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Topic: Cyclorrhapha

	Order Diptera - Flies - BugGuide.Net
		Aschiza - A subdivision of the Cyclorrhapha that is probably paraphyletic.
		Schizophora - A monophyletic subdivision of the Cyclorrhapha, these flies have a suture on the front of the head where a balloon-like structure, the ptilinum, is inflated to open up the pupal case when the adult emerges.
		Calyptratae - A subdivision of the Schizophora that is probably monophyletic; have several shared morphological characteristics including the prominent lower calypter on the wing.
	bugguide.net /node/view/55 (534 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Cyclorrhapha
		Cyclorrhapha is an unranked taxon within the infraorder Muscomorpha.
		They are called Cyclorrhapha ('circular-seamed flies') with reference to the circular aperture through which the adult escapes the puparium.
		This is a circumscriptional name that has significant historical familiarity, but in the present classification, this name is synonymous with the more recent "Muscomorpha"; details and reasoning are presented Brachycera.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Cyclorrhapha (113 words)

	WilsonWeb: Full Record (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Eremoneura, and its constituent clades Empidoidea and Cyclorrhapha, are monophyletic.
		Cyclorrhapha have traditionally been divided into two groups, Aschiza and Schizophora, based on the absence or presence, respectively, of a ptilinal fissure (114).
		The lower Brachycera (Orthorrhapha) are represented on the diagram by the infraorders Stratiomyomorpha, Xylophagomorpha, and Tabanomorpha and the superfamilies Nemestrinoidea, Asiloidea, and Empidoidea.
	www.eeb.uconn.edu /Courses/Eeb477/Yeates_Wiegmann_99.htm (10239 words)

	cyclorrhapha (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cyclorrhapha is an unranked taxon within the infraorder Muscomorpha.
		They are called Cyclorrhapha ('circular-seamed flies') with reference to the circular aperture through which the adult escapes the puparium.
		This is a circumscriptional name that has significant historical familiarity, but in the present classification, this name is synonymous with the more recent "Muscomorpha"; details and reasoning are presented here.
	www.backupprotector.com /wiki/?title=Cyclorrhapha (58 words)

	Amazon.com: Cyclorrhapha
		The phylogenetic classification of diptera Cyclorrhapha; with special reference to the structure of the male Postabdomen by G. c.
		Flies of the Nearctic Region Vol8, Cyclorrhapha II (Schizophora: Calyptratae Antomyiidae.
		Diptera Brachycera et Cyclorrhapha (Zoology of the Faroes.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Cyclorrhapha&index=blended&page=1 (242 words)

	Diptera
		The Cyclorrhapha are further divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of the ptilinum and associated fissure on the head.
		The ptilinum is a sac which is everted during the emergence of the adult fly to assist in breaking free of the puparium.
		Wada, S. Morphological evidence for the direct sister group relationship between the Schizophora and the Syrphoidea (Aschiza) in the phylogenetic systematics of the Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera).
	www2.ncsu.edu /unity/lockers/ftp/bwiegman/fly_html/diptera.html (1597 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		The Cyclorrhapha are characterised by the adult flies' short antennae and reduced segmentation, while the larvae are headless "maggots" that pupate inside a puparium (a case formed from the skin of the final larval instar within which pupation takes place).
		The Cyclorrhapha suborder is split into three parts: the Aschiza, the Calyptrates and the Acalyptrates.
		Their distinguishing feature is that the adults, unlike other Cyclorrhapha, lack an organ called the ptilinum, an inflatable sac situated on the front of the head which helps the newly hatched fly emerge from the pupa.
	www.fathom.com /feature/190259/index.html (5218 words)

	FLIES
		The Cyclorrhapha used to be classified as a seperate suborder but is now grouped with the suborder Brachycera, generally classed as the higher flies.
		Adult flies of this suborder can be distinguished by arista on the terminal segment of their three segmented antennae.
		Diptera usually exhibit four larval stages although in many Cyclorrhapha only three are visible as the fourth larval stage develops within the exuvium (hardened cuticle) of the third larval stage.
	www.roberth.u-net.com /Diptera.htm (630 words)

	Parasitology: The Biology of Cestodes info
		Infraorder Cyclorrhapha - Adults with short, 3 segmented antennae with specialized arista at base of last segment.
		The Cyclorrhapha is first divided into a paraphyletic "Aschiza", and the "Schizophora" a monophyletic group characterized by an unusual structure termed the "ptilinum" which is used by the newly emerged adult fly to exit the puparium.
		The Schizophora is in turn, divided into a paraphyletic Acalyptratae, flies lacking basal lobes, or calypteres, on their wings, and the Calyptratae, flies having these lobes.
	www.aber.ac.uk /parasitology/Edu/Arthro/ArthTxt1.htm (6042 words)

	FLYTREE Phylogeny, the story so far - p. 2
		The supertree generally supports recent research and shows that major dipteran higher categories such as Brachycera, Eremoneura, Muscomorpha, Cyclorrhapha, Schizophora, and Calyptrata are monophyletic.
		Conversely, a number of traditional higher taxa are paraphyletic based on morphological and molecular data.
		The paraphyly of the Lower Diptera has been suspected for decades, beginning with Hennig, and demonstrated in recent quantitative cladistic analyses using morphological data (Oosterbroek and Courtney, 1995).
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /cee/FLYTREE/flyphylogeny2.html (389 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		The zerknüllt gene is expressed zygotically on the dorsal side of the embryo and is required for establishing extraembryonic tissue.
		In contrast, Cyclorrhapha including Megaselia and Drosophila develop without such wrapping, and the extraembryonic tissue is reduced to a transient dorsal epithelium, termed amnioserosa and, as recently discovered in Drosophila, some additional cells surrounding the yolk.
		It is suggested that anterior localization of Bicoid, which is based on specific sequence elements in the 3' untranslated region of the gene, and respecification of anterior blastoderm toward an embryonic fate were important steps toward this goal.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/segment/bicoid2.htm (6487 words)

	Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was born 1 January 1799 in Saint Sauveur where he became a physician and died in Paris 25 June 1857.
		Because he worked on difficult to identify flies especially the Cyclorrhapha – Calyptratae, the existing descriptions of which were poor, and because he had few contacts many of the new species he described were already named.
		Much later criticism ensued but it must be remembered that he was an early worker and, in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars French scientists were unduly criticised for nationalistic reasons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Andre_Jean_Baptiste_Robineau-Desvoidy (355 words)

	Muscomorpha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The name Cyclorrhapha is used, in various modern classifications, to represent either a subgroup within the infraorder Muscomorpha, or simply a rankless group within the Brachycera.
		In either case, the Empidoidea are the sister taxon to the Cyclorrhapha.
		In the Tree of Life Web Project system, which is non-Linnaean, the name "Muscomorpha" refers to the Asilomorpha plus the Cyclorrhapha.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscomorpha (172 words)

	Studia dipterologica - Volume 9(1)
		In each of the following families of Cyclorrhapha, taxa with the full complement of three aristal segments, as well as taxa with fewer segments, are recorded: ?Lonchopteridae, Phoridae, ?Platypezidae, ?Asteiidae, Canacidae (provisionally including Zaleinae), Carnidae s.l., Chloropidae, Chyromyidae, Conopidae, ?Cryptochetidae, Diopsidae, Drosophilidae, Neriidae, Neurochaetidae, Oestridae s.l., Periscelididae, Platystomatidae, Pseudopomyzidae, Sphaeroceridae, Syrphidae, Tethinidae.
		The three-segmented condition is probably in the groundplan of the Cyclorrhapha, but it cannot be demonstrated at present that it is an autapomorphy for this taxon, as the groundplan condition of the Eremoneura is unknown.
		Aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach gehört der dreigliedrige Zustand zum Grundplan der Cyclorrhapha.
	www.studia-dipt.de /con91.htm (6338 words)

	Insect Syst. Evol. vol. 31
		The monophyly of the Empidoidea, as well as the position and rank of higher-level empidoid clades remains unresolved despite numerous analyses using morphological data.
		In addition, the origin of the Cyclorrhapha and their relationship to the Empidoidea continues to be debated.
		Unweighted and weighted parsimony, as well as maximum likelihood analyses were applied to individual data partitions and a combined data set.
	www.zmuc.dk /Entoweb/InSysEvol/vol334.htm (1188 words)

	Characteristics and Natural History of "Empididae"
		The Empidoidea are considered to be a monophyletic lineage that is the sister group to the Cyclorrhapha (Cumming et al.
		Chvála (1983) was the first to divide the Empidoidea into several families, namely the Empididae, Hybotidae, Atelestidae, Microphoridae, and Dolichopodidae, but recognition of the precise limits of these families, particularly on a worldwide level, has remained debated (see Woodley 1989; Cumming 1989; Cumming et al.
		Recently an extensive cladistic analysis of the Empidoidea and the basal lineages of the Cyclorrhapha by Sinclair and Cumming (2006) resulted in these authors dividing the superfamily into following five families: Empididae, Hybotidae, Atelestidae, Brachystomatidae and Dolichopodidae s.lat.
	www.nadsdiptera.org /Doid/Empidchar/Empidchar.htm (1546 words)

	CNN.com - The buzz on ancient flies in Antarctica - May. 9, 2003
		The find by geologist Allan Ashworth, detailed in this week's journal Nature, could open a new chapter in the understanding of plant and animal life in ancient Antarctica and shed light on global changes in the the climate.
		Until now, scientists did not think that the coldest continent ever harbored this type of flies, which are from the Cyclorrhapha family, so-called "higher flies" that include the common housefly, Ashworth said.
		They could have existed during a warm spell several million years ago or could have been part of the animal life of the mega-continent Gondwana that later split up, according to researchers.
	cnn.com /2003/TECH/science/05/09/coolsc.flies/index.html (905 words)

	Diptera
		In some newer classifications, Brachycera includes the Cyclorrhapha.
		Brachycera - larvae, known as maggots, have worm-like bodies and only a pair of mouth hooks for feeding.
		Cyclorrhapha - larvae, known as maggots, have worm-like bodies and only a pair of mouth hooks for feeding.
	www.entomology.umn.edu /cues/4015/handouts/Dipteraf.htm (630 words)

	Cyclorrhapha (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As a group Cyclorrhapha are a more evolved insect.
		They have a complex metamorphosis, meaning the adult and juveniles do not look alike.
		Tranquilizers aren’t usually needed to remove the bot.
	cvm.msu.edu /courses/mic569/docs/parasite/cyclo.htm (1693 words)

	Cyclorrhapha
		A 28s ribosomal RNA phylogeny of certain cyclorrhaphous Diptera based upon a hypervariable region.
		Wada, S. Morphological evidence for the direct sister group relationship between the Schizophora and the Syrphoidea (Aschiza) in the phylogenetic systematics of the Cyclorrhapha (Diptera: Brachycera).
		Evolutionary origin of the Cyclorrhapha (Diptera): tests of alternative morphological hypotheses.
	www.tolweb.org /tree?group=Cyclorrhapha (434 words)

	Definition of cyclorrhapha - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "cyclorrhapha" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "cyclorrhapha" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "cyclorrhapha" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/cyclorrhapha (38 words)

	Jeff Skevington's Presentations
		Skevington, J. H., Cumming, J. M., Sinclair, B. J., Wiegmann, B. M., Moulton, J. and Cassel, B. Phylogeny of the Lower Cyclorrhapha (Diptera).
		Skevington, J. H., Cumming, J. M., Moulton, J. K., Wiegmann, B. M., Sinclair, B. and Cassel, B. Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of higher flies (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha).
		Skevington, J. H., Cumming, B. M., Moulton, J. J., Wiegmann, J. M., Sinclair, and Cassel, B. Unravelling the Relationships of Higher Flies, the Cyclorrhapha branch of the Diptera Tree of Life.
	www.canacoll.org /Diptera/Staff/Skevington/skev_pres.htm (713 words)

	Find in a Library: The phylogenetic classification of diptera Cyclorrhapha; with special reference to the structure of ...
		Find in a Library: The phylogenetic classification of diptera Cyclorrhapha; with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen,
		To find this item in a library, enter a postal code, state, province, or country in the field above.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/d3a54908117b55b7.html (87 words)

	Australian Faunal Directory - Checklist for ACALYPTRATA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Download checklist for CYCLORRHAPHA: ACALYPTRATA as a RichText file.
		Download checklist for CYCLORRHAPHA: ACALYPTRATA as an HTML table, to import into a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel
		To expand the checklist, click on the icon to the left of the name you wish to see expanded; if clicking an icon does not expand the checklist there is no element at the next level.
	www.deh.gov.au /biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/ACALYPTRATA/tree.html (155 words)

	NHBS - A Guide to the Breeding Habits & Immature Stages of Diptera: Cyclorrhapha - P Ferrar
		NHBS - A Guide to the Breeding Habits and Immature Stages of Diptera: Cyclorrhapha - P Ferrar
		A Guide to the Breeding Habits and Immature Stages of Diptera: Cyclorrhapha
		A Review of the Scarce and Threatened Flies of Great Britain, Part 2
	www.nhbs.com /title.php?tefno=16897 (85 words)

	A single Hox3 gene with composite bicoid and zerknullt expression characteristics in non-Cyclorrhaphan flies -- Stauber ...
		from Cyclorrhapha and other Hox genes were already known to support
		First, Ca-zen is expressed maternally, whereas in Cyclorrhapha
		blastoderm, whereas zerknüllt expression in Cyclorrhapha is restricted
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/1/274 (3844 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All larvae are legless Morphology: Classification: Three suborders In some newer classifications, Brachycera includes the Cyclorrhapha.
		Suborder Brachycera - larvae, known as maggots, have worm-like bodies and only a pair of mouth hooks for feeding.
		Suborder Cyclorrhapha - larvae, known as maggots, have worm-like bodies and only a pair of mouth hooks for feeding.
	www.entomology.umn.edu /cues/4015/handouts/Dipteraf.doc (1407 words)

	Hawaiian Insect Books
		Volume 11 Diptera: Brachycera II - Cyclorrhapha I
		Volume 12: Diptera Cyclorrhapha II Volume 13 Diptera: Cyclorrhapha III
		Volume 14: Diptera Cyclorrhapha IV - by E.D. Hardy
	www.pacificbookcompany.com /pages/hawaiiinsects.html (224 words)

	NHBS - Insects of Hawaii, Volume 12: Diptera Cyclorrhapha II - ED Hardy
		NHBS - Insects of Hawaii, Volume 12: Diptera Cyclorrhapha II - ED Hardy
		Insects of Hawaii, Volume 12: Diptera Cyclorrhapha II Series: INSECTS OF HAWAII 12
		All titles in Flies (Diptera) combined with Hawai'i
	www.nhbs.com /insects_of_hawaii_volume_12_diptera_cyclorrhapha_ii_tefno_51305.html (94 words)

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