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Topic: Cutin

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	The Acyl-CoA Synthetase Encoded by LACS2 Is Essential for Normal Cuticle Development in Arabidopsis - Science - ...
		We conclude that the LACS2 isozyme catalyzes the synthesis of [omega]-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA intermediates in the pathway to cutin synthesis.
		The fatty acid precursor of epicuticular wax is predominantly 18:0, whereas the monomers of cutin are synthesized from 16:0 and 18:1 fatty acyl-CoAs.
		The 40% reduction in thickness of the cutin layer on the abaxial epidermis of lacs2-1 leaves is accompanied by a 40% reduction in the thickness of the primary cell wall of the epidermal cells.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=51563 (9671 words)

	cutin
		The major structural component of the cuticle is cutin, a biopolyester composed of interesterified hydroxy, and epoxy-hydroxy C16 and C18 fatty acids.
		Cutin monomers produced by the action of cutinase have been recently shown to be important as signals, in fungi to induce the expression of cutinase, and in plants to potentially activate defence mechanisms.
		For instance, it is unknown where cutin monomers/oligomers are made and how they get to the surface, how the polymerisation takes place, what regulates the amount of cutin and which effects it has on the physiology of the plant.
	www.unifr.ch /plantbio/Instit/cutin.html (478 words)

	Cloning and Expression of cDNA Encoding a Protein That Binds a Palindromic Promoter Element Essential for Induction of ...
		It was postulated that conidia of virulent fungi would sense the contact with plants via the unique cutin monomers that would be released by the small amount of cutinase carried on the conidia, and these monomers would then induce cutinase in the germinating conidia to assist in the penetration into the host (3).
		Previously a 50-kDa phosphorylated protein was detected in the fungal nuclear preparation that was induced to initiate cutinase gene transcription with cutin monomers, and indirect evidence was presented that this 50-kDa protein is involved in the induction of cutinase gene by the hydroxy fatty acid monomers (6).
		Cutin hydrolysate (80 µg/ml) was added to the culture, and after a period of 10-15 min mycelia were harvested and frozen with liquid nitrogen.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/270/20/11753 (3418 words)

	Cutinase structure, function and biocatalytic applications
		Cutinases are hydrolytic enzymes that degrade cutin, the cuticular polymer of higher plants, which is a polyester composed of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids (Purdy and Kolattukudy, 1975).
		Cutin plays a key role in protection against the entry of pathogens into plants, and its enzymatic degradation has proved to be one of the first steps in the infection process.
		It is repressed by glucose and induced by hydrolyzed cutin or its major constituents, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, and 9,10,18-trihydroxypalmitic acid (Dantzig et al., 1986; Murphy et al., 1996).
	www.ejbiotechnology.info /content/vol1/issue3/full/8/index.html (8674 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Deshmukh, Ashish
		Differences in the chemical and physical nature of the polymethylenic chains among biopolymers was correlated with their ability to sorb and retain a PAH like phenanthrene.
		While tomato cutin is composed of amorphous polymethylenic structures, Agave americana cutan and potato suberin are semi-crystalline.
		Differential scanning calorimetry shows that cutin is a rubbery polymer, while cutan and suberin are glassy polymers.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?osu1054564060 (760 words)

	cutin \| \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Cutin (Akkruste) ist eine polyesterartige Substanz, die in Kombination mit Zellulose, Pektin und Wachsen in der Cuticula von Pflanzenzellen zu finden ist und diese nahezu wasserundurchlässig macht.
		Cutin kann von Pilzen und in Pollen durch Cutinase gespalten werden.
		Cutine is een biopolyester, dat gemaakt wordt van geïnter-esteriseerde hydroxy, epoxy-hydroxy C16 en C18 vetzuren.Het hoofdbestanddel van de cuticula is cutine.
	www.babylon.com /definition/cutin/All (168 words)

	monoglycerides
		Monoacylglycerol were shown to be important in the constitution of cutin polymer (Graca J et al., Phytochemistry 2002, 61, 205).
		Cutin is the structural component of the plant cuticle, the outermost layer of aerial organs of higher plants.
		The cutin polymer has been found to be based on the inter-esterification of hydroxyacids (head-to-tail in a linear form or cross-linked) and of glycerol esterified with various hydroxy-fatty acids.
	www.cyberlipid.org /glycer/glyc0002.htm (1524 words)

	DBMV UNIL - Research
		The aerial portions of plants are covered with a continuous extracellular layer of hydrophobic material, the cuticle, that plays an important role in protecting these organisms from water and solute loss, UV irradiation, frost damage, as well as pathogen and insect attack.
		Cutin, a unique plant biopolyester composed of interesterified hydroxy and epoxy-hydroxy fatty acids, is the major structural component of the cuticle.
		In order to discover phenotypes of plants having less cutin in the cuticle transgenic Arabidopsis plants that express and secrete a fungal cutinase into the cell wall and degrade their cutin in vivo have been generated.
	www.unil.ch /dbmv/page13690_en.html (462 words)

	The Influence of Water on the Nanomechanical Behavior of the Plant Biopolyester Cutin as Studied by AFM and Solid-State ...
		The Influence of Water on the Nanomechanical Behavior of the Plant Biopolyester Cutin as Studied by AFM and Solid-State NMR -- Round et al.
		The proton powder pattern corresponding to the bulk-methylene carbons consists of overlapping broad and narrow peaks, with estimated linewidths of 35 and 5 kHz, respectively.
		H spectral slice of tomato cutin soaked with water is also shown for comparison, along with dashed lines showing the spectral simulation described in Table 2.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/79/5/2761 (3855 words)

	Natural Waxes on Fruits (N2I2A)
		The structural component of the cuticle is a biological polyester called cutin, which is made by the outermost layer of cells called the epidermal cells.
		Cutin is a large insoluble substance (polymer) made from small molecules which are in turn derived from cellular fat.
		The cuticle is attached to the walls of the epidermal cells by a glue layer made from a substance of the cuticle called pectin (Fig.
	postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu /pgDisplay.php?article=N2I2A (1242 words)

	FBM UNIL - Nawrath Christiane
		The epidermis of the aerial portions of plants is covered with a continuous extracellular layer of hydrophobic material, the cuticle, that plays an important role as interface between the plant and its environment.
		Cutin, a unique plant biopolyester mainly composed of fatty acid derivatives, is the major structural component of the cuticle.
		In addition, we isolated two genes involved in cutin formation by the characterization of permeable cuticle (pec) mutants that show a strongly facilitated dye uptake.
	www.unil.ch /fbm/page39649_en.html (456 words)

	AZ Master Gardener Manual: Leaves
		Part of the epidermis is the cuticle, which is composed of a waxy substance called cutin that protects the leaf from dehydration and prevents penetration of some diseases.
		The amount of cutin is a direct response to sunlight, increasing with increasing light intensity.
		For this reason, plants grown in the shade should be moved into full sunlight gradually, over a period of a few weeks, to allow the cutin layer to increase and to protect the leaves from the shock of rapid water loss or sun scald.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/garden/mg/botany/leaves.html (1412 words)

	Cutin - Definition, explanation
		Cutin is a waxy substance which is a component of cuticle at the surface of leaves in plants.
		It consists of fatty acids and their derivatives which form ester bonds.
		There are two major monomer families of cutin, C16 and C18-families.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/cu/cutin.php (90 words)

	Cutin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cutin is one of two waxy polymers, which are the main components of the plant cuticle which covers all aerial surfaces of plants.
		Cutin consists of hydroxy-fatty acids and their derivatives which are interlinked via ester bonds, forming a polyester polymer of indeterminate size.
		There are two major monomer families of cutin, the C16 and C18 families.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cutin (122 words)

	MEDLINE_1966-1995 - Results of the search <page 1>
		Induction of cutinase by cutin or hydrolyzed cutin after growth on glucose medium was similarly reduced.
		Fluorography and Western blotting of 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of separated 35S-labeled proteins from cutin induction medium revealed that in the mutant the 22,000-molecular-weight band corresponding to cutinase was reduced approximately 85%.
		The virulence of the mutant in a pea stem bioassay was decreased by 55% and was restored to nearly the parental level by the addition of purified cutinase.
	www.bireme.br /cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE_1966-1995&exprSearch=3782031&indexSearch=UI&lang=i (304 words)

	Biogeochemical Processes That Produce Dissolved Organic Matter From Wheat Straw Evaluation of Conceptual Models of ...
		Cutin is a heterogeneous polyester composed to a large extent of hydoxy-substituted, saturated C
		The cuticles of plants consist of the cutin polymer embedded in a matrix of soluble plant waxes.
		Cutin oligomers and monomeric fatty acids are produced during enzymatic cutin hydrolysis.
	pubs.usgs.gov /sir/2004/5121 (18976 words)

	cutinizes definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "cutinizes" in all of MSN Encarta
		cu·tin·ize (past and past participle cu·tin·ized, present participle cu·tin·iz·ing, 3rd person present singular cu·tin·iz·es)
		form waxy layer in plant: to deposit cutin in the cell walls of the parts of plants that are above the ground
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_/cutinizes.html (91 words)

	lecture6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Fungi and parasitic higher plants apparently penetrate wax layers by means of mechanical force alone.
		Cutin- an insoluble polyester of mostly branched derivatives of C
		acts on the cutin, the cutin monmers cause a 1000x increase in the amt.
	taipan.nmsu.edu /EPWS310/lecture6.html (447 words)

	Identification of a Fungal Cutinase Promoter that is Inducible by a Plant Signal Via a Phosphorylated Trans-Acting ...
		Plant cutin monomers trigger, and glucose suppresses, the expression of the cutinase gene of pathogenic fungi.
		CAT was induced in a glucose-repressible manner when fused with a 360-base-pair (bp), or longer, segment of the 5' flanking region of the cutinase gene, and deletion of the next 135 bp abolished this induction.
		These results suggest that cutin monomer causes phosphorylation of a transcription factor that binds to the -225 to -360 segment of the cutinase gene and enhances transcription of this gene.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/short/88/18/8208 (620 words)

	The Acyl-CoA Synthetase Encoded by LACS2 Is Essential for Normal Cuticle Development in Arabidopsis -- Schnurr et al. ...
		18:0, whereas the monomers of cutin are synthesized from 16:0
		to be substrates for cutin synthesis in vitro (Croteau and Kolattukudy,
		Kolattukudy, P.E., and Walton, T.J. Structure and biosynthesis of the hydroxy fatty acids of cutin in Vicia faba leaves.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/3/629 (7820 words)

	Library of Crop Technology Lessons
		The cuticle is a complex matrix of materials that vary in water solubility and include waxes, cutin and pectin (Figure 1).
		Below the surface epicuticular and cuticular wax layers, a less lipophilic layer of cutin occurs interlaced with strands of pectin and embedded wax.
		Hydrophilic compounds, on the other hand, are slow to move into cuticular waxes and absorption is often enhanced with surfactants and liquid fertilizer additives that help to dissolve surface waxes and slow the drying time of spray droplets.
	citnews.unl.edu /croptechnology/viewLesson.cgi?min=0&max=7&topic_order=1&LessonID=1056648673 (846 words)

	Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Expressing a Fungal Cutinase Show Alterations in the Structure and Properties of the ...
		A major structural component of the cuticle of plants is cutin.
		In the absence of cutin mutants and characterized cutinase
		Baker, C.J., McCormick, S.L., and Batemann, D.F. (1982) Effects of purified cutin esterase upon the permeability and mechanical strength of cutin membranes.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/12/5/721 (8047 words)

	Relative humidity and temperature modify the mechanical properties of isolated tomato fruit cuticles -- Matas et al. 92 ...
		Heredia A 2003 Biophysical and biochemical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer.
		Matas A. J J Cuartero A Heredia 2004b Phase transitions in the biopolyester cutin isolated from tomato fruit cuticles.
		Round A. N B Yan S Dang R Estephan R. E Stark J. D Batteas 2000 The influence of water on the nanomechanical behavior of the plant biopolyester cutin as studied by AFM and solid-state NMR.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/92/3/462 (4488 words)

	Leaves, Botany Course, Master Gardener Training, Extension Service, Oregon State University
		It produces a waxy layer called cutin, which protects the leaf from dehydration and disease.
		The amount of cutin on a leaf increases with increasing light intensity.
		This gradual exposure to sunlight allows the cutin layer to build up and protect the leaves from rapid water loss or sunscald.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /mg/botany/leaves.html (461 words)

	ICPP98 Paper Number 1.8.10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These purified enzymes have been found to degrade unsaturated long-chain fatty acid esters reported to be components of cutin and waxes, indicating a possible involvement in interactions between conidia and cuticle.
		The lack of lipase production in dextrose-grown cultures and its synthesis in the presence of purified cutin suggest that lipase is cutin-induced rather than constitutive.
		No immunological cross- reactivity with anti-lipase antibodies was detected between cutinases produced when apple cutin was used as the sole carbon source.
	www.bspp.org.uk /ICPP98/1.8/10.html (550 words)

	* Cutin- (Gardening): Definition
		The waxy substance that forms the cuticle layer, providing a protective coating on the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems, and fruit.
		Cutin - the waxy or varnish-like material that makes up the cuticle.
		Day-neutral plant - a plant that will flower under any day length.
	en.mimi.hu /gardening/cutin.html (82 words)

	Radial walls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		cutin, and it even penetrated into the radial walls
		The two arrows indicate pale lines in the cuticle: such lines usually mean that the cells are actually cuboidal, and that the outer wall and the outer parts of the radial walls have thickened and are now encrusted with cutin.
		(Alternatively, the cells could be rounded, with so much cutin that it has filled in all the valleys between cells; but when that happens, there are no pale lines.)
	www.sbs.utexas.edu /mauseth/weblab/webchap10epi/10.2-13.htm (109 words)

	BCH/PLS/PPA 609 \| Lecture Nineteen Web Notes
		The purpose of today's lecture/discussion is introduce some aspects of the biological chemistry of plant glycerolipids you likely didn't study previously.
		Finally we will briefly cover the synthesis of waxes and cutin in plants.
		Cutin synthesis, the other major cuticular component, involves modification of some palmitoyl- and oleoyl-CoAs to hydroxy, epoxy and dihydroxy derivatives all of which (~8 monomers) are inter-esterified to form complex polyesters.
	www.uky.edu /~dhild/biochem/19/lect19.html (1821 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: The Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase Encoded by Lacs2 Is Essential for Normal Cuticle Development ...
		The composition of surface waxes extracted from lacs2 leaves was similar to the wild type, and the total wax load was higher than the wild type (111.4 µg/dm2 versus 76.4 µg/dm2, respectively).
		However, the thickness of the cutin layer on the abaxial surface of lacs2 leaves was only 22.3 ± 1.7 nm compared with 33.0 ± 2.0 nm for the wild type.
		We conclude that the LACS2 isozyme catalyzes the synthesis of -hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA intermediates in the pathway to cutin synthesis.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=174580 (601 words)

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