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Topic: Cyclodextrin

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	Chemical Functional Definitions
		Cyclodextrins have a specific toroidal shape: a tight conical cylinder with a hydrophilic exterior (due to the presence of hydroxyl radicals) and a hydrophobic cavity of a specific size.
		Cyclodextrin inclusion is a molecular phenomenon in which usually only one guest molecule interacts with the cavity of a Cyclodextrin molecule to become entrapped and form a stable association.
		Cyclodextrins are able to form inclusion complexes with broad range hydrophobic molecules as poorly soluble drugs, rapidly deteriorating flavours, volatile fragrances, toxic pesticides or dangerous explosives, even gases; entrapping these substances in their inner cavities.
	www.scienceinthebox.com /en_UK/glossary/cyclodextrin_en.html (775 words)

	cyclodextrin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The common cyclodextrins used in chromatography are the alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins which have been shown to contain 6 (cyclohexamylose), 7 (cycloheptamylose) and 8 (cyclooctamylose) glucose units, respectively.
		The cyclodextrins and their derivatives have been widely used for all types of chiral separations and can often be used for preparative separations.Cyclodextrin-based phases are readily available, covalently bonded to spherical silica gel particles 5 mm in diameter.
		The cyclodextrins are produced by the partial degradation of starch followed by the enzymatic coupling of the glucose units into crystalline, homogeneous toroidal structures of different molecular size.
	www.chromatography-online.org /topics/cyclodextrin.html (204 words)

	John Berardi - 4-Androstenediol and Cyclodextrins
		Cyclodextrins are modified carbohydrates, strings of glucose molecules that, when bound together, form a donut shaped ring with a hollow interior cavity.
		The outside portion of the cyclodextrin molecule is "hydrophilic" (it's attracted to and dissolves very well in watery environments) while the inside part of the cyclodextrin is "hydrophobic" (attracted to molecules that repel water).
		HPB cyclodextrins have been shown to have a better safety profile and to be more water-soluble and than Beta cyclodextrins and therefore seem to be the best choice for use in prohormone complexes (2,3,4,5).
	www.johnberardi.com /articles/supplementation/cyclodextrins.htm (1979 words)

	Complex of anti-fungal agent and cyclodextrin and method - Patent 4883785
		The composition as defined in claim 4 wherein the cyclodextrin is.gamma.-cyclodextrin and the anti-fungal agent is amphotericin B. A complex of amphotericin B with gammacyclodextrin.
		Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides obtained from starch, formed of six glucose units (.alpha.-cyclodextrin), seven glucose units (.beta.-cyclodextrin) or eight glucose units (.gamma.-cyclodextrin).
		The preferred complex of amphotericin B and cyclodextrin of the invention has been found to have reduced toxicity, improved water-solubility and stability over prior art amphotericin B compounds and/or formulations and thus is easily dissolved in the stomach, even at the acidic pH of 1-1.5 normally found in the stomach.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4883785.html (2217 words)

	alpha-CYCLODEXTRIN (JECFA Food Additives Series 48)
		The nephrosis caused by cyclodextrin is considered to be an exaggerated form of osmotic nephrosis, probably due to lack of degradation of cyclodextrin by lysosomal amylases, leading to renal failure (Frank et al., 1976).
		The effects of the cyclodextrins on P388 murine leukaemia cells were examined by exposing the cells to increasing concentrations of cyclodextrins for 48 h in a medium containing 10% fetal calf serum.
		In a study of the effects of cyclodextrins on the luminescence of an Escherichia coli suspension, the concentrations of natural and chemically modified cyclodextrins required to reduce the luminescence by 20% and 50% were determined as an indication of their cytotoxicity.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48je10.htm (7295 words)

	Development of cyclodextrin microspheres for pulmonary drug delivery
		Cyclodextrins act as molecular hosts toward various, poorly water-soluble drugs, ranging from ion, very polar molecules to non-polar molecules, affecting advantageously their physicochemical properties (2, 3).
		Therefore, cyclodextrin microspheres have been shown to be stable vectors for drug encapsulation (10, 30) and may have some applications in pulmonary drug delivery when deposited in the alveolar region.
		At 172.4°C, an endotherm peak responsible for the cyclodextrin melting was observed whereas it was displaced at 162°C for reticulated cyclodextrin.
	www.ualberta.ca /~csps/JPPS8(3)/M.Skiba/cyclodextrin.htm (3531 words)

	U.S. Patent: 5593670 - Uncomplexed cyclodextrin solutions for odor control on inanimate surfaces - January 14, 1997
		The composition of claim 1 wherein said cyclodextrin derivatives are selected from the group consisting of methyl substituted cyclodextrins, ethyl substituted cyclodextrins, hydroxyl alkyl substituted cyclodextrins, branched cyclodextrins, cationic cyclodextrins, quaternary ammonium cyclodextrins, anionic cyclodextrins, amphoteric cyclodextrins, cyclodextrins wherein at least one glucopyranose unit has as 3-6-anhydro-cyclomalto structure, and mixtures thereof.
		While cyclodextrin is an effective odor absorber, some small molecules are not sufficiently absorbed by the cyclodextrin molecules because the cavity of the cyclodextrin molecule may be too large to adequately hold the smaller organic molecule.
		Cyclodextrin molecules are known for their ability to form complexes with perfume ingredients and have typically been taught as a perfume carrier.
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5593670.html (12336 words)

	CTD, Inc, Cyclodextrin Resource: - Natural Cyclodextrins
		Cyclodextrins (CD's) as they are known today, were called cellulosine when first described by Villiers [1] in 1891.
		Briefly, the natural Cyclodextrins are produced from starch by the action of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase), an enzyme produced by several organisms, Bacillus macerans being the earliest source.
		A mathematical treatment of the association and dissociation constants of Cyclodextrins and chemical substances is elegantly discussed by Higuchi and Connors 2.
	www.cyclodex.com /about.asp?page_id=2&n=2 (856 words)

	Cyclodextrin projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cyclodextrins are routinely used in pharmacy as drug carriers due to their ability to include lipophilic compounds to their cavity and thus change their water solubility or stability.
		Synthesis of regioselectively substituted aminoderivatives of cyclodextrin and their use as modifiers of senzoric response of optical senzors of chemical compounds based on porous silicon.
		The aim of the project is to synthetize several types of regioselectively substituted aminoderivatives of cyclodextrins and to connect them to the surface of PS modified by addition of undecene acid to Si-H bond.
	jindrich.org /projects/cyclodextrins.html (433 words)

	Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Cyclodextrins
		Cyclodextrins are produced from starch by the action of extracellular enzymes, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTase, E.C. Cyclodextrins consisting of 6 to 8 (1
		In the food industry, cyclodextrins are used for stabilising aromas and for masking of unpleasant odours.
		Furthermore, cyclodextrins or cyclodextrin derivatives have been shown to catalyse certain chemical reactions and are currently studied as enzyme models.
	www.bio.auc.dk /en/chemistry/staff/kll/cyclodextrins.htm (389 words)

	Cyclodextrins For Pharmaceutical Applications
		The ability of a cyclodextrin to form an inclusion complex with a guest molecule is a function of two key factors.
		While the height of the cyclodextrin cavity is the same for all three types, the number of glucose units determines the internal diameter of the cavity and its volume (Table 2.).
		The most stable three dimensional structure of cyclodextrins is a toroid with the larger and smaller openings presenting hydroxyl groups to the external environment and mostly hydrophobic functionality lining the interior of the cavity (Figure 4).
	www.ispcorp.com /products/pharma/content/forwhatsnew/cyclodex (1963 words)

	Beta-hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin (Encapsin (tm) replacement) available through RDI Divison of Fitzgerald Industries Intl
		The hydroxypropyl groups are randomly substituted onto the hydroxyl groups of the cyclodextrin and the amount of sub- stitution is reported as average Degree of Substitution or number of hydroxypropyl groups per cyclodextrin and is the perferred manner of describing the substitution.
		Cyclodextrin inclusion is a molecular phenomenon in which usually only one molecule of guest interacts with the cavity of the cyclodextrin to become entrapped, unlike other encapsulation methods in which more than one molecule of guest is entrapped in the encapsulation matrix.
		The quest, or portion of the quest which complexes with the cavity of the cyclodextrin is non-polar and perfers the non-polar environment of the cavity of the cyclodextrin rather than the polar aqueous environment.
	www.researchd.com /janssen/410200.htm (3866 words)

	â-Cyclodextrin Complexes of Celecoxib: Molecular-Modeling, Characterization, and Dissolution Studies
		During the past 2 decades, cyclodextrins and their derivatives have aroused considerable interest in the pharmaceutical field because of their potential to form complexes with many varieties of drug molecules.
		When cyclodextrins are used to solubilize water insoluble drugs, it is generally assumed that the solubilization proceeds through inclusion complex formation.
		The hydrophobic cavity of cyclodextrins is capable of trapping a variety of molecules within to produce inclusion compounds.
	www.aapsj.org /view.asp?art=ps060107 (3715 words)

	ALZET® Osmotic Pump - Cyclodextrins
		Cyclodextrins are conjoined glucose molecules forming a "donut" structure, or torus.
		Cyclodextrins have been used in ALZET pumps to effectively deliver steroid hormones and other lipophilic molecules in a stable, bioactive form.
		Cyclodextrins are fully compatible with ALZET pumps and are an appropriate option for some researchers trying to dissolve an agent for continuous infusion.
	www.alzet.com /products/cyclodextrins.php (755 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Accumulation of the solvent vehicle sulphobutylether beta cyclodextrin sodium in ...
		In patients with an estimated creatinine clearance of 30 to 50 ml/min the mean Cmax and AUC of sulphobutylether beta cyclodextrin sodium increased by almost 50% and 4-fold, respectively, compared to subjects with normal renal function [5].
		Additionally, sulphobutylether beta cyclodextrin sodium is known to show an impaired clearance under dialysis therapy of 55 ml/min determined in volunteers with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis [6].
		The present data indicate an accumulation of sulphobutylether beta cyclodextrin sodium in patients with renal failure and intermittent dialysis therapy given intravenous voriconazole in whom restoration of renal function was not achieved during the treatment course.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6904/6/6 (2741 words)

	Uncomplexed cyclodextrin compositions for odor control - Patent 6767507
		The composition of claim 5 wherein said cyclodextrin derivatives are selected from the group consisting of methyl substituted cyclodextrins, ethyl substituted cyclodextrins, hydroxyalkyl substituted cyclodextrins, branched cyclodextrins, cationic cyclodextrins, quaternary ammonium cyclodextrins, anionic cyclodextrins, amphoteric cyclodextrins, cyclodextrins wherein at least one glucopyranose unit has a 3-6-anhydro-cyclomalto structure, and mixtures thereof.
		While cyclodextrin is an effective odor absorbing active, some small molecules are not sufficiently absorbed by the cyclodextrin molecules because the cavity of the cyclodextrin molecule may be too large to adequately hold the smaller organic molecule.
		The cavities within the cyclodextrin in the solution of the present invention should remain essentially unfilled (the cyclodextrin remains uncomplexed) while in solution, in order to allow the cyclodextrin to absorb various odor molecules when the solution is applied to a surface.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6767507.html (14676 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-06282001-141004
		Cyclodextrin mediation of hydrophobic monomers may offer desirable kinetics over conventional free radical polymerizations, and it has been shown in this work that cyclodextrin mediation facilitates polymerization of hydrophobic monomers in aqueous solution and in ethylene glycol.
		Therefore, it is proposed that cyclodextrin acts as a phase transfer agent, effectively solublizing the hydrophobic monomer and allowing for the aqueous dispersion or precipitation type polymerization to occur, depending on the relative solubility of the components.
		This hydrophobic liquid crystalline monomer was subsequently complexed with 1.0-3.0 equivalents of methylated(1.8)-beta-cyclodextrin in an attempt to alter the water solubility of the monomer.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /theses/available/etd-06282001-141004 (745 words)

	Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Cyclodextrin MIP
		The subject of this study is to engineer a cheap and durable cyclodextrin imprinted polymer which can be used for selective molecular recognition of biomolecules in clinical diagnostics, food analysis, monitoring and detection of drugs, pollutants and chemical warfare agents in aqueous solution.
		Cyclodextrins are well known for their ability to form inclusion complexes with primarily hydrophobic molecules in aqueous solution due to their amphiphilicity, however, with limited selectivity.
		Since water plays a major role in the formation and stabilization of inclusion complexes between cyclodextrins and a large number of guest molecules, therefore, molecular imprinting of cyclodextrins polymers in aqueous solution is of great interest.
	www.bio.aau.dk /en/chemistry/supramolecular_chemistry/cyclodextrin_mip (450 words)

	Cyclodextrin Prohormones
		Every week we’re getting more and more emails confirming what we’ve long expected: cyclodextrin complexes of prohormones are extremely effective at producing significant gains in strength and muscle mass.
		In fact, cyclodextrin complexes may make all the difference in the world when it comes to overall effectiveness.
		For a variety of reasons, many people are finding cyclodextrin complexes to be the way to go with prohormone supplementation.
	www.vitaminbungalow.com /cyclo.cfm (238 words)

	Food Product Design: Future Solutions Through Molecular Encapsulation
		The internal cavity of the cyclodextrin molecule is hydrophobic.
		Forming a cyclodextrin complex can be as simple as mixing the cargo into a water solution of cyclodextrin, then drawing off the water by drying.
		When the beta cyclodextrin encounters cholesterol, it forms a precipitate that can readily be centrifuged out of the egg mixture to eliminate up to 85% of the cholesterol.
	www.foodproductdesign.com /archive/1993/0493NT.html (826 words)

	CTD, Inc, Cyclodextrin Resource: - Chemically Modified Cyclodextrins
		Many different chemical moieties may be introduced into the Cyclodextrin molecule by reaction with the hydroxyl groups lining the upper and lower ridges of the toroid; for example, methyl, hydroxypropyl, carboxymethyl, and acetyl.
		Chemical modification of the Cyclodextrins can also change the phase solubility characteristics of the complexes formed (13); that is, precipitation of the complex with the addition of more Cyclodextrin* (B type solubility) can be changed to continued solubilization with the addition of Cyclodextrin (A type solubility).
		Theoretically a cyclodextrin molecule [alpha, beta, or gamma] can have up to 3(n) substituents, where n is the number of glucopyranose units which comprise the Cyclodextrin molecule.
	www.cyclodex.com /about.asp?page_id=3&n=3 (875 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Alpha-cyclodextrin, Beta-cyclodextrin, and Gamma-cyclodextrin; Notice of Filing a Pesticide ...
		Alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, and gamma- cyclodextrin are naturally occurring compounds derived from the degradation of starch by the glucosyltransferase enzyme (CGTase).
		Cyclodextrins are used extensively in the cosmetic industry.
		Beta- cyclodextrin is published in Annex V of the Official Journal of the European Communities-Food Additives as a carrier only for food additives up to 1 gram/kilogram food.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2002/November/Day-14/p28909.htm (2991 words)

	Mucoadhesive, Thermosensitive, Prolonged-Release Vaginal Gel for Clotrimazole:ß-Cyclodextrin Complex
		Cyclodextrins are used in the pharmaceutical field to form inclusion complexes with drug molecules to increase their aqueous solubility, to enhance their aqueous stability or photostability, to mask unwanted characteristics, or to reduce side effects.
		Cyclodextrins are also reported to convey controlled-release properties to certain active ingredients.
		Complexation with cyclodextrins is known to enhance clotrimazole aqueous solubility considerably.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt070238 (3338 words)

	yet2.com - TechPak - Cyclodextrin for Odor Control
		This new technology uses dry, cyclodextrin powder which is most effective in absorbing odors when it is exposed to moisture and solubilized or "wetted".
		The perfume only becomes active when the cyclodextrin is being solubilized and removing odor; thus acting as a "scent signal" which indicates when the composition is working.
		Finally, cyclodextrin is easy to manufacture, safe and easy to handle, and easy to use in large scale, high speed manufacturing operations.
	www.yet2.com /app/utility/external/indextechpak/10531 (398 words)

	Athena Cyclodextrin Screening Kit- Determine the optimum cyclodextrin for a given protein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cyclodextrins have been used in protein refolding as a means of removing detergent from partially refolded protein solutions.
		It is recommend that a suitable detergent be identified or that an experimental design which screens both the detergent and the cyclodextrin simultaneously be used.
		Once the cyclodextrin has been selected, the optimum concentration of the detergent and cyclodextrin should be determined.
	www.athenaes.com /CyclodextrinKitapMan.htm (423 words)

	Physicochemical Characterization, In Vitro Dissolution Behavior, and Pharmacodynamic Studies of Rofecoxib-cyclodextrin ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cyclodextrins (CDs), especially hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD), are widely used in the pharmaceutical field owing to their high aqueous solubility and ability to stabilize drug molecules.
		The solubility profile of complexes of rofecoxib prepared using HPβ-CD as the complexing agent in a molar ratio of 1:1 by the spray-drying method in pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 indicated that the acid solubility of rofecoxib was enhanced considerably by formation of an inclusion complex with HPβ-CD.
		Even though the physical mixture of rofecoxib with cyclodextrins reduced ulcer formation, it was the spray-dried complex formation approach that minimized gastric ulceration.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org.cob-web.org:8888 /view.asp?art=pt060114 (3270 words)

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