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	Curta calculator - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Curta's design is a variant of Gottfried Leibnitz's Arithmometer, accumulating values on cogs, which are added or complemented by a steppered drum.
		The Curta was invented by Curt Herzstark while he was a prisoner in the Buchenwald concentration camp.
		The Curta was affectionately known as the "Pepper Grinder" due to its shape and means of operation.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Curta_calculator (459 words)

	Curta Calculator
		The Curta was the brainchild of Curt Herzstark of Austria.
		The Curta uses the Stepped Drum mechanism invented by Leibniz in the seventeenth century, and later perfected to serve in many hefty desk calculators in the nineteenth and twentieth.
		Curtas come in two models; mine is the Type I, supporting 8 digits in the input register (the set of sliders on the cylinder’s side) and 11 digits in the result register.
	www.nzeldes.com /HOC/Curta.htm (494 words)

	Curta calculator
		The Curta was invented by Curt Herzstark while he was a prisoner in the Buchenwald concentration camp.
		The Curta was affectionately known as the "Pepper Grinder" due to its shape and means of operation.
		The Curta was popular among contestants in sports car rallies during the 1960s, '70s and into the '80s.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/c/cu/curta_calculator.html (421 words)

	Encyclopedia: Curta calculator
		The Curta's design is a variant of Gottfried Leibnitz's Arithmometer, accumulating values on cogs, which are added or complemented by a steppered drum.
		Today calculators are electronic, but in the past mechanical and clerical aids such as slide rules, abaci, comptometers, books of mathematical tables and Napier's bones were used, and a "calculator" was a person (most often female) who made calculations using pen(cil) and paper.
		Curta calculators gained a real following in road-rally competitions, where their small size, high speed, and ease of use made them almost indespensible for rally navigators to use to calculate the right speeds for drivers to maintain to hit the leg times of rally coarses as closely as possible.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Curta-calculator (1062 words)

	Calculator
		Today most calculators are handheld microelectronic devices, but in the past some calculators were as large as many of today's computers.
		A pocket calculator is a small battery-powered or solar powered electronic digital computer made possible by integrated circuit and semiconductor technology.
		The word "calculator" is occasionally used as a pejorative term to describe an inadequately capable general-purpose microcomputer.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/calculator.html (771 words)

	Curta Type II Handheld Mechanical Calculator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		To those who are familiar with old mechanical calculating equipment, the name brings to mind thoughts of high precision machining, extreme mechanical design, and, to those who've been lucky enough to use one, the wonderful feel of the mechanism in operation.
		Curta calculators were produced between 1947 and sometime in the very early '70's.
		Curta calculators gained a real following in road-rally competitions, where their small size, high speed, and ease of use made them almost indespensible for rally navigators to use to calculate the right speeds for drivers to maintain to hit the leg times of rally coarses as closely as possible.
	www.oldcalculatormuseum.com /curta2.html (348 words)

	Curta Handhelds
		The Curtas were marvels of mechanical miniaturization which were introduced by Contina Ltd. in 1948.
		The entire wide top section of a curta was the carriage and you can see in the pictures that the carriages had markings on the bottom to indicate the position to which they were set.
		Curtas survived the early electronic desktop calculators due to their portability and lower price, but pocket electronic calculators killed the Curtas in 1972.
	www.hpmuseum.org /ffcurta.htm (699 words)

	Curta calculator: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Curta was a small, hand-cranked mechanical calculator (calculator: A small machine that is used for mathematical calculations) introduced in 1948.
		The Curta's design is a variant of Gottfried Leibnitz (Gottfried Leibnitz: more facts about this subject) 's Arithmometer (Arithmometer: a mechanical calculator is a device that does computations without the aid of electronics....
		The Curta was invented by Curt Herzstark (Curt Herzstark: curt herzstark was born in 1902 in vienna, and died october 27, 1988 in nendeln,...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/curta_calculator (587 words)

	Curta Calculator, Rally Racing News
		This is an introduction to the uses of the Curta calculator as a rally computer.
		When the Curta is held or mounted in the proper position (with the factor input slides facing the operator) the time readout section (fl) will be near and facing the operator.
		The mileage and time that appear on the Curta before starting to add or subtract time should be noted before the operation is begun to insure when you are finished the mileage is the same as when you started and the proper amount of time is showing on the Curta.
	www.rallyracingnews.com /manuals/curtaman.html (2767 words)

	Curt Herzstark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1938, while he was technical manager of his father's company Rechenmaschinenwerk AUSTRIA Herzstark and Co., Herzstark had already completed the design, but could not manufacture it due to the Nazi German annexation of Austria.
		There he was ordered to make a drawing of the construction of his calculator, so that the Nazis could ultimately give the machine to the Führer as a gift after the successful end of the war.
		The preferential treatment this allowed him ensured that he survived his stay at Buchenwald until the camp's liberation in 1945, by which time he had redrawn the complete construction from memory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Curt_Herzstark (288 words)

	Visible Storage
		The Millionaire Calculator was invented in 1892 by Otto Steiger and built in Zurich by the firm of Hans W. Egli.
		Calculating machines were individually handcrafted until 1820, when Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar, a French insurance executive, began manufacturing machines.
		The breakthrough that made calculators useful for business was the 1886 invention by Dorr E. Felt of a key-driven machine called a Comptometer, which dramatically increased the speed of addition.
	www.computerhistory.org /VirtualVisibleStorage/artifact_main.php?tax_id=01.01.06.00 (652 words)

	YOUR CURTA CALCULATOR
		Learning how to operate the CURTA is actually very simple; all you have to do is to follow step by step and in the sequence set out the instructions and exercises that follow.
		With CURTA model I the 6 digits of the white dial have now been developed and the calculation is finished.
		With CURTA model II another 2 digits can be developed in the white dial for the quotient, since the carriage can be moved to 2 further positions (pos.
	www.vcalc.net /cu-man.htm (2743 words)

	Curta Calculator - Historic Rally Equipment
		One of the most versatile tools used by rallyists in the 1950s and 1960s was the Curta Calculator.
		Before the dawn of the portable electronic calculator in the early 1970s, all serious rallyists used a Curta in conjunction with a 1/100th reading odometer such as a Halda Twinmaster or Tripmaster.
		There were two versions of the Curta Calculator, known simply as the Type I and Type II.
	www.bcsc.co.uk /info/curtacalculator.html (219 words)

	Non-electric Calculating Devices
		Prior to the introduction of electric calculating machines, there were many devices used by surveyors to speed their work with various efforts to increase accuracy.
		The following display shows several examples of these calculating devices used during the late 1800's thru 1960's prior to the advent of modern digital devices.
		The "field crew" calculator of the 1950's and 60's.
	www.surveyhistory.org /non-electric_calculating_devices1.htm (83 words)

	Programmable Calculators: CURTA Type II
		From its introduction in 1948 until it gave way to electronic calculators in the early 1970s, the CURTA was the instrument of choice for many nerds.
		In the CURTA, sliding levers are used to set the corresponding drums to the desired digits; when the crank is then turned, the digits are transferred to the accumulator by addition.
		The ability to shift the entry mechanism relative to the accumulator is what makes it possible to use the CURTA for multiplication; you can shift the machine to the desired decimal position, perform the necessary number of rotations, then shift to the next position as you multiply with each successive digit.
	www.rskey.org /curtaii.htm (474 words)

	The Amazing Curta
		By then, pocket electronic calculators were selling for under $100 and a precision mechanical instrument like the Curta could no longer compete.
		Over the course of about 20 years approximately 80,000 of the Curta I and 60,000 of the Curta II were constructed.
		Since the Curta is a precision instrument, it was sold with a protective capsule or case.
	www.webcom.com /calc/Curta_text.html (493 words)

	DIY Calculator :: Cool Mechanical Calculators
		Several people experimented with versions of simple mechanical calculators that involved strips of metal with numbers marked on them mounted in a frame, where a stylus was used to slide these strips up and down.
		The Curta had sliding levers on the side that were used to set digits and an operating handle on the top that was turned clockwise.
		Having said this, the Curta's accuracy of 11 or 15 positions (depending on the model) meant that this device was actually more accurate than most of its early electronic pocket counterparts.
	www.diycalculator.com /sp-mechcool.shtml (1165 words)

	Hoopty Rides: The Amazing Curta Type II Mechanical Calculator
		I inherited a Curta mechanical calculator from my land surveying maternal grandfather and have been calculating cube roots for years.
		Recently, I came across this Curta that was coincidently manufactured a mere 6 months from the time of my grandfather's Curta.
		Suffice to say, the Curta is one of the most amazing mechanical machines ever made.
	hooptyrides.blogspot.com /2004/09/amazing-curta-type-ii-mechanical.html (221 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Before electronic calculators and computers swept them all away there were a wide range of mechanical calculators, ranging from hand held devices like the Arithma pocket calculators [see earlier posting] and slide rules to heavy desktop machines.
		The Curta is about 4.5” high and 1.5” in diameter and is a masterpiece of mechanical engineering.
		The camp commandant knew of Herzstark’s work on the Curta and he was set to work redrawing the calculator blueprints from memory.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=7908919&postID=110564660207176580 (393 words)

	CURTA Manual
		With CURTA model I the 6 digits of the white dial have now been developed and calculation is finished.
		With CURTA model II another 2 digits can be developed in the while dial for the quotient, since the carriage can be moved to 2 further positions (pos.
		Those who are already familiar with calculating machines can equally well divide by the subtractive method for which they will have to set the reversing lever (8 front page) into its lower position.
	www.geocities.com /andriesdeman/curtaman.html (2473 words)

	Curta
		Sold into the 1970s - included as a comparison with the electronic calculators with which it competed.
		Curta with 12345789 set and the crank turned once, as shown by the "1" appearing in the white, counter, sector.
		A stepped gear type calculator capable of the four functions, and more using special techniques.
	www.vintagecalculators.com /html/curta.html (228 words)

	Curta Calculator :: VintageRally.com
		The Curta Calculator was invented by Curt Herzstark, an Austrian whose family business was the manufacture of calculating machines under license.
		They may often be found on eBay, generally selling for about $600 to $700, though prices vary depending on condition and associated goodies such as the original box and literature.
		Curta Calculator Site and Registry - The best source of information on the Curta and its inventor Curt Herzstark.
	www.winktimber.com /vintagerally/gear/curta.htm (419 words)

	CURTA CALCULATOR REPAIR and CLEANING SERVICE
		The Curta calculator requires regular maintenance to prevent acummulating dirt and dust from binding the mechanism.
		Curta owners often are reminded of their old keepsakes and retrieve them from storage trunks and desk drawers.
		If the Curta is to be repaired without being cleaned, labor charges for replacing a broken or damaged part are in addition to the diagnostic charges and the replacement parts cost.
	home.comcast.net /~timewise1/curta/curta.html (975 words)

	Curta Calculators
		Instructions For The Use Of The Curta - Size 1: 8 X 6 X 11.
		Die CURTA und ihr Erfinder Curt Herzstart (The Curta and It’s Inventor)
		Included is a photo-reprint of an original Curta Price List, showing both the wholesale and retail prices as well as the Federal price and prices of various accessories.
	users.lewiston.com /ejorgens/office/curta/curta.html (162 words)

	System Source - Computer Museum
		Developed in the late 1940's, the Curta Hand-Held Calculator was at the same time the most advanced and also the last mechanical calculator invented and marketed.
		Invented by Curt Herzstark when he was a prisoner at Buchenwald (a German concentration camp), this calculator is run entirely by gears, knobs, and levers.
		It was at this point that pocket calculators began selling at affordable prices, and even the mechanically advanced Curta could not compete with them.
	www.syssrc.com /html/museum/html/curta.html (110 words)

	History of computing hardware :: Web Articles ::
		Gears are at the heart of mechanical devices like the Curta calculator.In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator and thus became the father of the computing era.
		By the 1900s earlier mechanical calculators, cash registers, accounting machines, and so on were redesigned to use electric motors, with gear position as the representation for the state of a variable.
		At the time, however, unaided calculation was seen as enough of a triumph, to view the solution of a single problem as the object of a program.
	www.webarticles.com /Computers/Hardware/History-of-computing-hardware (5044 words)

	► where to purchase a tsd calculator
		The answer to "where to purchase a tsd calculator" is coming soon.
		If your answer shows that you really know where to purchase a tsd calculator, we will post it and link to your site to show our thanks for helping to build FAQ-Site into a valuable resource.
		Curta Mechanical Calculator as used in TSD rallying by Jim...
	www.faq-site.com /faqs/130/where-to-purchase-a-tsd-calculator.html (323 words)

	US Patent 2,525,352; Oct. 10, 1950
		In the accompanying drawings a form of embodiment of the calculating machine according to the invention is shown on an enlarged scale by way of example, the figures showing only those components which are required for the understanding of the invention.
		The transmission pinions 8 of the result counting mechanism R and the pinions 8' of the revolution counting mechanism U are arranged with their axes of rotation in the same plane which is positioned at right angles to the axis of rotation of the driving element.
		In a calculating machine as claimed in claim 3 a spring spider arranged concentrically with the said perforated counting mechanism body, the arms of the said spider forming spring means adapted to bias the said balls into their associated perforations.
	www.geocities.com /andriesdeman/curpat.html (1405 words)

	New Haven Register - The Curta comeback: a nano-machine
		The oddly compelling Curta calculator was mortally wounded by cheap, reliable electronic calculators.
		The Curta, a cylindrical device 4 inches tall with a crank on top like a pepper mill, contains about 600 parts — screws, gears, shafts, numeral wheels, a "step drum" with 37 layers, setting knobs, a clearing ring, and a lot more.
		Only about 120,000 Curtas were fabricated and the instruments are in exceedingly high demand by obsessive collectors and enthusiasts.
	www.nhregister.com /site/news.cfm?newsid=10721080&BRD=1281&PAG=461&dept_id=7559&rfi=6 (556 words)

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