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	The Changed World: What is cyberterrorism
		Cyberterrorism, as with any other terrorist acts, are acts of carefully planned violence where a small amount of effort, usually hard to identify or catch, is applied to interfere with the functioning of civil society.
		Cyberterrorism is applied to mostly civilian information infrastructures with the ultimate objectives that are either ideological or political, but mostly political.
		You must understand that in cases of cyberterrorism the number one rule is that most of the efforts of attackers will be spent not on attacking directly but on spending most of their time to seek out what and where are the locations of maximum vulnerability.
	www.strassmann.com /pubs/cyberterrorism.html (3714 words)

	Cyberterrorism as the new form of terrorism
		Under computer terrorism (cyberterrorism), it is necessary to understand intimidation of the population and authorities, with the purpose of achievement of criminal intentions.
		It is shown in threat of violence, maintenance of a condition of constant fear with the purpose of achievement of certain political or other purposes, compulsion to the certain actions, attraction of attention to the person of the cyberterrorist or the terrorist organization, which he represents.
		The cyberterrorism is the serious threat to mankind comparable to the nuclear, bacteriological and chemical weapon, and a degree of this threat by virtue of the novelty, not up to the end is still realized and investigated.
	www.crime-research.org /library/Gol_tem3_eng.htm (2373 words)

	ICE: Internet Censorship Explorer » Cyberterrorism re-surfacing?
		Cyberterrorism is a criminal act perpetrated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities, resulting in violence, destruction and/or disruption of services to create fear by causing confusion and uncertainty within a given population, with the goal of influencing a government or population to conform to a particular political, social, or ideological agenda.
		To qualify as cyberterrorism, an attack should not only be politically motivated but should cause extensive destruction, serious injury, death, and/or massive disruptions of essential services while generating a significant amount of fear.
		Cyberterrorism is limited to instances ï¿½when the destructive nature of the ï¿½actï¿½ itself is carried out via computersï¿½.
	ice.citizenlab.org /?p=47 (670 words)

	CYBERTERRORISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The definition of cyberterrorism is very broad, including "the use of computing resources against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." (Clifford A. Wilke, "Infrastructure Threats from Cyber-Terrorists" (visited Feb. 12, 2000)).
		Cyberterrorism is made even more convenient by the fact that it is cheap in comparison to the extensive and expensive terrorist operations we've seen in previous history, requiring only a telephone, a computer, hacker software, and a modem.
		Examples of more serious acts of cyberterrorism include a sabotage of the stock exchange, the disabling of power and phone utilities, altering drug formulas at pharmaceutical plants, adjusting pressure in gas pipelines to cause valve failure, scrambling the software of major financial institutions, hospitals, or large corporations, and disrupting air and railroad traffic control.
	gsulaw.gsu.edu /lawand/papers/fa01/harrisonvincent (2215 words)

	Cyberterrorism: How Real Is the Threat? by Gabriel Weimann: Special Reports: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Cyberterrorism is, to be sure, an attractive option for modern terrorists, who value its anonymity, its potential to inflict massive damage, its psychological impact, and its media appeal.
		It is important to distinguish between cyberterrorism and "hacktivism," a term coined by scholars to describe the marriage of hacking with political activism.
		Moreover, the line between cyberterrorism and hacktivism may sometimes blur, especially if terrorist groups are able to recruit or hire computer-savvy hacktivists or if hacktivists decide to escalate their actions by attacking the systems that operate critical elements of the national infrastructure, such as electric power networks and emergency services.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/sr119.html (6526 words)

	[No title]
		Potential Threat To understand the potential threat of cyberterrorism, two factors must be considered: first, whether there are targets that are vulnerable to attack that could lead to violence or severe harm, and second, whether there are actors with the capability and motivation to carry them out.
		Cyberterrorism, they argued, was a thing of the future, although it might be pursued as an ancillary tool.
		The study also determined that hacker groups are psychologically and organizationally ill-suited to cyberterrorism, and that it would be against their interests to cause mass disruption of the information infrastructure.
	www.cosc.georgetown.edu /~denning/infosec/cyberterror-GD.doc (3917 words)

	Putting cyberterrorism into context
		Cyberterrorism is any premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which results in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents.
		Too often the terms cyberterrorism and cyber attack are used interchangeably and may result in a misunderstanding of the cyber threat in general and the threat of cyberterrorism in particular.
		These definitions demonstrate that for cyberterrorism to be perpetrated there are at least three elements which must be satisfied in order to distingish a cyberterrorist attack from an ordinary cyber attack.
	www.crime-research.org /articles/putting_cyberterrorism (1282 words)

	Cyberterrorism
		Cyberterrorism is a term being used more and more, yet no widely agreed upon definition cyberterrorism exists.
		Cyberterrorism occurs when the destructive nature of the act itself is carried out via computers.
		Cyberterrorism is a viable option to traditional physical acts of violence because of its anonymity, diversity of targets, low risk of detection, low risk of personal injury, low investment, and the ability to operate from nearly any location.
	www.bdblodgett.com /Cyberterrorism/Cyberterrorism.htm (8863 words)

	LHRIC > School Security > Cyberterrorism and Schools Part I: "Scripts Kiddies, Hackivists, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Cyberterrorism has been a hot topic for several years but given the attacks of September 11th it has developed an added urgency.
		Cyberterrorism is a term coined by Barry Colin of the Institute for Security and Intelligence.
		An example of Cyberterrorism might be taking over controls of the air traffic control system and causing airliners to crash or causing a financial and economic depression by taking control of Wall St. computers and causing a stock market crash.
	www.lhric.org /security/desk/letter7.html (759 words)

	"The Myth of Cyberterrorism" by Joshua Green
		The September 11 hijackings led to an outcry that airliners are particularly susceptible to cyberterrorism.
		And there's a reason the 9/11 hijackers used box-cutters instead of keyboards: It's impossible to hijack a plane remotely, which eliminates the possibility of a high-tech 9/11 scenario in which planes are used as weapons.
		Cyberterrorism merges two spheres--terrorism and technology--that most lawmakers and senior administration officials don't fully understand and therefore tend to fear, making them likelier to accede to any measure, if only out of self-preservation.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /features/2001/0211.green.html (3768 words)

	[No title]
		It is generally understood to mean unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives.
		To understand the potential threat of cyberterrorism, two factors must be considered: first, whether there are targets that are vulnerable to attack that could lead to violence or severe harm, and second, whether there are actors with the capability and motivation to carry them out.
		Indeed cyberterrorism could be immensely appealing precisely because of the tremendous attention given to it by the government and media.
	www.cosc.georgetown.edu /~denning/infosec/cyberterror.html (2387 words)

	AusCERT - Putting cyberterrorism into context
		Assessments of the threat of cyberterrorism require an assessment of the intent and capability of attackers to cause fear and/or physical harm through cyber attack techniques.
		Cyberterrorism, while possible, is assessed to be very unlikely - and indeed, as far as we and others are aware - there have been no reported cases of it which match the above definitions.
		Misuse of the term or a pre-occupation with cyberterrorism as the seeming greatest source of threat may divert attention from addressing other forms of cyber attack which are capable of causing serious harm to organisations and infrastructures and which have occurred far more often and will continue to do so.
	www.auscert.org.au /render.html?it=3552 (3083 words)

	ICE: Internet Censorship Explorer » Cyberterrorism
		On June 3 2004 the air traffic control system in the UK shut down for one hour (7am -8am) causing flights to be delayed, cancelled and grounded.
		These events will no doubt make their way into “security” literature with the addition of “what if” scenarios in which the disruption was cause by hackers or cyberterrorists rather than the unappealing reality of bugs, glitches and upgrades.
		The disruption of air traffic control has been one of the long standing and often repeated attack scenarios envisioned by cyberterrorism experts who craft extravagant and fanciful scenarios in which cyberterrorists break into air traffic control computers and crash planes into one another.
	ice.citizenlab.org /?cat=7 (2142 words)

	Cyberterrorism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Cyberterrorism can be defined as the use of information technology by terrorist groups and individuals to further their agenda.
		As of June 2003, at least eight states have pending legislation that address cyberterrorism.
		Cyberterrorism can include direct attacks on networks, computer systems, computer programs, and data, which may result in potentially disastrous consequences like shutting down vital infrastructure facilities such as power stations.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/lis/CIP/cyberterrorism.htm (249 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Technology \| Technology \| Cyber hype
		Cyberterrorism is giving governments an opportunity to curb civil liberties, but is it really a lethal weapon?
		The surrender of some liberties in the name of security is about physical security and terrorism, not cyberterrorism, which is a less important subset.
		In the final analysis, however, hackers saying they are not going to get involved in cyberterrorism is not going to be enough to call off the dogs and halt the data clampdown, even if some of the most sensitive systems are not directly connected to the internet.
	technology.guardian.co.uk /online/story/0,3605,853535,00.html (1655 words)

	Cyberterrorism
		Cyberterrorism is a term in common use today, throughout the world, with many serious social implications.
		So in short, cyberterrorism is a type of terrorism of cyberspace whereby telecommunications and computer services are disrupted through the use of viruses, worms, and other malicious materials.
		In a world where cyberterrorism is on the rise, viruses for Macs could have much more sever consequences than the typical worms and spyware.
	students.hamilton.edu /2008/ereile/100/final_project.html (1524 words)

	Cyberterrorism: The real risks - ZDNet UK News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		While warnings pervade government and the media, doomsday scenarios of cyberterrorism that result in massive deaths or injury remain largely the stuff of Hollywood scripts or conspiracy theory.
		On 11 September, it took less than 24 hours after four passenger jets were used as weapons of mass destruction for cries of cyberterrorism to emerge as the next great threat, triggering calls for new legislation to broaden the authority of law enforcement agencies.
		That sort of rhetoric is why many dislike the term "cyberterrorism." Ambiguity over its definition -- and, therefore, which threats are real and which are not -- has confused the public and given rise to countless myths.
	news.zdnet.co.uk /internet/0,39020369,2121358,00.htm (2758 words)

	Hacktivists or Cyberterrorists? The Changing Media Discourse on Hacking
		If we consider Pollitt's (1997) definition of cyberterrorism - which results "in violence against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents" - we may reformulate the conditions for a hack to be an act of cyberterrorism, as one causing significant damage, harm, and violence.
		It examined cyberterrorism and possible forms of cyberactivism during conflicts, particularly the War on Terrorism led by the United States prompted by the terrorist attacks on America on September 11, 2001.
		It is, therefore, desirable for the government to show credibly that cyberterrorism does, indeed, exist, or is at least highly probable to occur in the future, in order to keep up the seriousness of the threat under the disguise of which restrictive legislation can be easily passed that increases the power of the government.
	www.firstmonday.org /issues/issue7_10/vegh/index.html (7265 words)

	Thwarting cyberterrorism
		An act of cyberterrorism may be directed at the nation's banking system, telecommunications network, air traffic control system or virtually any critical infrastructure that heavily relies on network technology.
		While not dismissing these threats, security experts for the most part are uncomfortable with the term "cyberterrorism." Some say it represents hype, others that it's misleading, because the majority of cyberthreats come from people who are motivated by factors other than terrorism.
		So I think there's a lot of disservice going on when we try to lump 14-year-olds launching viruses with cyberterrorism, and use that word terrorism, which we would typically expect government to be involved in responding to and protecting us from.
	www.networkworld.com /ecomm/2002/round/round.html (1958 words)

	Cyber-terrorism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There is also a train of thought that says cyberterrorism does not exist and is really a matter of hacking or information warfare.
		Some disagree with labeling it terrorism proper because of the unlikelihood of the creation of fear of significant physical harm or death in a population using electronic means, considering current attack and protective technologies.
		Mainstream media coverage often discusses the possibility of a large attack making use of computer networks to sabotage critical infrastructures with the aim of putting human lives in jeopardy or causing disruption on a national scale either directly or by disruption of the national economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cyberterrorism (944 words)

	Shredding the Paper Tiger of Cyberterrorism
		Part of the problem is that cyberterrorism has become a catch-all phrase for any sort of illicit on-line activity; and its use (or misuse) by the media, vendors, and government officials further muddies the waters.
		For example, a Google search for the term “cyberterrorism” yields all sorts of cases in which it is used to describe viruses, Trojans, and hacking.
		In March 2002, FBI Assistant Director JT Caruso told a Congressional hearing that the agency defines cyberterrorism as “the use of cybertools to shut down critical national infrastructures for the purpose of coercing or intimidating a government or civilian population.”
	online.securityfocus.com /columnists/111 (1063 words)

	Clinton outlines anti-cyberterrorism plan \| CNET News.com
		Arguing that the threat of cyberterrorism is no longer merely the stuff of suspense novels, Clinton says it is past time for the government to get serious about preparing for attacks.
		The hack was the second in six months for the agency, which administers the Voice of America radio network and other foreign news services.
		The federal government first took on cyberterrorism in 1996, when Clinton formed the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection to study the threat.
	news.com.com /2100-1023-220532.html (858 words)

	The Future of CyberTerrorism (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		This paper examines the future of CyberTerrorism - a term the author coined a decade ago, as the indicia of technological dependence and frailty were forming in our New World disOrder.
		Unlike other methods of terrorism, CyberTerrorism is safe and profitable, and difficult to counter without the right expertise and understanding of the CyberTerrorist's mind.
		Combine our increasing vulnerability, with the explosive increases in the level of violence, and increasing expertise available inside terrorist organizations through new blood and outside through facilitators, and we can see that at the point where the physical and virtual worlds converge, the old models of managing terrorism are obsolete.
	afgen.com.cob-web.org:8888 /terrorism1.html (2126 words)

	cyberterrorism
		Dorothy Denning defines cyberterrorism as “unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein…to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives…[resulting] in violence against persons or property, or at least …enough harm to generate fear.”
		The closest thing to cyberterrorism that has ever happened was in 1998, when an offshoot of the terrorist organization Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam swamped Sri Lankan embassies with 800 emails a day for two weeks (Denning 269).
		Either they are unable, or cyberterrorism does not promote their goals.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~lwpoole/politics116/cyberterrorism.html (469 words)

	CYBERTERRORISM - Fact or Fantasy (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		This paper discusses the definition of cyberterrorism, its potential, and suggests an approach to the minimization of its’ dangers.
		The definition of cyberterrorism used in this paper is combines the United States Department of State’s definition of terrorism as politically motivated acts of violence against non-combatants with a definition of cyberspace as the computers, networks, programs and data which make up the information infrastructure.
		For the term “cyberterrorism” to have any meaning, we must be able to differentiate it from other kinds of computer abuse such as computer crime, economic espionage, or information warfare.
	www.cs.georgetown.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /~denning/infosec/pollitt.html (2066 words)

	Activism, Hacktivism, and Cyberterrorism (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		With respect to hacktivism and cyberterrorism, those who engage in such activity are less likely to accomplish their foreign policy objectives than those who do not employ disruptive and destructive techniques.
		This effort is not focused on either cyberterrorism or hacktivism, but rather addresses an array of actions that includes all forms of hacking and computer network attacks, computer and telecommunications fraud, child pornography on the Net, and electronic piracy (software, music, etc.).
		With regards to cyberterrorism, that is, the use of hacking tools and techniques to inflict grave harm such as loss of life, few conclusions can be drawn about its potential impact on foreign policy, as there have been no reported incidents that meet the criteria.
	www.iwar.org.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /cyberterror/resources/denning.htm (12279 words)

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