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Topic: Cyanamide

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	United States Patent Application: 0040016275
		However, it should be recognized that the terms calcium cyanamide and commercial calcium cyanamide encompass calcium cyanamide materials where additional components of commercial calcium cyanamide such as carbon, calcium oxide, dicyandiamide and calcium carbide are absent or are present in amounts different from typical commercial calcium cyanamide.
		According to the disclosure, calcium oxide in commercial calcium cyanamide is not an undesirable by-product; rather, its presence in commercial calcium cyanamide is exploited to raise pH and stabilize bioactive acid cyanamide ions that form as calcium cyanamide dissolves.
		In the case of heterogeneous compositions that comprise a calcium cyanamide core and a urea coating, it is plausible that acetylene generated during manufacture purges atmospheric gases including carbon dioxide from the near the core.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=20040016275&OS=20040016275&RS=20040016275 (18388 words)

	CYANAMIDE - LoveToKnow Article on CYANAMIDE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Nascent hydrogen reduces cyanamide to ammonia and methylamine.
		Calcium cyanamide has assumed importance in agriculture since the discovery of its economic production in the electric furnace, wherein calcium carbide takes up nitrogen from the atmosphere to form the cyanamide with the simultaneous liberation of carbon.
		It may also be produced by heating lime or chalk with charcoal to 2000 in a current of air.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CY/CYANAMIDE.htm (232 words)

	NZPPS paper - The Effects of Hydrogen Cyanamide and Mineral Oil on Kiwifruit Performance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The primary action of hydrogen cyanamide is on phenological development of vines in spring, particularly increased budbreak and flowering, and greater synchrony of these events (Henzell and Briscoe 1986).
		Five rates of hydrogen cyanamide (1.04, 2.08, 3.12, 4.16 and 6.24 kg/100 litres), applied as Hicane (520 g/litre), were combined with either 0.05% Agral LN or 1% mineral oil (Shell Sunspray).
		Although hydrogen cyanamide had large effects on fruit numbers carried by vines, the mean fruit weight was equivalent to that on untreated vines.
	www.hortnet.co.nz /publications/nzpps/proceedings/94/94_314.htm (2229 words)

	Reactive dyeing system using phosphorus acid dyes with a cyanamide compound - Patent 4134722
		Page 32 of this booklet indicates that cyanamide was long known to be a dehydrating agent when warmed with anhydrous formic acid and in the esterification of lactic or salicylic acid in absolute ethanol.
		Cyanamide which is a suitable carbodiimide, allows for a rapid esterification of phosphorus acids with alcohols.
		The results obtained with cyanamide and dicyandiamide suggest that cyanamide compounds of the general formula ##STR8## wherein X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are hydrogen, lower alkyl, or together are ##STR9## wherein each X.sup.3 is independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, can be used in the process of the present invention.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4134722.html (9141 words)

	Cyanamide
		The accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body, which is caused by the interaction of cyanamide and alcohol, produces a syndrome of vasodilation characterized by facial flushing that spreads to the whole body, throbbing headache, nausea, vomiting, difficult breathing, sweating, thirst, chest pain, hypotension, weakness, vertigo, blurred vision, and confusion [Hathaway et al.
		Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to cyanamide, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks.
		Cyanamide should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200].
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/cyanamide/recognition.html (3420 words)

	N-Cyanosulfonamide resins and intermediates therefor and products thereof - Patent 4075185
		Among the suitable aliphatic and cycloaliphatic bis cyanamides are pentamethylene bis cyanamide; tetramethylene bis cyanamide; bis(4,4'-dicyanamidocyclohexyl) methane; 1,4-cyclohexylene bis cyanamide; hexamethylene bix cyanamide; dodecamethylene bis cyanamide; octamethylene bis cyanamide.
		N-benzene sulfonyl phenyl cyanamide 25.8g, (0.10 mole) and 4,4'-methylene bis phenyl cyanamide, 49.7g, (0.20 mole) were dissolved in 72g of methyl ethyl ketone and the solution was heated at reflux for 30 minutes.
		The precipitated cyanamide was removed by filtration, washed with water, and dried at room temperature in a vacuum oven to yield 353 g.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4075185.html (9389 words)

	EPA - Air Toxics Website - Calcium Cyanamide
		Calcium cyanamide is used as a fertilizer, defoliant, herbicide, fungicide, and pesticide; in the manufacture and refining of iron; and in the manufacture of calcium cyanide, melamine, and dicyandiamide.
		Acute animal tests in rats, mice, and rabbits have demonstrated calcium cyanamide to have moderate to high acute toxicity from oral exposure and high acute toxicity from dermal exposure.
		A formulation of calcium cyanamide in the diet was not found to be carcinogenic in a two-year National Toxicology Program study in rats or mice.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/calciumc.html (727 words)

	Cah Marker Gene Aids Plant Transformations
		Weeks saw the gene's biotech potential because he knew two things: The fungi--because of this gene--play an essential role in converting cyanamide into a useful fertilizer for plants; and without the fungi, cyanamide may kill plants instead of feeding them.
		Normally, if the calcium cyanamide fertilizer were mistakenly applied to plants, they might turn yellow and die--or at least produce lower yields.
		Because calcium cyanamide is not widely used as a herbicide, Weeks sees this risk as nil.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/jul98/gene0798.htm (914 words)

	Update: Hydrogen Cyanamide--Related Illnesses --- Italy, 2002--2004
		Hydrogen cyanamide* is used in agriculture as a plant growth regulator and is applied to many deciduous plants to stimulate uniform budbreak after dormancy, resulting in uniform flowering and maturity.
		Hydrogen cyanamide is highly toxic, and adverse health effects from contact include severe irritation and ulceration of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract (1,2).
		Given the nonspecificity of the clinical findings of hydrogen cyanamide poisoning and the lack of a "gold standard" diagnostic test, some illnesses temporally related to hydrogen cyanamide exposure might be coincidental and not exposure related.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5416a3.htm (1906 words)

	Carbodiimide Production from Cyanamide by UV Irradiation and Thermal Reaction on Amorphous Water Ice
		Cyanamide (NH CN), an interstellar molecule, is a relevant molecule in prebiotic chemistry, because it can be converted into urea in liquid water.
		In this work, using FTIR spectroscopy, we show that carbodiimide can be formed from cyanamide at low temperature (10 K), by a photochemical process in argon matrix, in water matrix, or in solid film.
		We also report experimental evidence about the carbodiimide formation when cyanamide is condensed at low temperature (50-140 K) on an amorphous water ice surface, or when it is trapped in the water ice.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpcafh/2005/109/i04/abs/jp0459256.html (234 words)

	The Fertilisers (Sampling and Analysis) Regulations 1991
		Displacement of ammonia by means of an excess of sodium hydroxide; distillation; determining the yield of ammonia in a given volume of a standard sulphuric acid and titration of the excess acid by means of a standard solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide.
		Cyanamide nitrogen is precipitated as a silver complex and estimated in the precipitate by Kjeldahl's method.
		Cyanamide NitrogenTake an aliquot part of the filtrate (7.2.1.2), containing 10 to 30 mg of cyanamide nitrogen and place it in a 250 ml beaker.
	www.hmso.gov.uk /si/si1991.old/Uksi_19910973_en_4.htm (15221 words)

	[No title]
		Mixing calcium cyanamide fertiliser (Trade name: PERLKA) and straw into the soil increases the efficiency of the solarisation by several ways: Hydrogen cyanamide, the first intermediate of calcium cyanamide in the soil, has strong fungicidal properties.
		These fungicidal side effects of calcium cyanamide fertiliser are already used by vegetable growers in most of the EU countries to suppress clubroot in brassica crops and sclerotinia rot in several other vegetable crops.
		Nematicidal effects of calcium cyanamide which had been observed in pot trials could not be achieved consistently in greenhouse trials in Sicily when calcium cyanamide was incorporated without straw.
	www.minagric.gr /greek/data/KLASSE1.DOC (387 words)

	Inglese et al. - Effect of cyanamide on kiwifruit
		Abstract Hydrogen cyanamide is used in areas with inadequate winter chilling to increase fertility and budbreak uniformity in many fruit tree species.
		Cyanamide shortened the time-lapse from bud swelling to cluster opening in all the treatments dates and increased cane fruitfulness by increasing the number of flowers per bud and per fruiting shoot.
		The earliest application enhanced budbreak but did not significantly increase the percentage of fruitful buds, whereas the percentage of flowering shoots in canes treated 2 weeks before expected budbreak was double than that of untreated canes, regardless the cane length.
	www.rsnz.org /publish/nzjchs/1998/8.php (248 words)

	Agricultural Research: Cah marker gene aids plant transformations - cyanamide hydratase gene
		The enzyme enables the fungus or cah-equipped plant cell to add the water molecule necessary to convert the fertilizer form of cyanamide, called calcium cyanamide, into urea.
		Normally, if the calcium cyanamide fertilizer were mistakenly applied to plants, they might turn yellow and die - or at least produce lower yields.
		Cells with the cah gene working inside could then convert cyanamide into urea fertilizer and grow shoots and roots that were the start of new plants.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3741/is_n7_v46/ai_20949907 (990 words)

	Patent 6,054,411
		The present invention provides a cyanamide aqueous solution containing a compound represented by formula (I), wherein said compound is present in an amount of 0.05 to 1.0% by weight based on the cyanamide aqueous solution exclusive of said compound.
		The cyanamide aqueous solution which can be used in the present invention is prepared by, for example, starting with lime nitrogen, urea, etc. It is prepared by bubbling carbon dioxide gas through an aqueous solution of the starting material to precipitate calcium carbonate and removing the precipitate by filtration.
		A cyanamide aqueous solution containing adipic acid in an amount of 0.05 to 1.0% by weight based on the cyanamide aqueous solution exclusive of said adipic acid.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents/042500OG/6054411_cyanamide042500.htm (474 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		One embodiment of the present invention involves reacting a cyanamide- containing compound in a sodium alkoxide solution to form a reaction mixture.
		Cyanamide containing compounds suitable for use with the process of the present invention include, but are not intended to be limited to, cyanamide and dicyanamide.
		HPLC analysis of the dried cake indicated that it was 99.87% pure with 0.13 area percent of mandelic acid.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=98/22450.980528&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (1776 words)

	COMPARISON OF CYANAMIDE AND PLACEBO IN THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE OF ADOLESCENTS -- Niederhofer et al. 38 (1): ...
		Cyanamide and placebo tablets were identical in appearance.
		Cederbaum, I. and Dicker, E. (1985) Inhibition of peroxidatic activity of catalase toward alcohols by the aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor cyanamide.
		rat liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by cyanamide in vitro.
	alcalc.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/38/1/50 (2671 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Seasonal Effects of a Late Application of Hydrogen Cyanamide on 'climax' Rabbiteye Blueberry
		Hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) has been successfully utilized in deciduous fruit crops to enhance leafing in mild winters but flowers of rabbiteye blueberry plants often develop and bloom in the spring before leaves and may be injured by it's usage.
		Thus, a field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of H2CN2 on flower buds, vegetative bud and leaf development, fruit yield of 'Climax, and the longer-term effects in the year subsequent to its usage.
		Results of this field study agreed with that of similar controlled environment studies in that when H2CN2 was applied at rates not exceeding 1.0% v/v and when applications are not made at which flower buds do not exceed development stage 2, vegetative bud development is enhanced and damage to flower buds is minimal.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=128948 (445 words)

	CIM Bulletin - Abstract of paper [field:ArkNumb] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is produced by reacting calcium cyanamide, sodium chloride and calcium carbide at temperatures in the range of 1200°C to 1400°C in a smothered arc furnace.
		The impurity content of the raw materials can not be lowered without increasing their cost and/or the processes to produce them, and therefore the present research was focussed on studying those factors which affect the cyanide grade.
		The major variables investigated were: the heating rate, the reaction temperature, the salt to cyanamide ratio, the nitrogen content of the calcium cyanamide, moisture additions and calcium carbide additions.
	www.cim.org /bulletin/abstract.cfm?Tech_Paper_Ark_Number=95-1063-81 (385 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Hydrogen cyanamide based products, however, are also not free of drawbacks: hydrogen cyanamide is a chemical compound causing skin and eye irritation especially if used in combination with alcohol products.
		Moreover, hydrogen cyanamide causes frequent problems of phytotoxicity especially on peach tree varieties since the relationship between dosage, time of employment, and variety is not known.
		Moreover, another drawback connected with the use of fatty amines is represented by the indeterminate nature of component concentration, which is reflected in a variability of the results according to location and type of crop.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/37653.010531&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4958 words)

	Link Between Alcohol Consumption And Muscle Damage In Females Link Between Alcohol Consumption And Muscle Damage In ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The dosage used was 75 mmol/kg body wt for alcohol and 0.5 mmol/kg body wt for cyanamide.
		The experimental procedure involved intraperitoneal injection "pretreatment" (30 min) with either saline or cyanamide, followed by intraperitoneal injection "treatment" (150 min) with either saline or ethanol.
		Contrary to expectations, neither p53 nor Bcl-2 mRNA levels were affected by alcohol, even in the presence of cyanamide predosing or starvation.
	www.the-aps.org /press/journal/24.htm (1035 words)

	Appendix A. Strategic Air Attack on the German Chemical Industry
		This process uses a gaseous mixture of atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen prepared either by purification of producer gas and water-gas derived from the basic raw materials, coal, air and water, or as in the Ruhr synthetic plants, by fractionation of gas from coke ovens.
		Calcium cyanamide, manufactured by passing atmospheric nitrogen over heated calcium carbide derived from coal and limestone.
		Manufacture of calcium cyanamide, used as fertilizer, took 50 percent of the total peacetime output.
	www.angelfire.com /super/ussbs/ussbsappa.html (6936 words)

	[No title]
		Called hydrogen cyanamide, the new plant growth regulator has roots as a broadly used fertilizer and is demonstrating "outstanding and very promising" effectiveness as a blossom thinner, Fallahi says.
		Fallahi has tested hydrogen cyanamide for eight years in Idaho apples, peaches or plums and has determined the product's most effective rates.
		We have a cautious--but very optimistic--approach." Hydrogen cyanamide is presently registered in the U.S. for breaking dormancy in grapes and kiwis grown on California and Arizona deserts, says Rick Melnicoe, regional field coordinator for the Western Region IR-4 program at the University of California-Davis.
	info.ag.uidaho.edu /Resources/News/120197ap.doc (483 words)

	Toxicologic Review of Selected Chemicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		When cyanamide is ingested or inhaled by a person who has also consumed an alcoholic beverage, the person experiences vasodilation of the face and neck, tachycardia, tachypnea, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension.
		Studies of cyanamide's Antabuse-like effects indicate that the effect is about one-half that of an equivalent dose of tetraethylthiuram disulfide (Antabuse) and one-sixth that of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (Hald, Jacobsen, and Larsen 1952/Ex.
		OSHA notes that a method for the sampling and analysis of cyanamide has been submitted to the docket.
	www.mdcampbell.com /niosh/tox/420-04.htm (596 words)

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