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Topic: Cyclone Mahina

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	Emergency Management Australia - Schools - Cyclone Menu
		Cyclone Mahina - This terrible storm in March 1899, which was accompanied by a storm surge of over 10 metres, caused by far the highest death toll of any cyclone before or since, claiming over 400 lives as it completely destroyed a pearling fleet at Bathurst Bay near Cape Melville, Queensland.
		Cyclones vary greatly in character but the one feature they all have in common is a virtually calm centre with clear sky.
		It is important for people in cyclone areas to be aware that if the 'eye' of the cyclone passes over them, there will be a sudden lull in wind and clearing of skies, which may last anywhere from a few minutes to an hour or two.
	www.ema.gov.au /ema/emaSchools.nsf/AllDocs/RWPCA72DA4EF61B6FD0CA256C5C00829C23?OpenDocument (1076 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cyclone Catarina, 2004 - first positively observed hurricane in the South Atlantic Ocean, and the first one to make landfall as a cyclone.
		Cyclone Tracy, 1974 - 71 people died, the costliest Australian cyclone on record; the smallest cyclone on record in terms of size & wind field.
		Cyclone Tracy is the smallest significant tropical cyclone on record at 60 miles (96 km) wide, December (1974)
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=list_of_notable_tropical_cyclones (2081 words)

	How does Cyclone Larry compare?
		At its peak, the cyclone registered winds of up to 290km/h and was graded a category five, the highest possible grading for a cyclone.
		Cyclone Bobby was graded a category four and passed the coast near the town of Onslow in Western Australia.
		While Ingrid was an intense category five cyclone with wind speeds of almost 300kmh, it wasn't very large, which meant its severe impact was limited to what lay directly in its path.
	news.ninemsn.com.au /article.aspx?id=92680 (876 words)

	Pre-1980 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons Information
		On 14 February 1957, the eye of this cyclone passed directly over Broome between 6:30 and 7:00 am and gale force winds were experienced from 11 pm on the 13th to 5 pm on the 15th.
		Tropical cyclone Bebe was a very early-season storm that occurred from 19 to 25 October 1972 near Fiji.
		Cyclone Alby was a severe Category 4 cyclone that struck Australia, killing 5 people and leaving $39 million dollars in damage.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Pre-1980_Southern_Hemisphere_tropical_cyclone_seasons (3074 words)

	Australian Bureau of Meteorology: Disaster Mitigation Program
		Tropical Cyclones are dangerous because they produce destructive winds, heavy rainfall with flooding and damaging storm surges that can cause inundation of low-Iying coastal areas.
		Cyclones have wind gusts in excess of 90 km/h around their centres and, in the most severe cyclones, gusts can exceed 280 km/h.
		While Cyclone Tracy is probably the most well known tropical cyclone in Australia's history, Cyclone Mahina (Queensland, 1899) and Cyclone Ada (Queensland, 1970) also caused much devastation.
	www.bom.gov.au /inside/services_policy/disaster_mitigation/education.shtml (714 words)

	Cyclone Economy \| TTN Homepage \| Breaking News 24/7 - NEWS.com.au (27-04-2006)
		In the aftermath of Cyclone Larry, former Defence Force chief Peter Cosgrove was put in charge of relief operations and said that rebuilding the ruined North Queensland economy would be the greatest challenge in reconstructing the region devastated by Cyclone Larry, a task made difficult by the destruction of banana and sugar cane crops.
		Another victim of Cyclone Larry was the sugar industry which is expecting crop losses in the order of $200 million, not taking into account damage to farmhouses, sheds, machinery, infrastructure and livelihood of growers.
		Cyclones are a fact of life in this area of Australia and the most deadliest cyclone was Mahina in March 1899 which completely destroyed the pearling fleet and killed 400 people.
	www.news.com.au /ttn/story/0,20019,18944625-38375,00.html (274 words)

	Tropical Cyclone Records
		The third table also lists the thirty costliest hurricanes 1900-2004 assuming that a hurricane having the same track, size and intensity as noted in the historical record would strike the area with today's population totals and property-at-risk (Pielke and Landsea 1998).
		Before the advent of geostationary satellite pictures in the mid-1960s, the number of Northeast Pacific tropical cyclones was undercounted by a factor of 2 or 3.
		In 1971 from September 10 to 12, there were five tropical cyclones at the same time; however, while most of these ultimately achieved hurricane intensity, there were never more than two hurricanes at any one time (from Blake et al.
	www.prh.noaa.gov /cphc/pages/FAQ/Tropical_Cyclone_Records.php (1738 words)

	Cyclone MAHINA - March 1899 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There was nothing to indicate that a cyclone was bearing down on the camp from the northeast.
		At the height of the cyclone, aborigines from a camp near Cape Melville, who were helping shipwrecked men ashore, were caught by the back surge of the inundation which Constable Kenny had experienced and about 100 were swept out to sea and reported drowned.
		The impact of the cyclone on the locale had killed tremendous quantities of game and native animals, or had driven away the rest who has no pasture on which to graze.
	www.fnqses.qld.gov.au /pictures/bathurst/mahina.htm (3720 words)

	Tropical Cyclone Larry
		TC Larry is still considered to have been a Category 5 cyclone on its approach to the coast and was, of course, a severe and very destructive cyclone when it made landfall.
		Severe Tropical Cyclone Larry is the first severe tropical cyclone to cross near a populated section of the east coast of Queensland since Rona in 1999, and the effects of the winds on buildings were devastating.
		Townships affected by the northern and southern portions of the eyewall of the cyclone received the most damage, particularly Babinda and Silkwood, however all townships in the region were severely affected by the cyclone.
	www.bom.gov.au /weather/qld/cyclone/tc_larry (1645 words)

	List of notable tropical cyclones at AllExperts
		* Cyclone Tracy is the smallest tropical cyclone on record at 60 miles (96 km) wide, December (1974)These sizes indicate the distance from the center at which gale-force winds could be found [4].
		Cyclone Mahina is generally regarded as having had the highest storm surge ever recorded, although measurements from before modern times must be viewed with some skepticism.
		Because the Southern Hemisphere cyclone season runs across the New Year, Southern Hemisphere storms that cross calendar years are not exceptional.
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/li/list_of_notable_tropical_cyclones.htm (2052 words)

	Cyclone Hazards and Disasters
		As a cyclone nears the coast, low-lying areas may suffer flooding because strong on-shore winds have displaced the storm surge ahead of the cyclone’s centre.
		Cyclone Althea - When it struck Townsville in 1971 there was a surge of up to 3.6 metres in the area but little flooding occurred as the tide was low.
		Cyclone Aivu - A moderate storm surge accompanied TC Aivu in 1989 affecting a mainly unpopulated section of the Qld coast.
	www.csu.edu.au /faculty/arts/sslib/aemf/HDS/chapter_7.htm (2075 words)

	Mahina Expeditions
		Coral piloting was high on this crew's list of learning objectives, as we threaded our way through the recently-blasted and marked channel to the far side of Bora Bora to enjoy a secluded anchorage off a deserted white sand motu where the snorkeling and windsurfing were superb.
		In talking with our friend Dominique Goche who owns Raiatea Careenage we learned that 13 cruising boats stored for the cyclone season in his boatyard were thrown over and that 19 boats anchored off the three islands were blown ashore.
		We contacted a boat inside the lagoon who said the passage was still only 6' deep and as Mahina Tiare draws 6'1" we didn't really want to scour the bottom paint off the bottom of the keel and run the risk of getting stuck in the channel.
	www.mahina.com /leg298.html (1496 words)

	Natural disasters in Australia - Stories from Australia's Culture and Recreation Portal
		While Cyclone Tracy is probably the most well known of the cyclones to hit Australia, earlier cyclones Mahina and Ada both left their mark on the nation.
		In March 1899, the devastation caused by Cyclone Mahina resulted in the greatest death toll of any natural disaster in our history with over 400 people loosing their lives.
		The cyclone decimated a pearling fleet at Bathurst Bay in Queensland and the crews of around 100 vessels and an estimated 100 local aborigines were among the dead.
	www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au /articles/naturaldisasters (1428 words)

	Cyclone Histoy : Queensland's Disaster Management Services
		was a 'Category 4' cyclone that severely damaged resorts on the Whitsunday Islands in January 1970.
		The cyclone literally tore the city apart and killed 65 people.
		Despite it being only a 'Category 2' cyclone, houses were undermined by huge waves, a marina and boats were severely damaged, roads and bridges suffered from flood and landslide damage and huge losses were inflicted on sugar cane, fruit and vegetable crops.
	www.disaster.qld.gov.au /disasters/cyc_history.asp (301 words)

	COVER STORY: The lessons of Cyclone Larry - 1 April 2006
		Powerlink's chief operating officer, Simon Bartlett, said the task of identifying and repairing the cyclone damage to the transmission network could not be underestimated.
		Emergency Management Australia states that "cyclones occur frequently in the southern hemisphere, with an average of 10 per year being tracked by the Bureau of Meteorology in the Australian region alone.
		The worst cyclones in Australia have been Cyclone Tracy, which claimed 65 lives in the Northern Territory in 1975, and Cyclone Mahina, which killed over 400 people in Queensland in 1899.
	www.newsweekly.com.au /articles/2006apr01_cover.html (1044 words)

	Australian weather and the seasons - Stories from Australia's Culture and Recreation Portal
		Approaching cyclonic storm east of the Serpentine Lakes, Great Victoria Desert, on the border of South Australia and Western Australia.
		Cyclone Tracy, which hit Darwin in the Northern Territory on Christmas Day.
		In 1899, Cyclone Mahina killed over 400 people when it destroyed an entire pearl-fishing fleet at Bathurst Bay in Queensland.
	www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au /articles/weather (1764 words)

	Planet Ark - FACTBOX - Five Facts About Hurricanes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		They are called typhoons in the Northwest Pacific west of the dateline, severe tropical cyclones in the Southwest Pacific or Southeast Indian Ocean, severe cyclonic storms in the North Indian Ocean, and tropical cyclones in the Southwest Indian Ocean.
		But often the most destructive aspect of a storm is its storm surge, a wall of water caused by high winds and low pressure that washes ashore and which can rip buildings off their foundations.
		The eye is surrounded by the eyewall, which is the area of highest surface winds in a tropical cyclone.
	www.planetark.com /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=36615 (290 words)

	Cyclone Larry : The Aftermath: March 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Five minutes after the cyclone hit, nearly all the people of Innisfail were still holed up, trying to protect themselves and their families from the 280kmh winds that roared through the town and tore apart and damaged more than a thousand buildings.
		Accomodation and infrastructure not damaged by the cyclone are already stretched by the influx of volunteers and workers, and he would prefer his community use local businesses and tradespeople to do the rebuilding, not outsiders.
		Still shocked and traumatised by the cyclone that had them pinned down in their homes, and under their homes, for more than four hours, as roofs and parts of their homes were carried away, the battered residents were forced to queue up twice.
	cyclonelarryaftermath.blogspot.com /2006_03_01_cyclonelarryaftermath_archive.html (14593 words)

	Swarf
		After crossing Bathurst Bay, Mahina - now generally known as the Bathurst Bay 'Hurricane' - continued on, with diminishing strength but caused considerable flooding, south-west across the peninsula to the south-eastern corner of the Gulf of Carpentaria.
		In this instance a number of numerical simulations of the Cyclone Mahina storm surge were undertaken using Hubbert et al.
		The circuitous route of the cyclone of February/March 1956.
	members.optusnet.com.au /~bernmolloy2/2006/04/cyclonic-destruction.html (778 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Also in the archives are records of Cyclone Mahina, of March 1899 that killed 400 people in Bathurst Bay, Queensland, three quarters of them aboard pearling luggers, and another 100 Aboriginal people living on the mainland.
		Hurricanes -- or cyclones or typhoons as they are variously known -- start as low pressure cells that suck up the latent heat energy of dense moist air lying over areas of sea surface temperature of at least 26oC.
		These may already be detectable in declining rainfall on a global basis, offsets by increasingly severe localized flooding "events," and serious continent wide heatwaves, and the retreat of frost, snow and ice zones and the melting of areas of permafrost, liberating vast amounts of currently frozen carbon dioxide and methane greenhouse gases.
	www.climateark.org /shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkID=46043 (940 words)

	Timelines
		Cyclones form in most of the Earth’s oceans; depending on where you live, they are known by different names.
		Cyclone Mahina, a category 5 cyclone, strikes Bathurst Bay, Australia, bringing with it a 48 foot storm surge, and leaving over 400 people dead.
		April 2006 — Cyclone Mala, equivalent to a category 5 hurricane, struck Myanmar, India, causing severe damage and at least 22 deaths.
	www.raptureready.com /time/Hurricane.html (4678 words)

	Hurricane Records & Facts
		Cyclone Monica could be largest hurricane hitting Australia......
		Strongest tropical cyclone: Typhoon Tip in the Northwest Pacific Ocean on 12 October 1979 was measured to have a central pressure of 870 mb and estimated surface sustained winds of 85 m/s (165 kt, 190 mph)
		The hurricane and tropical cyclone information displayed here is based on the latest NOAA, NHC, NASA and other official reports received here and may or may not be the most current forecast available from these official forecasting agencies.
	www.hurricane.com /hurricane-records.php (1577 words)

	Jennifer Marohasy: Technologically Advanced, Modern Economy, Survives Category 5 Cyclone With Out Single Fatality
		Posted by jennifer, at 09:48 PM category 5 cyclone, more severe than Cyclone Tracy or Hurricane Katrina, lashes Far North Queensland and there is not a single fatality.
		Now let's see what happens from the next cyclone (Watti's called?) and let's see if insurance coughs up, unlike those many whose houses were blown apart by Katrina and were told their houses didn't suffer wind damage.
		Dr John McBride is a principal research scientist at Australia's Bureau of Meteorology and reports to the WMO on the effects of climate change on tropical weather.
	www.jennifermarohasy.com /blog/archives/001272.html (8336 words)

	Disasters are part of Australia's history - Asia tsunami - www.theage.com.au
		Cyclone Mahina struck north Queensland in March 1899, killing at least 400 people including the crews of about 100 pearling vessels and 100 Aborigines.
		Thirty years, almost to the day, before the Indian Ocean tsunami, Cyclone Tracy killed 64 people and destroyed Darwin.
		Before that, Cyclone Ada in 1970 killed 14 in the Whitsunday Islands off Queensland.
	www.theage.com.au /news/Asia-tsunami/Disasters-are-part-of-Australias-history/2004/12/31/1104344988957.html?from=moreStories (299 words)

	Benfield Hazard Research Centre
		So the written history of natural hazards and their consequences is short, barely more than a hundred years for substantial parts of the country.
		Numerous attempts had been made to construct summary histories of tropical cyclones or bushfires both in popular accounts and in more scientific literature.
		It combines reports of nine perils and the consequences of individual events – tropical cyclones, bushfires, floods, wind gusts, tornadoes, hailstorms, earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis – in an integrated framework.
	www.benfieldhrc.org /activities/issues4/pages/data.htm (795 words)

	Disastrous times - General - www.theage.com.au
		The definition provided by the Australian Emergency Management Glossary (1998) suggests a disaster is "a serious disruption to community life" causing or threatening death, injury and property damage "beyond the day-to-day capacity of the prescribed statutory authorities".
		The most costly Australian disaster events in terms of human life are considered to be an 1896 heatwave that killed 438 people, and Cyclone Mahina, which struck the Queensland coast in 1899, killing 410.
		So, events such as Cyclone Tracy - which destroyed most of Darwin and left 25,000 homeless - or Ash Wednesday - in which more than 180 bushfires burnt across South Australia and Victoria, destroying 3700 buildings (including 2400 homes) and killing 360,000 head of stock - clearly rank as momentous Australian disasters.
	www.theage.com.au /news/General/Disastrous-times/2005/01/13/1105582640243.html (2919 words)

	Template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Reports of a 13 m surge associated with Tropical Cyclone Mahina in 1899 were investigated by field studies of wave emplaced deposits of shell, coral and sands in the Bathurst Bay region.
		The deposition of dolphins up to 15 m above sea level on Flinders Island in Bathurst Bay during the cyclone can be explained by wave run-up from only 2-3 m waves associated with a similar size storm surge.
		These results agree closely with the results of numerical models of the storm surge associated with Cyclone Mahina.
	www.tesag.jcu.edu.au /staff/jnott/abstracts/cycloneMahina.html (167 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Anderson-Berry L. and King D. (In press) “Enhancing Community Capacity to Mitigate the Impact of Tropical Cyclones in Northern Australia”.
		Seagulls On The Airstrip: Indigenous Perspectives On Cyclone Vulnerability, Awareness And Mitigation Strategies For Remote Communities In The Gulf Of Carpentaria.
		Early evacuation ahead of land-based and cyclone surge flooding.
	www.tesag.jcu.edu.au /cds/reports/Pages/Publications.htm (1106 words)

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