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Topic: Cyclotron radiation

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Cyclotron

Synchrotron radiation

Synchrotron

Synchrocyclotron

Magnetic field

Light

MeV

Plasma

	Cyclotron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cyclotron was invented by Ernest Lawrence of the University of California, in 1929.
		As the beam speed increases, cyclotron radiation is emitted from the side of the beam, because the magnet is turning and slowing, ("braking") the beam.
		Their limitations caused the invention of the synchrocyclotron (to overcome relativistic effects), and finally the synchrotron, which overcomes the cyclotron's limitations: The electromagnet saturates, and larger cyclotrons are much too large because of the shape of their vacuum chambers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cyclotron (1280 words)

	Cyclotron - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A cyclotron is a machine designed to accelerate beams of charged particles by using a high frequency alternating voltage across a magnetic field to spiral the beam out and eventually deflect it once the beam's radius equals its container's.
		Cyclotrons are used today in the treatment of cancer, as the particles produced ionize tumors and help to stop or slow cancerous growth.
		The cyclotron was designed to address the limitations of the linear accelerator, which works by accelerating particles in a straight line through evacuated tubes that contain a series of cylindrical segment electrodes.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /cyclotron.htm (951 words)

	Cyclotron radiation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The name of this radiation derives from the (An accelerator that imparts energies of several million electron-volts to rapidly moving particles) cyclotron, a type of (A scientific instrument that increases the kinetic energy of charged particles) particle accelerator used since the (The decade from 1930 to 1939) 1930s to create highly energetic particles for study.
		Furthermore, the period of the orbit is independent of the energy of the particles, allowing the cyclotron to operate at a set (The number of occurrences within a given time period (usually 1 second)) frequency, and not worry about the energy of the particles at a given time.
		Cyclotron radiation is emitted by all charged particles travelling through magnetic fields, however, not just those in cyclotrons.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cy/cyclotron_radiation.htm (321 words)

	CYCLOTRON RADIATION FACTS AND INFORMATION
		The name of this radiation derives from the cyclotron, a type of particle_accelerator used since the 1930s to create highly energetic particles for study.
		Furthermore, the period of the orbit is independent of the energy of the particles, allowing the cyclotron to operate at a set frequency, and not worry about the energy of the particles at a given time.
		Cyclotron radiation from plasma in interstellar_space or around fl_holes and other astronomical phenomena are an important source of information about distant magnetic fields.
	www.witwik.com /Cyclotron_radiation (392 words)

	CYCLOTRON RADIATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The radiation arises from the centripetal acceleration of the particle as it moves in a circular orbit.
		See Larmor orbit.When the velocity is small, the radiation is concentrated in a single spectral line, at the cyclotron frequency.
		In addition, as the speed of the particles approaches the velocity of light, higher harmonics of the cyclotron radiation occur at multiples of the cyclotron frequency.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /cy/cyclotron+radiation.html (648 words)

	Cyclotron User's Guide
		Maintain static pressures so that the cyclotron vault is negative to all surrounding areas and laboratory areas are negative to office areas.
		Monitor the vault area to ensure that the area is cleared of personnel prior to operation of the cyclotron.
		Check radiation exposures at the facility during the operation of cyclotron.
	www.ehrs.upenn.edu /programs/radiation/guides/Cyclotron.html (989 words)

	Active Skim View of: Glosary
		Waves of a much lower frequency than the ion cyclotron frequency, occurring in a plasma or in a conducting fluid immersed in a magnetic field and characterized by a transverse motion of the lines of force together with the plasma.
		Radiation emitted at the cyclotron frequency by charged particles in a magnetic field as a result of their natural gyration in that field.
		A form of electromagnetic radiation emitted either when the inner orbital electrons of an excited atom return to their normal state or when a metal target is bombarded with high-speed electrons.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309035481&chap=283-306 (724 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Plasmas and Fluids (1986)
		Active galaxies, which radiate much of their energy, intense continuum, and strong atomic lines in nonthermal forms such as thermal and synchrotron emissions, are observed to generate their power in very small regions called nuclei at their centers.
		Radiation consisting of electric and mag- netic waves that travel at the speed of light and can be transmitted through a vacuum.
		Ionosphere refers to a layer of plasma in the upper atmosphere that is maintained by photoioniza- tion by solar ultraviolet radiation and by collisions with energetic particles of magnetospheric and solar-system origin.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309035481/html/283.html (6815 words)

	Cyclotron
		A cyclotron is a machine to accelerate beams of charged particles by using a high frequency alternating voltage across a magnetic field to spiral the beam out and eventually deflect it once the beam's radius equals its containers.
		Cyclotrons are used today in the treatment of cancer, as the particles produced ionise tumours and help to stop or slow cancerous growth.
		Cyclotrons work by accelerating particles in a circular path, allowing much more distance to be covered with similarly sized accelerators.
	news-server.org /c/cy/cyclotron.html (294 words)

	Read about Cyclotron radiation at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Cyclotron radiation and learn about Cyclotron ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Cyclotron radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by moving charged
		Cyclotron radiation from plasma in interstellar space or around
		Cyclotron radiation has a spectrum with its main spike at the same fundamental frequency as the particle's orbit, and
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Cyclotron_radiation (405 words)

	1st ASTROSAT Workshop - Pulsar Astrophysics
		Synchrotron radiation is associated with the acceleration suffered by electrons as they spiral around magnetic field lines.
		Cyclotron and synchrotron radiation are strongly polarized; detection of polarization is regarded as strong observational evidence for synchrotron or cyclotron radiation.
		In this case, the radiation is compressed into a small range of angles around the instantaneous velocity vector of the particle.
	www.tifr.res.in /~bpaul/asw/html/xrays.html (907 words)

	Frequently Used Terms in Space Plasma Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The waves have frequency significantly less than the ion cyclotron frequency, and are characterized by the fact that the field lines oscillate (wiggle) with the plasma.
		Radiation from each individual radiating body has a different Doppler shift, and the collection of radiations at different frequencies broadens the peak of the line in an intensity-vs-frequency plot.
		The term radiation, alone, is used commonly for this type of energy, although it actually has a broader meaning.
	utd500.utdallas.edu /~kivanc/index_fut.html (4771 words)

	Learn more about Light in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The three basic dimensions of light (and of all electromagnetic radiation) are brilliance (or amplitude), color (or frequency), and polarization (or angle of vibration).
		UV radiation is not perceived by humans at all except in a very delayed fashion, as overexposure of the skin to UV light causes sunburn, or skin cancer.
		Some animals, such as bees, can see UV radiation while others, such as pit viper snakes, can see IR using pits in their heads.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/li/light.html (956 words)

	cyclotron radiation
		Electromagnetic radiation given off by charged particles that are spiraling along magnetic field lines.
		The cyclotron frequency (also known as the gyrofrequency), which is the number of times per second that a particle orbits a magnetic field line, is completely determined by the strength of the field and the particle’s charge-to-mass ratio.
		The cyclotron frequency is twice the Larmor frequency of precession.
	daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/cyclotron_radiation.html (138 words)

	eLibrary Project : Cyclotron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A "cyclotron" is a machine designed to accelerate clusters of charged particles by using a high frequency alternating voltage and a perpendicular magnetic field to spiral the beam out and eventually deflect it once the beam's radius equals its container's.
		In the cyclotron a high frequency alternating voltage applied across the "D" electrodes causes the particles to accelerate when passing through the gap between the electrodes.
		National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory - Located on the campus of Michigan State University, the NSCL is devoted to basic research in nuclear science as well as accelerator and instrumentation research and development.
	elibraryproject.com /info/cyclotron.html (2154 words)

	Cyclotron - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		While a significant technical achivement at the time, the configuration of the device limits its cost effectiveness at higher power.
		These limitations were addressed with the invention of the synchrocyclotron (to overcome relativistic effects) and finally the synchrotron, which overcomes the cyclotron's limitations of electromagnet saturation and device size impracticalities imposed by the shape of the vacuum chamber.
		The spiraling of electrons in a cylindrical vacuum chamber within a transverse magnetic field is also employed in the magnetron, a device for producing high frequency radio waves.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Cyclotron (804 words)

	Spectroscopic Glossary 1999-AUG-03
		A collisional or radiative process whereby an atom* is raised from a lower to an upper state.
		Strictly electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye but often used to describe the rest of or other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		May be due to collisional excitation/deexcitation, radiative absorption/emission, or spontaneous decay (the usual emission or fluorescence we "see").
	www.physics.uq.edu.au /people/ross/phys2080/ael/aelglos.htm (1052 words)

	Accelerator: Circular Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
		The energy lost from the beam by this radiation effect must be restored by introducing accelerating cavities at one or more places in the ring, to give the particles a kick in energy every time they pass.
		The amount and energy of the radiation depends on the speed of the radiating particles and the magnetic field strength.
		At SPEAR, the synchrotron radiation has wavelengths from ultraviolet to x-ray, just the right scale to use it as a probe of the atomic and molecular scale structure of matter.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/accelerators/circular.html (946 words)

	Radionuclide nucleus gamma ray cyclotron radiation nuclear reaction carbon dioxide Radiotherapy food preservation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Particle accelerators such as cyclotrons accelerate particles to bombard a target to produce radionuclides.
		Cyclotrons are used to accelerate protons at a target to produce positron emitting radioisotopes e.g.
		In food preservation, radiation is used to stop the sprouting of root crops after harvesting, to kill parasites and pests, and to control the ripening of stored fruit and vegetables.
	en.powerwissen.com /xBeUUkmoEdNqdqFtn4QbUQ%3D%3D_Radionuclide.html (841 words)

	Ernest Lawrence's Cyclotron
		Despite its Rube Goldberg appearance, the cyclotron proved Lawrence's point: whirling particles around to boost their energies, then casting them toward a target like stones from a slingshot is the most efficient and effective way to smash open atomic nuclei.
		The accelerating chamber of the first cyclotron measured five inches in diameter and boosted hydrogen ions to an energy of 80,000 electron volts.
		The 60-inch cyclotron, which began operations in 1939, was described by visitors as a "truly colossal machine." Its magnet weighed 220 tons, prompting someone to joke that its neutrons would reach Chicago.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/early-years.html (1383 words)

	Carroll / Ramsey Associates Accelerator System Service &TechnicalSupport
		The service-life of a PET / biomedical isotope cyclotron, particularly in a clinical or research-medicine environment, is measured in decades--often exceeding the career tenure of an institution's dedicated technical-support professionals.
		In general the cyclotron is made available "as is, where is" with no warranty or representation by the owner as to the suitability for any specific application.
		In our medium- and high-sensitivity solid-state radiation detectors, the active element is a silicon PIN photodiode closely coupled to a compact, charge-integrating preamplifier (covered by USA Patent #'s 5,990,745 and 6,054,705), encapsulated together in a small probe.
	www.carroll-ramsey.com (1773 words)

	Synchrotron Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This radiation is strongly polarized in the plane of motion and has a broad spectrum; it is called synchrotron radiation.
		If the particle motion is non-relativistic (the speed is much less than the speed of light c), the emitted radiation is much weaker and has the frequency of the circling motion: it is called cyclotron radiation.
		The radiation switches gradually from cyclotron-type to synchrotron-type as the speed increases.
	landau1.phys.virginia.edu /classes/312/notes/syncrad.html (400 words)

	History of the Harvard Cyclotron
		The cyclotron was shut down for the rebuild in the first week of October 1955, and the beam was successfully extracted at the higher energy at the end of April 1956.
		Typically the cyclotron was operated by the scientists performing the experiment and at first only he or she would be present on a night shift.
		When he left the cyclotron lab for greener pastures at General Ionics he realized that there was a need for more cross section measurements for proton-induced reactions similar to ones that we had made before, partuclarly to study the long-lived radionuclides that are now extinct but would have been present in the early solar system.
	phys4.harvard.edu /~wilson/cyclotron/history.html (12921 words)

	Abstract 011126 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This frequency is one of the key parameters in the cyclotron radiation transfer equations.
		We calculate a critical temperature of photosphere of magnetic white dwarf, corresponding to the case where the cyclotron radiation force per one electron exceeds the gravitational one.
		We calculate a frequency spectrum and polarization of the cyclotron emission by the corona of the isolated magnetic white dwarf G 99-47.
	www.ioffe.rssi.ru /astro/Seminars/011126.html (450 words)

	Atomic Physics and Radiative Processes in Strong Magnetic Fields
		One of the ongoing areas of research at Penn State is the investigation of various physical processes in the extreme magnetic fields and strong radiation fields of neutron stars (NSs).
		Bulik and Pavlov (1996) investigated the polarization and the absorption coefficients of the polarization normal modes propagating in a strongly magnetized hydrogen gas.
		Bezchastnov and Pavlov (1994a,b) used a quantum relativistic approach to study the spectra and angular dependences of the cyclotron radiation of a thermal plasma in a strong magnetic field.
	www.astro.psu.edu /users/pavlov/nsfield.html (997 words)

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