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Topic: Cybernetics

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	Cybernetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cybernetics is the study of communication and control, typically involving regulatory feedback, in living organisms, in machines, and in combinations of the two, for example, in sociotechnical systems.
		Cybernetics as a discipline was firmly established by Wiener, McCulloch and others, such as W.
		The main innovation of cybernetics was the creation of a scientific discipline focused on goals: an understanding of goal-directedness or purpose, resulting from a negative feedback loop which minimizes the deviation between the perceived situation and the desired situation (goal).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cybernetics (1279 words)

	D J Stewart: Origins of Cybernetics" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On the other hand, we were seriously hampered by the lack of unity of the literature concerning these problems, and by the absence of any common terminology, or even of a single name for the field.
		'Cybernetics' was immediately chosen as the title for all the subsequent conferences of the Josiah Macy group, the original title being used as a subtitle.
		Cybernetics; or control and communication in the animal and the machine.
	www.hfr.org.uk /cybernetics-pages/origins.htm#birth (2978 words)

	Cybernetics
		Cybernetics focuses on how systems function and how they control their actions, and how they communicate with other systems or with their own components.
		Cybernetics helps give rise to some new fields like cognitive science and neurobiology and has been useful in formulating dozens of ideas and bits of applied math.
		Cybernetics is a critical way of thinking that touches on key issues such as circular reasoning, not just the basic statement that one thing happens because it was caused by another thing.
	zimmer.csufresno.edu /~johnca/spch100/11-2-cybernetics.htm (1633 words)

	Cybernetics - A Definition
		The field of cybernetics came into being in the late 1940s when concepts of information, feedback, and regulation [Wiener 1948] were generalized from specific applications in engineering to systems in general, including systems of living organisms, abstract intelligent processes, and language.
		Cybernetic descriptions of psychology, language, arts, performance, or intelligence (to name a few) may be quite different from more conventional, hard "scientific" views — although cybernetics can be rigorous too.
		Cybernetics in contrast has evolved from a "constructivist" view of the world [von Glasersfeld 1987] where objectivity derives from shared agreement about meaning, and where information (or intelligence for that matter) is an attribute of an interaction rather than a commodity stored in a computer [Winograd and Flores 1986].
	pangaro.com /published/cyber-macmillan.html (1390 words)

	ASC: Foundations: Defining 'Cybernetics'
		That is, I want the label "cybernetics" to attract people who have an interest in both the subject and practice of conversation, and of creating the "new" out of this form of dynamic interaction, irrespective of whether their interests are in electronics, life, society, or mind, and whether they come from science, art, or politics.
		Cybernetics is concerned with scientific investigation of systemic processes of a highly varied nature, including such phenomena as regulation, information processing, information storage, adaptation, self-organization, self-reproduction, and strategic behavior.
		cybernetics studies the flow of information round a system, and the way in which this information is used by the system as a means of controlling itself: it does this for animate and inanimate systems indifferently.
	www.asc-cybernetics.org /foundations/definitions.htm (3445 words)

	Cybernetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cybernetics as a discipline was firmly established Norbert Wiener (in Cybernetics or control and communication in the and machine 1948) and others such as William Ross Ashby and Grey Walter.
		While cybernetics is thought to have American origins the book was actually published in France where information theory was hailed as a new general which included cybernetics.
		Cybernetics is somewhat erroneously associated in many minds with robotics due to uses such as Douglas Adams ' Sirius Cybernetics Corporation and the concept of a cyborg a term first popularized by Clynes Kline in 1960.
	www.freeglossary.com /Cybernetics (1098 words)

	BATESON, CYBERNETICS, AND THE SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
		Thus, this essay incrementally and historically delineates the fundamental principles underlying the cybernetic paradigm as it was employed by Bateson.
		It was not until cybernetics offered the possibility of extending the precision of mathematics to these processes, that he became actively involved in the movement to apply a variety of concepts originating in mathematics and engineering to biology and the behavioral sciences (Heims, 1977: 142-44; 1975: 368-373).
		Hence, the cybernetic stability of a system must be understood not as an inactive structure, but as a pattern of events--an animated organization of exchanges and transformations within the system's parameters.
	www.narberthpa.com /Bale/lsbale_dop/cybernet.htm (9399 words)

	cybernetics and the first law of cybernetics history and summary
		Cybernetics is the science of control and communications in animals, including humankind, and machines.
		As such, the cybernetics concept (notably 'the first law of cybernetics') is immensely relevant to the modern development of management, and one's own role and potential within systems of all kinds.
		Cybernetics as a popularised (such as it is) science and term in this sense seems generally to be attributed (according to Chambers notably) to Norbert Wiener, 1894-1964, an American mathematician (amongst other capabilities).
	www.businessballs.com /cybernetics.htm (1184 words)

	Cybernetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cybernetics, deriving from the Greek word for steersman (kybernetes), was first introduced by the mathematician Wiener, as the science of communication and control in the animal and the machine (to which we now might add: in society and in individual human beings).
		In its present incarnation of "second-order cybernetics", its emphasis is on how observers construct models of the systems with which they interact (see complex systems to maintain, adapt, and self-organize.
		Cybernetics has discovered that teleonomy (or finality) and causality can be reconciled by using non-linear, circular mechanisms, where the cause equals the effect.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /CYBERN.html (302 words)

	The University of Reading - Cybernetic Intelligence Research Group
		Cybernetic intelligence is the study of intelligence and its application.
		Cybernetic intelligence describes theoretical, mathematical and philosophical aspects of consciousness and intelligence and their application to the design of intelligent machines and the control of complex systems.
		SDP in the department of Cybernetics is not a secret political party, but defines a class of parallel probabilistic search and optimisation methods, which we believe may form the basis of general intelligent action.
	www.cirg.reading.ac.uk (684 words)

	Cybernetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cybernetics, and the related domain of systems science, is the study all forms of "organized complexity", that is how different components can be assembled in a way that is neither random nor repetitive so as to form a "system".
		Cybernetics is at once both an interdisciplinary and a transdisciplinary study.
		As the systems described with cybernetic techniques are exceedingly complex, very often their controls themselves cannot be defined in specifc detail.
	www.squidoo.com /cybernetics (1720 words)

	Home
		An undergraduate interdepartmental program at UCLA since 1972, cybernetics is the study of control and communication processes in biological systems – cell movement translated into the language of engineering, protein interactions described with math equations.
		Cybernetics students have quarterly meetings with DiStefano, and they have faculty advisers to tailor the program to their interests.
		Cybernetics students take several core courses that introduce them to the language of cybernetics.
	www.cs.ucla.edu /~cyber (972 words)

	Cybernetics
		For philosopher Warren McCulloch, cybernetics was an experimental epistemology concerned with the communication within an observer and between the observer and his environment.
		For educational theorist Gordon Pask, cybernetics is the art of manipulating defensible metaphors, showing how they may be constructed and what can be inferred as a result of their existence.
		That is, I want the label "cybernetics" to attract people who have an interest in both the subject and practice of conversation, and in creating the "new" out of this form of dynamic interaction.
	www.gwu.edu /~asc/cyber_definition.html (784 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Cybernetics
		According to cybernetics, the human brain and nervous system coordinate information to determine which actions will be performed; control mechanisms for self-correction in machines serve a similar purpose.
		(feedback) mechanisms Cybernetics, deriving from the Greek word for steersman (kybernetes), was first introduced by the mathematician Wiener, as the science of communication and control in the animal and the machine (to which we now might add: in society and in individual human beings).
		The main emphasis of cybernetics is on the circular mechanisms that allow complex systems to maintain, adapt, and self-organize.
	fusionanomaly.net /cybernetics.html (1616 words)

	The University of Reading - Cybernetics at Reading - About the Cybernetics at Reading
		Cybernetics, a modern inter-disciplinary subject reflecting many of the interests of a high technology society, has been taught at Reading since 1963.
		The name was coined by Norbert Wiener in 1948 as a result of collaborations between Wiener, a mathematician, and colleagues from other disciplines: they noticed that they had similar interests, but where was no name to group together their interests.
		They chose cybernetics, subtitle control and communication in the animal and the machine, thus reflecting that both technological and biological systems have many common characteristics.
	www.cyber.reading.ac.uk /about.htm (580 words)

	A Curriculum for Cybernetics and Systems Theory
		In cybernetic language, the course of events is said to be subject to restraints, and it is assumed that, apart from such restraints, the pathways of change would be governed only by equal probability.
		Cybernetics is a theory of control systems based on communication (transfer of information) between systems and environment and within the system, and control (feedback) of the system's function in regard to environment...
		Cybernetics and systems theory are part of the antidote to the toxic byproducts of our short-sighted reductionism.
	www.well.com /user/abs/curriculum.html (14396 words)

	The University of Reading - Cybernetics at Reading
		Welcome to Cybernetics, part of the School of Systems Engineering at the University of Reading.
		As more technology is introduced into our everyday lives, Cybernetics, the science of information and its application, will play a role of ever-increasing importance.
		Cybernetics research activities centre around three Research groups: Cybernetic Intelligence, Instrumentation and Signal Processing and Interactive Systems.
	www.cyber.rdg.ac.uk (251 words)

	Category:Cybernetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main article for this category is Cybernetics.
		This category covers all articles that deal with cybernetic themes.
		There are 14 subcategories shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Cybernetics (77 words)

	What is cybernetics? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Originally the study of biological and artificial control systems, cybernetics has evolved into many disparate areas of study, with research in many disciplines, including computer science, social philosophy and epistemology.
		In general, cybernetics is concerned with discovering what mechanisms control systems, and in particular, how systems regulate themselves.
		The American Society for Cybernetics site provides links to information on the organization, conferences and meetings, and cybernetics background, definitions, journals, societies, and related links.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/c/cybernetics.html (270 words)

	Cybernetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On completion of the programme it is expected that student will be able to work with a wide range of other users, including specialists from other fields.
		Teaching is in the form of lectures, labs and practical projects, with and without supervision.
		The specialization is culminating in the completion of a main project (small thesis).
	www2.hials.no /webdoc/766/47 (238 words)

	Cybernetics
		Slide Show Introductory lecture on Norbert Wiener and cybernetics.
		Cybernetics and Systems Theory: General background material on the field of Cybernetics and Systems Theory.
		Principia Cybernetica: This is the WWW server of the Principia Cybernetica Project (PCP), an international organization.
	www.colorado.edu /communication/meta-discourses/Theory/cybernetics.htm (197 words)

	Cybernetics
		The site includes lists of basic books and papers on cybernetics and systems science, as well as groups and societies dealing with cybernetics and systems science.
		A journal on second-order cybernetics - the application of cybernetic principles to cybernetics itself - and cyber-semeiotics.
		Contains a brief description of cybernetics and information about majoring in cybernetics at the University of California at Los Angeles.
	www.thinking.net /Cybernetics/cybernetics.html (400 words)

	Amazon.com: Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine: Books: Norbert ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Galileo or Malthus or Rousseau or Mill", Cybernetics was judged by twenty-seven historians, economists, educators, and philosophers to be one of those books published during the "past four decades," which may have a substantial impact on public thought and action in the years ahead." -- Saturday Review
		One of these is "Cybernetics" by Weiner and the other is "The mathematical theory of communication" by Shannon.
		Both require some study by contain many sections that are easily readable by anyone which get the main points across in an understandable manner.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/026273009X?v=glance (1627 words)

	The Sirius Cybernetics Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		However, no one knew quite why it does this because it then invariably delivers a cupful of liquid that is almost, but not quite, entirely unlike tea.
		The Nutri-Matic was designed and manufactured by the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation whose complaints department now covers all the major land masses of the first three planets in the Sirius Tau Star system.
		The the company motto of the hugely successful Sirius Cybernetics Corporation Complaints division, which now covers the major land masses of three medium sized planets and is the only part of the Corporation to have shown a consistent profit in recent years.
	www.sput.nl /~rob/sirius.html (530 words)

	Department of Cybernetics - Faculty of Electrical Engineering - Czech Technical University in Prague
		Mission: Our aim is to undertake research which is internationally recognised in the chosen areas of specialism and to provide a high-quality, effective and efficient learning environment at all levels of higher education, which is internationally competitive and is professionally relevant.
		In 2000 the department received the award "Centre of Excellence" (project MIRACLE: Machine Intelligence Research and Application Centre for Learning Excellence) by the European Commission under the 5FP programme "Confirming the International Role of Community Research".
		Photogallery: Dr. Shoichiro Toyoda received a honorary doctorate from the Czech Technical University in Prague, CR.
	cyber.felk.cvut.cz (133 words)

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