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Topic: Cycad

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Cycadophyta

Cycadaceae

Zamiaceae

Stangeria

Zamia furfuracea

Stangeriaceae

Gymnosperm

Seed plant

Vascular plant

Ophioglossophyta

Pinophyta

Pampas Grass

Spikemoss

Nonvascular plant

Ginkgo

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	Update on Management Methods for Cycad Aulacaspis Scale
		Cycad aulacaspis scale is native to Thailand and currently found in China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Cayman Islands, Puerto Rico and Vieques Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii and Oahu) and Florida (Ben-Dov 2003).
		Due to the overall impact of the cycad aulacaspis scale, several researchers are studying the life history and control of this pest.
		A long-term strategy may involve the use of cycads that are resistant or not preferred by the cycad aulacaspis scale.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /IN474 (1504 words)

	Cycad - Cycas clivicola: More Information - ARKive
		Cycads have large, divided leaves and resemble palms and tree ferns superficially.
		Cycads are dioecious, with separate male and female individuals.
		In some areas this cycad species is threatened by over-collection, but in general it is widespread and abundant (2).
	www.arkive.org /species/GES/plants_and_algae/Cycas_clivicola/more_info.html (549 words)

	The Cycad Jungle, cycad, Tom Broome, Zamia, Ceratozamia, Encephalartos, Dioon, Cycas, Lepidozamia, Macrozamia, Bowenia, ...
		As the cycad collection grew to the point that we couldn't landscape and take care of the cycads at the same time, we became a full time cycad nursery.
		Most landscapers have just scratched the surface as to what cycad species can be used, and we help them make their projects more diversified and unique.
		We want everyone to grow and propagate their cycads, so we have included articles that we have written on every cycad cultivation subject you can think of.
	cycadjungle.8m.com (774 words)

	About The Cycad Society, Inc.
		In 1999, TCS Board of Directors met during CYCAD 99 to discuss the reinvigoration of the society.
		The Cycad Newsletter--A publication of the Cycad Society, the newsletter is "dedicated to the conservation of cycads through education and scientific research." These words appear on the front cover of every issue of the Cycad Newsletter as a reminder of TCS's mission.
		Cycad Society Seedbank--One of the most popular benefits of being a TCS member is the seedbank.
	www.cycad.org /TCS-Info.htm (439 words)

	cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi
		The bionomics of the cycad aulacaspis scale insect was studied by Howard et al.
		Cycads continue to appear to be highly infested after most of the scale insects have been killed because the scales do not readily drop off.
		Cycad aulacaspis scale insect have a high potential to spread to new areas via plant movement, because one to a few fecund females hidden on the fibrous stem or on roots can easily escape detection.
	creatures.ifas.ufl.edu /orn/palms/cycad_scale.htm (1503 words)

	cycad - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Cycads are grown as ornamentals in warm regions and in greenhouses.
		Cycads: from the upper Jurassic and lower cretaceous rocks of Southeastern Utah.
		New discoveries of cycads and advancement of conservation of cycads in China.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-cycad.html (661 words)

	CNN - Weevils help save Jurassic plant in Australia - May 25, 1999
		However, in the case of the Cycad, the weevil is both a foe and a friend.
		Although the Australian Cycads are inhabited by different weevils than those elsewhere in the world, they appear to have been equally successful in conscripting these into becoming their pollinators.
		Studies of modern weevils show that the Cycads were invaded by these highly specialized herbivores no fewer than seven times during their long history, but on each occasion managed to surmount the threat.
	www.cnn.com /NATURE/9905/25/cycad.weevil.enn/index.html (750 words)

	CYCAD
		This week's laboratory is on the cycads, a gymnospermous group for which we have living representatives, the cycadeoids, an extinct Mesozoic group, and the ginkgophytes, a group characterized by the extant monotypic genus Ginkgo and numerous fossil relatives.
		The cycads have frequently been compared to the Cycadeoidales (Bennettitales) which also occurred during the Mesozoic, and collectively these two groups are sometimes called cycadophytes.Although they are superficially similar to cycads in growth habit and leaf morphology they have entirely different reproductive structures.
		Cycads are dioecious and, when fertile, produce a terminally positioned cone that bears either pollen sacs or ovules.
	lsweb.la.asu.edu /kpigg/CYCAD.html (1934 words)

	NBI:Research - Cycad Conservation
		With 39 species of cycad, it ranks third, behind Australia and Mexico, for the countries with the highest numbers of cycads.
		Cycads are therefore one of the most threatened groups of plants in South Africa.
		John Donaldson is also chairperson of the IUCN Cycad Specialist Group which comprises an internationl group of scientists, conservationists, and nurserymen who provide expert advice on cycad conservation and trade.
	www.sanbi.org /research/consbiolcycads.htm (298 words)

	Cycad - CreationWiki
		Cycad is a term that refers to a group of cone-bearing plants that are living fossils, dated to radiometric dating to supposedly live 240 million years ago, but remain largely unchanged since that time.
		The leaves of the cycads contain poisonous chemicals and if the plant is used in food they must remove the chemicals.
		Most Cycads live in tropical or subtropical climates and in regions with summer rainfall, but are found on every continent except Europe and Antarctica.
	creationwiki.org /Cycad (329 words)

	cars - Cycad
		Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk.
		One of the most notable researchers of cycads was American botanist C.J. Chamberlain whose work is noteworthy for the quantity of data and the novelty of his approach to studying cycads.
		In recent years, many cycads have been dwindling in numbers and may face risk of extinction because of theft and unscrupulous collection from their natural habitats, as well as from habitat destruction.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Cycad (1062 words)

	Cycad Fossil
		The cycads are known to be an extremely ancient group of seed plants, and are now recognized as the sister group to all other living seed plants.
		Fossil cycads are known from the Lower Permian, of China, 270-280 million years ago, and the group is thought to have arisen from within the ancient seed ferns, of the later Palaeozoic, era.
		This perception of the cycads as dominant plants of the Mesozoic Era is, however, somewhat misplaced, resulting from past confusion of the cycads and a quite separate, now extinct, group known variously as the Cycadeoids or the Bennettitales.
	www.fossilmuseum.net /plantfossils/Bucklandia-cycad/cycad.htm (388 words)

	PACSOA - Australia's Cycad Fossils
		Cycads are often described by botanists and horticulturalists alike as living fossils, and after the release of films such as Jurassic Park and its sequel, potted seedling cycads were even sold in major plant nurseries labelled as dinosaur food.
		Cycads are often confused with palms, but cycads are more closely related to conifers than they are to palms or other flowering plants.
		Cycad leaf fossils are often identified by comparing the shapes and arrangements of the cells of the epidermis of the leaf, based on the waxy coating on all leaves, the cuticle.
	www.pacsoa.org.au /cycads/Articles/fossil_cycads (1816 words)

	Cycads from Seed (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cycads are gymnosperms and need both a male and a female plant to reproduce.
		The seeds of this cycad are large and red, and are produced in a huge cluster at the center of the plant.
		The growth of a new cycad leaf is a study in grace, as the fronds slowly uncurl, grow, and stiffen.
	home.att.net /~larvalbugrex/cycads.html (457 words)

	PACSOA - Cycads - With Special Reference To The Southern African Species
		The excitement of the palm-collecting mania of the 80s seems to have declined in recent years, but cycad collectors have maintained their interest, and their numbers are growing.
		The orientation of the leaflets is very important in the identification of cycad species, and to have a brief and widely-accepted term to precisely describe these characters without referring to a diagram or resorting to hand gestures is an insightful step forward.
		Cycad auctions are common and the methods for determining the value of mature cycads are as well-defined as in real estate.
	www.pacsoa.org.au /books/reviews/cycads_sa.html (625 words)

	SDNHM Fossil Mysteries Field Guide: Cycads
		In fact, the Jurassic is often referred to as the "Age of Cycads." Cycads were probably an important food source for many herbivorous animals during the Jurassic Period.
		Although cycads bear a superficial resemblance to palms, they are a completely distinct group of seed plants, and are nearly unique among living plants in possessing motile sperm cells.
		Cycads have an interesting association with bacteria that exist in special roots growing up out of the soil, called coralloid roots, because of their similarity in appearance to coral.
	www.sdnhm.org /exhibits/mystery/fg_cycad.html (554 words)

	Cycads , Cycad Books, Cycad Artwork, Other Rare Plants
		Cycads are living fossils--endangered species plants that have existed since before the Jurassic Period, over 280 million years ago.
		We grow and import cycads, fairly priced for the cycad collector, for nurseries that sell cycads and for landscapers who use cycads in their work.
		Cycads have survived rampaging dinosaurs, ice ages, comets hitting the earth, and every imaginable natural disaster.
	www.cycadpalm.com (395 words)

	Cycad Plants "Woo" Insects With Heat, Odor
		A species of primitive cycad plant from Australia relies on a surprisingly sophisticated system of meting out food to ensure successful pollination.
		Scientists had long thought that cycads were passively wind-pollinated.
		Cycads are one ancient lineage of seed-producing plants called gymnosperms, which also include firs, spruce, pines, sequoias, and redwoods.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2007/10/071004-cycad-sex.html (289 words)

	MBC's Cycad Walk
		The 1995 Cycad Walk design is based on the original geographical source of the population samples.
		The 1995 concept of the Cycad Walk was completed in 2003 and now consists of 15 Asia beds, 2 Africa beds, 6 America beds, and 3 Australia beds.
		Based on their evaluation, the Cycad Walk area was doubled to include over 13 acres of the 120-acre property.
	www.montgomerybotanical.org /Pages/Collection_Cycad_Walk.htm (421 words)

	Cycads
		The cycads are ancient gymnosperms which were at their peak in the Jurassic, the "Age of the Dinosaurs", about 150 million years ago.
		Cycad seeds are several cm across, often brightly coloured, and most rely on large animals to aid in dispersal.
		The starchy material in the trunks of cycads, termed sago, can be eaten in times of hardship but the main economic importance of cycads is their horticultural appeal.
	scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/bl14apl/gym2.htm (587 words)

	The Cycad (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Cycad species has the rare privilege of having survived at least 200 million years of the earth's history.
		Judging from rarely found fossil cones it appears that cycads have changed relatively little in the last 100 million years which is why modern cycads are called "living fossils".
		Cycads are found today in tropical, subtropical and warm, temperate areas.
	www.cycad.com /cgi-bin/Cycad/cycads.html (373 words)

	San Antonio Botanical Garden 555 Funston San Antonio Texas - Conservatory/Palm and Cycad House (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cycads are a small group of 10 living genera and about 100 species, found in the tropics and subtropics of both Eastern and Western hemispheres.
		Although certain Cycads have been known to attain a height of more than 30 feet, most are usually not more than 6 feet tall.
		The Cycads are entirely dioecious, which means the male plants bear erect, usually stalked, somewhat slender cones while the female cones are thicker and shorter and sometimes hard to discern as a cone but rather as a group of overlapping scales.
	www.sabot.org /garden/conservatory/palm.htm (1501 words)

	City of Fort Lauderdale - Urban Forestry - Cycad Aulacaspis Scale
		A few years ago, cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacapis yasumatsui, was discovered in South Florida and has since spread through Miami-Dade and Broward counties.
		The scale was introduced into Flroida by accident and has only been observed on plants in the Cycad family, Cycadaceae, and only on the genus Cycas.
		Cycad aulacaspis scale is in the group know as armored scale insects (Diaspididae).
	fortlauderdale.gov /life/urban_forestry/CycadAulacaspis.htm (221 words)

	Field Adventures: Petrified Forest
		Cycad Society since its founding in 1977.) So while part of our field crew went to survey the Blue Mesa area for evidence of large vertebrates, Doug and I chose to work in another area and look in one of the grey claystone layers for plant fossils.
		I was allowed to retain a couple of lesser-quality cycad leaf fossils to take back to the Denver Museum of Natural History for their paleobotany collections.
		The closeness of relationship between the cycadeoids and the true cycads is still a matter of debate.
	www.fieldadventures.org /az/cycadwash.html (1277 words)

	Plant Profiles and Growing Tips \| Cycad Garden Centre (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cycads are very easy to grow and care for, they will grow in all types of different positions.
		If cycads are in a cool spot in the garden and air movement is low, dont water too much or keep wet as it may rot the plant.
		This is another popular cycad and is highly recommended for sunny areas and garden borders also for use on verandahs and patios.
	cycadgardencentre.com.au /@profiles (1544 words)

	Cycad Collection — eThekwini Online (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cycad collection in the Durban Botanic Gardens is undoubtedly one of the world's finest - in terms of size and age of the specimens, the number of plants and the diversity of the collection.
		The central core of the collection consist of an extensive representation of the African cycad genus Encephalartos, and this is complemented by a selected range of exotic cycads.
		In 1991 a Cycad Advisory Group was set up and the cycad collection was re-organised into a more scientifically-based and more accessible series of geographical groupings of specimens.
	www.durban.gov.za /eThekwini/Services/parks/dbn_botanic_gardens/plant_collections/cycads_collection (226 words)

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