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Topic: Cyanogen agent

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	Encyclopedia: Chemical warfare
		A blood agent (also called a cyanogen agent) is a compound that prevents the normal transfer of oxygen from the blood to the body tissues, resulting in chemical asphyxiation.
		One of the earliest reactions to the use of chemical agents was from Rome.
		There are many reports of the isolated use of chemical agents in individual battles or sieges, but there was no true tradition of their use outside of incendiaries and smoke.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chemical-warfare (10378 words)

	CHROMIUM - LoveToKnow Article on CHROMIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Chromium in the form of its salts may be estimated quantitatively by precipitation from boiling solutions with a slight excess of ammonia, and boiling until the free ammonia is nearly all expelled.
		Chromium trioxide, Cr0,, is obtained by adding concentrated sulphuric acid to a cold saturated solution of potassium bichromate, when it separates in long red needles; the mother liquor is drained off and the crystals are washed with concentrated nitric acid, the excess of which is removed by means of a current of dry air.
		Cyanogen compounds of chromium, analogous to those of iron, have been prepared; thus potassium chromocyanide, K4Cr(CN)s.2H5O, is formed from potassium cyanide and chromousacetate; on exposure to air it is converted into the chromicyanide,K3Cr(CN)6, which can also be prepared by adding chromic acetate solution to boiling potassium cyanidesolution.
	60.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CH/CHROMIUM.htm (3700 words)

	TAB A
		The normal sequence of symptoms is runny nose, tightness of the chest, dimness of vision and pinpointing of the eye pupils, difficulty breathing, drooling and excessive sweating, nausea, vomiting, cramps, involuntary defecation and urination, twitching, jerking and staggering, headache, confusion, drowsiness and coma.
		Principal nerve agents are tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), and VX.
		V agents are generally colorless and odorless liquids which do not evaporate rapidly.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /irfna/irfna_taba.htm (2434 words)

	References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Often used as a delayed-action casualty agent, arsine interferes with the functioning of the blood and damages the liver and kidneys.
		Cyanogen chloride is a colorless, highly volatile liquid with a pungent, biting odor.
		Cyanogen chloride irritates the respiratory tract in a manner similar to phosgene, but fluid will accumulate in the lungs much faster than in phosgene poisoning.
	dtirp.dtra.mil /CBW/references/agents/AgentsCW_blood.asp (683 words)

	Terrorism: Chemical Agents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Chemical agents with low boiling points and a high vapor pressure tend to be non-persistent.
		Lethal exposure to chemical nerve agents is generally characterized by drooling, sweating, cramping, vomiting, confusion, irregular heart beat, convulsions, loss of consciousness and coma.
		Choking agents are heavy gases and tend to stay close to the ground but tend to dissipate rapidly in a breeze.
	home.earthlink.net /~webmedic4u/Biochem2.html (1657 words)

	Encyclopedia: Sarin
		Early detection of chemical agents Sociopolitical climate of chemical warfare While the study of chemicals and their military uses was widespread in China, the use of toxic materials has historically been viewed with mixed emotions and some disdain in the West (especially when the enemy were doing it).
		That broader history is detailed in Nerve Agent: History World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb.
		A nerve agent or nerve gas is a highly toxic chemical substance that poisons the nervous system and disrupts bodily functions necessary for life.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sarin (4336 words)

	Blood Agent: CK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cyanogen chloride should be suspected in terorist incidents involving prompt fatalities, especially when the characteristic symptoms of nerve agent intoxication are absent.
		Cyanogen chloride is nonpersistent, and decontamination may be accomplished by allowing sufficient time for the agent to evaporate while monitoring vapor concentrations and restricting access to avoid producing a hazardous situation.
		Cyanogen chloride is a moderately important industrial chemical, with uses in synthesis, including the synthesis of herbicides, ore refining, and as a metal cleaner.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Chemical/Blood/CK.shtml (1555 words)

	Chemical Agent Terrorism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Nerve agents are clear, colorless liquids with no perceivable odor (although two are said to have a slight odor, this is not a reliable detection method).
		Blood cholinesterase is generally inhibited, or depressed, after exposure to a nerve agent, except that a small amount of vapor affecting the eyes, nose, and airways may or may not be absorbed to cause this inhibition.
		The former military agent BZ (now used in pharmacology where it is known as QNB) is a cholinergic blocking compound and produces many effects similar to those of atropine, such as mydriasis, drying of secretions, heart rate changes, and decreased intestinal motility.
	www.nbc-med.org /SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/Other/chagter.html (2840 words)

	Virtual Naval Hospital: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense: Medical Management of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In contrast, inhaled cyanide produces systemic effects and was thought to be carried in the blood; hence the term "blood agent." The widespread distribution of absorbed nerve agents and vesicants via the blood invalidates this term as a specific designator for cyanide.
		Cyanogen chloride is also similar to the riot-control agents in causing irritation to the eyes, nose, and airways, as well as marked lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and bronchosecretions.
		First, a methemoglobin-forming agent such as amyl nitrite (available in civilian antidote kits, but not in military kits, as crushable ampoules for inhalation) or sodium nitrite (for IV use) is administered, since the ferric ion (Fe) in methemoglobin has an even higher affinity for cyanide than does cytochrome a3.
	www.vnh.org /CHEMCASU/03Cyanide.html (3264 words)

	U
		This quantity of chemical warfare agents vastly exceeds the amounts that might be expected to be deployed by a military force in a single chemical attack.
		The employment of biological agents in a "cocktail" mix with chemical warfare agents is consistent with Soviet military doctrine.
		It is also probable that biological agents would be used in heavy concentrations to insure a high percentage of infection in the target area The use of such concentrations could result in the breakdown of individual immunity because the large number of in micro-organisms entering the body could overwhelm the natural body defenses.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /medsearch/FocusAreas/riegle_report/report/report_s01.htm (7960 words)

	CLOUDS OF WAR
		The general symptoms of nerve agent exposure in order are: running nose, tightness of chest, dimness in vision and contraction of the pupils of the eye to pinpoints, difficulty in breathing, drooling and excessive sweating, nausea, vomiting, cramps, involuntary defecation and urination, twitching, jerking and staggering, headache, confusion, drowsiness, coma and convulsion.
		Incapacitating chemical agents are intended to produce physiological or mental effects that prevent exposed military personnel from performing their duties for significant periods of time.
		One such agent is BZ, which produces a variety of symptoms, including restlessness, dizziness or giddiness, failure to obey orders, confusion, loss of memory, erratic behavior, stumbling or staggering, vomiting, slurred or nonsensical speech, hallucinatory behavior, disrobing, mumbling, stupor and coma.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1997/clouds/Clouds-03.htm (1111 words)

	Virtual Naval Hospital: Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries: FM8-285 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cyanogen chloride boils at 59 °F (12.5 °C) and freezes at 20 °F (-6.9 °C).
		Cyanogen chloride damages the respiratory tract, resulting in severe inflammatory changes in the bronchioles and congestion and edema in the lungs.
		The symptoms of AC depend upon the agent concentration and the duration of exposure.
	www.vnh.org /FM8285/Chapter/chapter6.html (1274 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mixed agents, often referred to as "cocktails," are intended to enhance the capabilities of nerve agents and defeat the precautions taken by the enemy.
		An aerosol or mist of biological agent is borne in the air.
		It is also probable that biological agents would be used in heavy concentrations to insure a high percentage of infection in the target area.
	www.chronicillnet.org /PGWS/Tuite/CHAPTER1.HTM (8739 words)

	Gulf War Syndrome: The Case For Multiple Origin Mixed Chemical/ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Endnote13 Mixed agents, often referred to as "cocktails," are intended to enhance the capabilities of nerve agents and defeat the precautions taken by the enemy.
		Chemically related to pesticides, nerve agents such as Sarin and Tabun kill by interfering with the metabolic processes, and cause a buildup of a chemical messenger in the human metabolic process called acetylcholine, which operates in the gap between the nerve and the muscle cells.
		Non-lethal exposure to chemical warfare agents, mixed chemical/ biotoxin agents and the administration of nerve agent pre-treatment drugs could explain many of the symptoms of the Gulf War illness, as well as the inability to diagnose the disorders.
	www.chronicillnet.org /PGWS/tuite/chembio.htm (8761 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: North Korea: Chemical Capabilities
		Cyanogen chloride, a blood agent that also possesses irritating properties, is suspected to be a significant CW agent in the DPRK chemical stockpile.
		As in the case of hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride may have a role as a fast-acting weapon against front-line troop concentrations.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/NK/Chemical/50_1071.html (100 words)

	Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although the impact of these German agents’ activities was not determined, the year 1915 is considered to be the beginning of 20th-century antianimal biological warfare.
		In 1916, a German agent with intentions to spread a biological agent was arrested in Russia.
		Their mission was to investigate noxious gases, the generation of chemical warfare agents, and the discovery of antidotes for war purposes.
	web.usf.edu /sequence/feces/MedicalAspectsofNBC/chapters/chapter_2.htm (13784 words)

	FM 3-4 Glossary
		employment of chemical agents to kill, injure, or incapacitate for a significant period of time man or animals, and deny or hinder the use of areas, facilities, or material, or defense against such employment.
		Riot control agents and herbicides are not considered chemical warfare agents but are included under the broader term chemical munitions/agents collectively.
		a chemical agent that, when released, dissipates and/or loses its ability to cause casualties after a passage of 10 to 15 minutes.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/policy/army/fm/3-4/Gloss.htm (1763 words)

	VG (nerve agent) - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		VG (also called Amiton or Tetram) is a "V-series" nerve agent closely related to the better-known VX nerve gas.
		It is commonly theorized that the so called "second-generation" V series agents came from a cold war era Russian chemical weapons development program.
		They have similar lethal dose levels to VX (between 10-50 mg) and have similar symptoms and method of action to other nerve agents that act on cholinesterase, and treatment remains the same, but the window for effectively treating second generation V series seizures is shorter.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/VG_(nerve_agent) (290 words)

	Chemical Warfare, Bioterrorism Chemical Shelter Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Blood gas is an inhaled agent that can be smelled; however, it takes effect in humans in less than 6 minutes and causes convulsions and suffocation, as all blood gases do because they interfere with the absorption of oxygen by the blood in the lungs.
		This was known as one of the first modern warfare chemical agents and was responsible for almost 80 percent of the fatalities in World War I where the gas was used.
		Although this agent is nonlethal, it is able to render soldiers totally helpless and is used very often on the battlefield as a harassing agent.
	www.bombshelters.com /chemical2.php (981 words)

	CHEMICAL WARFARE IN BOSNIA?
		Before the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, the JNA’s chemical weapons program produced the nerve agent sarin, the blister agent sulfur mustard, the psychochemical incapacitant BZ, and the irritants CS and CN, and turned these chemical agents into weapons.
		In addition, the JNA also produced the choking agent phosgene, the psychochemical incapacitant LSD-25, and the irritant chloropicrin, and experimented with laboratory quantities of the nerve agents soman, tabun and VX, the blister agents nitrogen mustard and lewisite, and the blood agent cyanogen chloride.
		Several sources indicate that the JNA continued to experiment with incapacitating agents during the 1980s, and it appears that at some point it started filling 82mm and 120mm mortar shells with BZ.
	www.hrw.org /reports98/bosniacw/Bosni98o-02.htm (2122 words)

	REIGLE REPORT
		In fact, readily high performance agricultural aerosol generators could easily be converted to both decontaminate areas in which chemicals are used and to aerosolize biological and chemical warfare agents.
		Credible analysis indicated that optimal employment of biological agents could result in a significantly large hazard area." It further cites a memo from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the SECDEF (Secretary of Defense) noting: "inadequate ability to counter BW (biological warfare) attack/BW defense is a priority requirement.
		The inadequacy of the current biological defense and detection program was also supported by Deputy Secretary of Defense John Deutch in an unclassified May 6, 1994 address delivered at a Department of Defense sponsored counter proliferation conference at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
	www.newsmakingnews.com /artwestnilereigle.htm (3598 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Cyanides, Cyanogen Chloride : Article Excerpt by: Heather Murphy-Lavoie, MD, FAAEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Background: Cyanogen chloride (North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO] designation CK) is one of two volatile cyanide military chemical warfare agents.
		These agents first were used in large quantities by the French and British during World War I. While the United States maintained 500-pound and 1000-pound CK bombs, these were not used during World War II.
		More recently, Iraq is suspected to have used a cyanide-like agent against the Kurds in the 1980s.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/cbrne---cyanides-cyanogen-chloride.htm (462 words)

	CHARCOAL - Online Information article about CHARCOAL
		agent, but its application has been diminished by the introduction of coke, See also:
		cyanogen are most readily taken up; and See also:
		Dewar has utilized this property for the preparation of high vacua at See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CAU_CHA/CHARCOAL.html (1148 words)

	User:ClockworkSoul - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Full articles on the major types of agents (most are just stubs now)
		Complete individual agents (including full citations and weasel removal!)
		State of war - Include formal analysis from Hobbes and Locke (currently a redirect to Declaration of War)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/User:ClockworkTroll (657 words)

	Cyanamide
		Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.
		Amidocyanogen, carbamonitrile, carbimide, carbodiimide, cyanoamine, N-cyanoamine, cyanogenamide, cyanogen nitride, hydrogen cyanamide.
		1994-1995 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/cyanamide/recognition.html (3420 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Cyanides, Cyanogen Chloride : Article by Heather Murphy-Lavoie, MD, FAAEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Consider the diagnosis of CK poisoning in patients with irritation of the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract followed by rapid collapse or seizures, accompanied by metabolic acidosis and decreased oxygen consumption.
		Phenobarbital (Barbital, Solfoton, Luminal) -- Second-line agent for seizures refractory to benzodiazepines.
		Zheng A, Dzombak DA, Luthy RG: Formation of free cyanide and cyanogen chloride from chloramination of publicly owned treatment works secondary effluent: laboratory study with model compounds.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic910.htm (2862 words)

	Astronomy People : Starshine.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The following year she became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
		Sir William, made the first photographic spectrum of a comet (1881 III) and discovers the cyanogen (CN) emission at violet wavelengths, which caused near mass hysteria 29 years later as the Earth passed thru the tail of Halley's Comet.
		Lockyer was making visual spectroscopic studies of the sun (helios) when he attributed unknown absorption lines to the new element, not "discovered" on earth until 1891.
	www.starshine.com /frankn/astronomy/people.asp (4469 words)

	PART II — TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
		executing defensive measures against attack, utilizing biological agents.
		A chemical agent that injures the eyes and lungs and burns or blisters the
		biological or chemical agents on or by structures, areas, personnel, or objects; food and/or
	www.tpub.com /content/USMC/mcwp3372/css/mcwp3372_235.htm (331 words)

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