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	Cyberstalking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk someone which may be a computer crime or harassment.
		Cyberstalking is becoming a common tactic in racism, and other expressions of bigotry and hate.
		Some suggest that cyberstalking is also related to spamming; free e-mail servers is a likely culprit to which cyberstalkers would have more than one e-mail address.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cyberstalking (423 words)

	CyberStalking
		As with offline stalking, the available evidence (which is largely anecdotal) suggests that the majority of cyberstalkers are men and the majority of their victims are women, although there have been reported cases of women cyberstalking men and of same-sex cyberstalking.
		Each message -- whether from the actual cyberstalker or others -- will have the intended effect on the victim, but the cyberstalker's effort is minimal and the lack of direct contact between the cyberstalker and the victim can make it difficult for law enforcement to identify, locate, and arrest the offender.
		Certain forms of cyberstalking also may be prosecuted under 47 U.S.C. One provision of this statute makes it a federal crime, punishable by up to two years in prison, to use a telephone or telecommunications device to annoy, abuse, harass, or threaten any person at the called number.
	www.cyberguards.com /CyberStalking.html (2618 words)

	CADwire.net - Directory > Computers > Internet > Abuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Abuse of Usenet: Cyberstalked - Jayne Hitchock's battle with Usenet spammer Woodside Literary Agency began in 1996, and continued into 2002 with her cyberstalkers sentenced to prison and probation on charges of conspiracy to commit mail fraud, perjury and making false statements to a federal officer.
		Cyberstalked: Our Family's Story - The Armistead family was targeted in July 1996 by a cyberstalker, who as of December 2000 is still periodically attacking them.
		Cyberstalking: A New Challenge for Law Enforcement and Industry - A Report from the Attorney General to the Vice President, August 1999.
	www.cadwire.net /directory/dir.asp?/Computers/Internet/Abuse/Cyberstalking (738 words)

	SocioSite: EIGENAARDIGHEDEN VAN CYBERSPACE: CYBERSTALKING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cyberstalking is the repeatedly harassing or threatening of an individual via the internet or other electronic means of communication.
		In case of cyberstalking it is even more difficult to make a reasonable case for a 'credible threat', because the stalker is often unknown to the victim and usually operates from a great distance.
		Cyberstalkers are often very clever at making use of a complete repertoire of techniques and methods.
	www2.fmg.uva.nl /sociosite/websoc/cyberstalking_en.html (3943 words)

	CYBERSTALKING-A REAL LIFE PROBLEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		One reason for the lack of successful prosecution of cyberstalkers, is that there usually is a lack of sufficient evidence available for the officials to warrant "probable cause" in order to further investigate.
		The difference between a normal cyber harasser and a cyberstalker, is this: harasser moves on to others and forgets you and a stalkers will come back to stalk you another day.
		The major "clue" to cyberstalking, is when the stalker pushes for information regarding you personal life, private life, or life away from the net.
	www.grafx-specs.com /News/Cybstlk.html (1518 words)

	Cyberstalking: A New Challenge for Law Enforcement and Industry
		Assuming the proportion of cyberstalking victims is even a fraction of the proportion of persons who have been the victims of offline stalking within the preceding 12 months, there may be potentially tens or even hundreds of thousands of victims of recent cyberstalking incidents in the United States.
		In many cases, cyberstalking will involve threats to kill, kidnap, or injure the person, reputation, or property of another, either on or offline and, as such, may be prosecuted under other federal or state laws that do not relate directly to stalking.
		In the context of cyberstalking, a credible threat requirement would be even more problematic because the stalker, sometimes unbeknowst to the victim, may be located a great distance away and, therefore, the threat might not be considered credible.
	www.usdoj.gov /criminal/cybercrime/cyberstalking.htm (10309 words)

	An exploration of predatory behaviour in cyberspace
		Westrup proposed it as "one or more of a constellation of behaviours that (a) are directly repeatedly towards a specific individual (the target), (b) are experienced by the target as unwelcome and intrusive, and (c) are reported to trigger fear or concern in the target" [4].
		The victims also reported that they knew that six of the cyberstalkers had previous criminal convictions; three were for acquisitive offences, one for a breach of a probation order (which was originally for offline stalking), one for possession of an offensive weapon/firearms and one was for interpersonal violence.
		Vindictive cyberstalkers are singled out for particular concern because the victims reported that in some cases there was no reason for their harassment and that this type of cyberstalker would continue to pursue them offline.
	firstmonday.org /issues/issue8_9/mcfarlane (5642 words)

	LLRX -- CyberAge Stalking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		One of the most famous cases that brought cyberstalking into the public’s eye was the Jayne Hitchcock incident.
		Her story brought cyberstalking to the attention of lawmakers and she and others helped rewrite state stalking laws.
		The stalker could not be prosecuted because Georgia had no laws regarding cyberstalking, but the stalker, Richard Hillyard, was charged with the “traditional” stalking laws and found not guilty.
	www.llrx.com /features/cyberstalking.htm (3878 words)

	CYBERSTALKING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cyberstalking occurs when electronic mediums such as the Internet are used to pursue, harass or contact another in an unsolicited fashion.
		This statute provides that a person is guilty of cyberstalking when the person willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly harassed another person and makes a credible threat with the intent to place the person in reasonable fear of his or her safety or the safety of their immediate family.
		This bill defines the term cyberstalk to mean communications by means of e-mail or electronic communication that causes substantial emotional distress and does not serve a legitimate purpose.
	gsulaw.gsu.edu /lawand/papers/fa01/hunter (4458 words)

	GigaLaw.com: A Guide to the Maze of Cyberstalking Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cyberstalking is a serious crime that serves as a prelude to offline-stalking.
		In some states, such as New York, cyberstalking is part of the general stalking or harassment laws, while other states, such as North Carolina, have a separate section under special computer crime legislation.
		To be guilty of cyberstalking in Massachusetts, the perpetrator must have an intent to cause "imminent fear." While in Minnesota and Texas, the perpetrator must only have knowledge that he or she is causing fear.
	www.gigalaw.com /articles/2002-all/valetk-2002-07-all.html (1419 words)

	Define cyberstalking - a Whatis.com definition - see also: cyberstalker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cyberstalking is a crime in which the attacker harasses a victim using electronic communication, such as e-mail or instant messaging (IM), or messages posted to a Web site or a discussion group.
		Cyberstalking messages differ from ordinary spam in that a cyberstalker targets a specific victim with often threatening messages, while the spammer targets a multitude of recipients with simply annoying messages.
		According to former U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, cyberstalking is often "a prelude to more serious behavior, including physical violence." In 1999, a New Hampshire woman was murdered by the cyberstalker who had threatened her in e-mail messages and posted on his Web site that he would kill her.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci865159,00.html (581 words)

	The National Center for Victims of Crime - Library/Document Viewer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cyberstalking can be defined as threatening behavior or unwanted advances directed at another using the Internet and other forms of online and computer communications.
		Just because cyberstalking does not include physical contact with the perpetrator does not mean it is not as threatening or frightening as any other type of crime.
		Victims of cyberstalking often experience psychological trauma, as well as physical and emotional reactions as a result of their victimization.
	www.ncvc.org /ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=32458 (1179 words)

	Internet Safety, The Cyberstalking and Harassment Division
		The CSandH Division's mission is to inform and educate legislators and the public about the dangers and trauma of being stalked electronically, to petition lawmakers to enact legislation to make cyberstalking a crime, to gather and maintain statistics, and to aid victims on a one-on-one basis.
		Cyberstalking can involve offline harassers and stalkers, as well as those who don't know who you are online.
		The LegalEagles team provides legal information about cyberstalking laws and trends to the teams and to law enforcement, and assists practitioners with drafting orders that protect their clients from cyberstalking in family court matters.
	www.wiredsafety.org /divisions/cyberstalking.html (1303 words)

	Cyberstalking – Is it Covered by Current Anti-Stalking Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		While a few statutes do specifically deal with computer contact, and a number more are broad enough to allow an argument that cyberstalking should apply, many of the statutes simply were not written with cyberstalking in mind and thus cannot easily be applied in a cyberstalking situation.
		Under this Act, it is illegal to travel across a state line with the intent to injure or harass another person or as a result of such travel to cause that person to reasonably fear for their safety.
		[5] Barbara Jackson, Cyberstalking: Crime, Enforcement and Personal Responsibility in the On-line World, WWW.law.ucla.edu/classes/archive/s96/340/cyberlaw.htm, Following the murders of a prominent actress and, in unrelated cases, five other women in Orange County who were slain by former intimates who stalked them, California recognized the inadequacy of current laws to protect a stalking victim.
	gsulaw.gsu.edu /lawand/papers/su98/cyberstalking (5208 words)

	Cyberstalking — www.greenwood.com
		Cyberstalking shows how new technologies can all too easily lend to harassment and what can be done to prevent technological harassment routines.
		Cyberstalking is an entirely new form of deviant behavior that uses technology to harass others in a variety of ways.
		This is the first book devoted entirely to an examination of cyberstalking, providing an overview of the problem, its causes and consequences, and practical advice for protecting yourself and your loved ones.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/C8118.aspx (618 words)

	Wired News: The Epidemic of Cyberstalking
		The first cyberstalking law went into effect just over a year ago in California, and Congress is considering a federal law.
		But cyberstalking can be carried out in places as close as the same room as the victim, or as far away as another state.
		There are no clear statistics on the number of cyberstalking victims, but an August 1999 report from the Department of Justice estimates that there could be hundreds of thousands affected, and the numbers are growing.
	www.wired.com /news/politics/0,1283,35728,00.html?tw=wn20000501 (560 words)

	Cyberstalking.info — Cyberstalking research, information and resources
		Cyberstalking is a form of harassment that makes use of modern technology.
		Cyberstalkers use computers, cell phones, fax machines and other devices to pursue their victims.
		Cyberstalking and offline stalking may be related, but cyberstalking is a new form of behaviour that simply didn't exist a decade or so ago.
	www.stalking-research.org.uk /index.php (506 words)

	Newhouse A1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		And although 32 states have passed laws against cyberstalking or harassment in the past few years, whether the crime is pursued often depends on the victim finding a single police officer who takes it seriously.
		She estimates that some 30,000 cases of cyberstalking are reported each year to the group and to other public safety sites, such as CyberAngels, founded by the Guardian Angels.
		Moubray was stunned to learn that her suspected stalker was 24 years old, but had only a junior high school education, lived on the $10 a week his father gave him, hadn't had a job in six years, didn't drive and rarely left the house.
	www.newhouse.com /archive/story1a062901.html (1244 words)

	S. G. R. MacMillan: For the defence of serious criminal cases
		The fact that the Internet is practically unregulated assures cyberstalkers virtual immunity from accountability for their crime.[12] The lack of face to face interaction with their victims can encourage someone who would not ordinarily behave in such a fashion to act out their fantasies.
		Often, cyberstalkers subject their victims to harassment that is more annoying than threatening, but it is possible that when the cyberstalker begins to realize that the victim has little recourse, it may escalate into something that causes a victim a severe amount of emotional distress, without ever fearing for their physical safety.
		Although there are laws that can discourage the behavior of a cyberstalker who's identity is known to the victim, the greatest challenge is protecting the victim from unknown harassers.
	www.sgrm.com /art-8.htm (5439 words)

	Cyberstalking Homepage
		Cyberstalking is a frightening thing that is coming out of chat rooms or other places where you can meet people on the internet.
		Cyberstalking can also be some one following around insisting that they are in love with you.
		Cyberstalking is just as frightning as if it was a neighbor or an ex-boyfriend or ex-girlfriend that is following you or watching ever move you make.
	www.franklin.k12.ma.us /rem8thpages/leanne (288 words)

	Cyberstalking Report
		Although such a "back of the envelope" calculation is inherently uncertain and speculative (given that it rests on an assumption about very different populations), it does give a rough sense of the potential magnitude of the problem.
		and cyberstalking may be covered under general stalking statutes in other states.
		Although this information is not specifically relevant to cyberstalking, much of the advice about protecting children and safeguarding privacy while online may be of assistance to individuals who want to use the Internet while protecting against potential cyberstalkers.
	www.neiladdison.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /book/cyberep.htm (8408 words)

	Cyberstalking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cyberstalking involves the use of email and other electronic means to harass another individual.
		Often, cyberstalking ventures offline and the cyberstalker may attempt to track down the victim physically.
		Cyberstalking is a real problem, though some people may not take the threat seriously.
	ethics.csc.ncsu.edu /privacy/cyberstalking/study.html (251 words)

	Cyberstalking [T&I no. 166]
		Cyberstalking is analogous to traditional forms of stalking, in that it incorporates persistent behaviours that instil apprehension and fear.
		She outlines three methods used to counter cyberstalking, all of which have varying degrees of success: personal protection; technical fixes; and legislation.
		If you see this message you are probably using an old browser: these pages should be readable, but we recommend updating to a modern browser.
	www.aic.gov.au /publications/tandi/tandi166.html (100 words)

	Cyberstalking
		Unfortunately, cyberstalkers sometimes step out of cyberspace and into the physical world by stealing your identity, luring unsuspecting victims for a first meeting, vandalizing your home, office, or vehicle, sending threatening or obscene mail, making abusive and excessive phone calls, or whatever else the criminal mind can imagine.
		Because the internet is a recent development and stalking was only first labeled a crime in the United States by California in 1990, state cyberstalking laws and their implementation are still in their infancy.
		Actual cyberstalking laws, federal child exploitation statutes, and cyberstalking court cases do exist.
	www.ccmostwanted.com /topics/cstalk.htm (1041 words)

	Article: Cyberstalking and Law Enforcement
		Charges were finally filed against her cyberstalker and a trial date has been set for later this year.
		Law enforcement agencies now know that cyberstalking is a very real issue that needs to be dealt with, from local police departments to state police, the FBI, and US Postal Inspection Service, among others.
		With almost 20 states with cyberstalking or related laws, a federal cyberstalking law waiting for Senate approval and several other states with laws pending, cyberstalking is finally getting noticed not only by law enforcement, but by the media, too.
	computeme.tripod.com /cyberstalk.html (1412 words)

	USATODAY.com - Cyberstalking becoming bigger problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		While Illinois' cyberstalking law — passed in 2001 — gives electronic harassment the same penalties as stalking in person, some say the problem is still budding.
		Porfirios Liapis, of St. Charles, was sentenced on May 23 to 60 days in the Lake County Jail, 75 hours of public service, and $2,022 in fines and fees for e-mailing death threats to a friend, according to the Lake County Circuit Clerk's office.
		In a separate case, Amy Defay, 23, of Rockford, was charged last month with cyberstalking for threatening a man. Defay sent at least two threatening e-mails that left the man's family with "reasonable apprehension for fear of bodily harm," said James Brun, Winnebago County Assistant State's Attorney.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/news/2003-07-15-cyberstalking_x.htm (548 words)

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