briggrvw.html (3084 words)

	The Cultus Sabbati
		Where the practices of cunning-folk overlapped with those of the high ritual magic traditions, the calling of angels, the apparatus of astrology, and Latin incantations were integrated into the magic of the everyday.
		An important dimension of magical and folk religiosity was the oneiric or dream realm.
		From an esoteric perspective it is considered that the Sabbath is the astral or dream convocation of magical ritualists' souls, animal selves, and a vast array of spirits, faeries and otherworldly beings.
	www.caduceusbooks.com /occultartgallery/cultus/cultus.html (2292 words)

	Godbeer Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In his book Godbeer looks at folk magic in the early days of New England and how it was viewed by the clerics of the day, he shows how religion and magic were sometimes intertwined.
		This led to confusion between some of the church rituals and folk magic, also confusion between a priest and cunning folk (26).
		This cunning folk were performing a vital social service in the sixteenth and seventeenth century (24).
	www.kings.edu /womens_history/witch/wrevgodbeer.html (1379 words)

	wicca-origins
		He plays particular attention to those called "cunning folk" in Wales, Southern England and the Midlands.
		I have mentioned how in the Middle Ages High Magic was an pursuit of the literate elite who based their work around magical text books called grimoires Hutton cites many examples of British "cunning folk" living in isolated villages but with similar grimoires.
		Cunning Folk, who were mostly men, often saw witches as evil woman who practised fl magic, often in alliance with a demon.
	www.witch.plus.com /7day-extracts/wicca-origins.html (1181 words)

	Treadwell's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Everyone with an interest in folk magic is invited to bring ideas to bear on this symbolism puzzle.
		Cunning folk are a topic on the cutting edge of witchraft scholarship, and are coincidentally of most interest to modern pagans.
		Owen Davies is the author of the acclaimed Cunning Folk, and is a leading scholar in this field.
	www.treadwells-london.com /events.htm (1157 words)

	Beliefnet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		They seem to contradict the popular view of practitioners in such ways as charging for services, having Christian facets to their magick, etc; many of their ways are contrary to what is considered "proper" in the Craft today.
		After all it sometimes took a long time to learn these skills, and like any other trade was something you could use to support yourself and your family.
		I think that cunning folk are closest to my style of magic.
	www.beliefnet.com /study_groups/studygroup_message_list.asp?studyGroupID=2334&discussionID=109400 (303 words)

	Hogwarts Houses and the Four Elements
		Another negative word is "backsliding"." Yet, given Rowling's proven erudition, I wouldn't discount idea that the word "cunning" may be a double entendre, rather than simply a negative slight.
		Cunning Folk - "Cunning-folk, who were also known as wise-women, wise-men, conjurors and wizards, were an integral part of English society right up until the early twentieth century.
		Over the centuries hundreds of thousands of people must have consulted them regarding a wide range of problems, but particularly those concerning affairs of the heart, theft, sickness and most important of all witchcraft.
	www.lelandra.com /tarotbook/harrypotterelements.htm (1109 words)

	Charmers and Charming in England and Wales from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century - Questia Online Library
		In the historiography of magic and folk medicine a variety of interchangeable terms have been used to describe several types of folk healer whose roles were, in fact, quite distinct and well-defined.
		This tendency has undoubtedly arisen partly from the fact that some cunning-folk added the role of charmer to their list of remunerative occupations,(1) and also that a few charmers flouted the traditions which bound them, and so appeared to be acting like cunning-folk.
		Press defines folk illness as relating to concepts of cause, etiology and manifestation, while folk medicine refers solely to instruments, practices and practitioners.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=5001382932 (741 words)

	OBOD: Loaded Words and Dangerous Cults (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Clearly, the Cunning Folk were in positions of great influence within their community.
		While the Cunning Folk worked alone or in small groups, and were the local wise people and healers in rural communities, the Druids were an organized elite, exempt from warfare and paying taxes, and they acted as judges, teachers, philosophers and advisers to chieftains, kings and queens.
		Those who study Druidry today find that as they enter the Ovate period of their studies, they seem to develop and get in touch with precisely those parts of themselves that are now associated with the Witch, and that others associate with the shaman, including the ability to navigate the inner world, and develop seership.
	www.druidry.org /modules.php?op=modload&name=PagEd&file=index&topic_id=1&page_id=68 (1670 words)

	Reviews in History - Author's Response: Witches and Neighbours, The Social & Cultural Context of European Witchcraft
		There is no obvious reference in his book to the possibility that cunning folk might accuse their rivals of fl witchcraft, which was the specific point at issue i n my discussion.
		I might incidentally mention the fascinating and as yet unpublished work which David Wootton has done on Scot, from which it emerges that he may well have been a Familist, and that his attitude to poverty, with its social and economic co ncomitants, was complex and unusual.
		Indeed many early modern cunning folk still preferred to identify sicknesses with saints who must be propitiated.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/witch.html (3028 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The descendents of these works were the medieval grimoires, which achieved wide dissemination due to the invention of the printing press.
		Often among the few in their area who could read and write, many of these Cunning Folk kept small libraries of books they ordered through the mail, including reprints of medieval grimoires and seminal books on magic such as Cornelius Agrippa's Occult Philosophy.
		Alongside the usually solitary Cunning Folk were a large number of families among whom the lore of magic was passed down as an hereditary form of folk wisdom called Witchcraft.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/dragon9/BOS.html (1591 words)

	Cunning-folk Writeup
		Cunning-folk represent a group of people who are the minor magic-workers of rural communities, less commonly traveling healers and purveyors of potions and salves.
		Cunning folk do not cast spells per se, but instead have abilities to construct magic talismans, and other minor items.
		Intelligence is also important, used for crafting charms and banes, as well as quickly advancing skills.
	www.users.qwest.net /~jordanerik/Gaming/ArM/cunningfolk.htm (755 words)

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