Cylinder-head-sector

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	Cylinder-head-sector - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An IDE drive can be configured in system BIOS with any configuration of cylinders, heads, and sectors that does not exceed the capacity of the drive.
		Cylinders nearer to the edge of the platter contain more sectors than cylinders near the spindle because there is more space in a given track near the edge of the platter.
		The sector value is the number of sectors in each cylinder (or track), each sector consisting of (normally) 512 bytes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cylinder-head-sector (387 words)

	Sector - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Euclidean plane geometry, a sector is a "pie-shaped" part of a disk enclosed by two radii and an arc.
		In the special case of the circle being divided into 4 equal sectors, they are called quadrants; divided into 8 equal sectors, they are called octants.
		In the context of computer hardware, a sector is a sub-division of a track of a magnetic hard disk or optical disc.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sector (251 words)

	Cylinder Head Sector - Wikipedia
		Der Begriff Cylinder Head Sector (CHS) ("Zylinder" "Köpfe" "Sektoren") findet bei Festplatten Verwendung und ermöglicht dem Computer die Erkennung der Größe und Geometrie (Aufteilung) einer Festplatte.
		LBA = ((CYL * HPC + HEAD) * SPT) + SECT - 1
		Bei älteren Computern musste man die Anzahl der Zylinder, Festplatten-Köpfe und Sektoren noch per Hand im BIOS eintragen, damit der Computer bzw.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/CHS (185 words)

	1988 Article on Hard Disk Problems
		It is responsible for convert- ing the physical cylinder, head and sector coordinates into stepping motor commands.
		File oriented parameters like offset within the file are used by a program, and then translated by DOS into physical parameters such as drive, cylinder, head and sector.
		Either the sector in the data base has been clobbered by a stray sector from the zip code index file, or we are experiencing random read time errors which are presenting the wrong sector.
	www.greystaples.com /article.htm (4503 words)

	Minimal partition table specification: Specification
		For a disk with C cylinders, H heads, and S sectors per track, the linear address corresponding to a CHS address (c,h,s) is found as cHS + h*S + s - 1.
		A partition table sector is a on-disk sector that holds four partition descriptors with (decimal) offset 446, 462, 478, 494, respectively, followed by a signature in the two bytes with offset 510 and 511.
		Sector 0 of a disk, known as the Master Boot Record (MBR), is a partition table sector, and thus contains four partition descriptors.
	www.win.tue.nl /~aeb/partitions/partition_tables-2.html (880 words)

	Logical block addressing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chief among these was the cylinder-head-sector (CHS) scheme, where blocks were addressed by means of a tuple which defined the cylinder, head, and sector at which they appeared on the hard disk.
		Originally cylinder, head, and sector were limited to 1024,16, and 63 respectively.
		Later, more advanced BIOS implementations which virtualised the CHS mapping (often generating many more "virtual" drive heads than the physical disk really possessed) expanded this limit to 1024, 255, and 63.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_block_addressing (510 words)

	ipedia.com: Hard disk Article
		For GMR heads in particular, a minor head crash from contamination (that does not remove the magnetic surface of the disk) will still result in the head temporarily overheating, due to friction with the disk surface, and renders the disk unreadable until the head temperature stabilizes.
		Moving along and between the platters on a common armature are the read-write heads, with one head for each platter face.
		Because neither the starting position of the head nor the distance from there to the desired track is fixed, seek time varies greatly, and it is almost always measured as an average seek time, though full-track (the longest possible) and track-to-track (the shortest possible) seeks are also quoted sometimes.
	www.ipedia.com /hard_disk.html (2633 words)

	liffile - HP9114 LIF disk image file
		Block 15 is cylinder 0, head 0, sector 16 Block 16 is cylinder 0, head 1, sector 1 Continuing on cylinder 0, head 1 until...
		Block 0 is cylinder 0, head 0, sector 1 Block 1 is cylinder 0, head 0, sector 2 Continuing on cylinder 0, head 0, until...
		Assuming the necessary functions exist to seek the disk head to a particular cylinder (seek()) and to write a 256 byte sector (writesector(cylinder,head,sector,data[])) then it is reasonably easy to write a program to transfer a disk image to a physical disk.
	www.hpmuseum.org /cgi-sys/cgiwrap/hpmuseum/articles.cgi?read=260 (527 words)

	Wesley's PIC Pages: IDE Controller
		The lowest byte of the LBA sector number is written into the sector number register, the middle 16 bits of the LBA sector number are written in the cylinder number registers (low and high, all 16 bits are used).
		The highest 4 bits of the LBA sector number are written in the head and device register.
		How to do that: the bit 6 of the head and device register is set to indicate that LBA modus is used (the fixed pattern of 101B in the bits 7..5 of the head and device register is to be changed into 111B).
	www.pjrc.com /tech/8051/ide/wesley.html (6935 words)

	SECURECODE
		On x86-based computers, the Starting and Ending Head, Cylinder, and Sector fields on the startup disk are very important for starting up the computer.
		A cylinder consists of the set of tracks that are at the same head position on the disk.
		For the partition 2 entry, the Relative Sectors field is the offset from the beginning of the extended partition to the sector containing the Partition Table for the logical drive defined in the Partition 2 entry.
	www.securecode.net /PrintArticle9.html (3522 words)

	Re: FAT and clusters
		The MS-DOS "FAT" or "File Allocation Table" is a bunch of numeric entries describing which cylinder(s), head(s) and sector(s) a particular cluster is located (I.E. cylinder 50, head 5, sectors 0-7).
		Each sector written on a particular track has a unique number written into its "Header", by which it can be later identified (0 to n).
		Some drives even have more cylinders and sectors than the C/H/S system allows for!
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/dec96/843419507.Cs.r.html (688 words)

	IDE/ATA reference version 1
		The logical cylinder, head, sector and track are the values as they have been programmed into the drive translation-logic.
		The actuator moves the heads across the platter surface, it is used to move the head to the desired cylinder.
		The head floats on the air cushion generated by the rotating platter under it.
	www.wtysoft.com /ataref/0000.htm (644 words)

	A simple guide to hard disk partitions
		Traditionally, hard drives were accessed by cylinder, head, and sector (CHS), which represented the actual layout of data on the drive.
		A Partition Table is a list of Partition start and end locations in cylinder, head, sector (CHS) format, the start location as an absolute sector, and a size in number of sectors; as well as partition type and whether or not the partition is bootable.
		where the first line is the BYTE/BIT numbers, the second line shows data (C = cylinder, H = head, S = sector), and the last line shows which CPU register is loaded with the data by a BIOS call.
	www.hpcc.ecs.soton.ac.uk /~dan/filesystems/partition.html (978 words)

	Multi-booting Solaris and other operating systems
		Extended CHS addressing adds a translation step that changes the way the geometry appears in order to break the 504 MB barrier, but the addressing is still done in terms of cylinder, head and sector numbers, however, they are just translated one or more times before they get to the actual disk itself.
		As we mentioned, regular addressing of IDE/ATA drives is done by specifying a cylinder, head and sector address where the data that is required resides.
		This is done by dividing the number of logical cylinders by an integer, and then multiplying the number of logical heads by the same number.
	multiboot.solaris-x86.org /ii/3.html (1019 words)

	63001.html
		With this translation, the BIOS disk services first determines the total number of sectors reported by the disk drive by multiplying the number of cylinders by the number of heads by the number of sectors reported by the drive.
		Also, since the bit shift translation only translates the cylinder and head values, if the number of sectors the drive reports is less than 63, the theoretical maximum capacity cannot be achieved.
		The reader should note that if the disk drive cannot be configured with the number of cylinders and heads that fit into one of the translations shown in table 1, the bit shift translation will not work.
	www.ee.surrey.ac.uk /localcopy/R.Peel/cs250/63001.html (3234 words)

	http://www.goldsource.com/Battery.asp
		Originally, these bytes were divided into cylinder, head, and sector (CHS) address locations that related directly to the physical layout of the hard drives.
		Unfortunately, the designers of the system BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and the ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) interface did not set up the total bytes used for addressing in the same manner, nor did they define the same number of bytes for the cylinder, head, and sector addressing.
		For example, a sector size of 4096 bytes would increase the maximum size of the drives to 2.2 TB.
	www.goldsource.com /bios-limitation.asp (931 words)

	Breaking the 528 MB DOS Barrier
		The same registers are used to pass cylinder, head, and sector information, but the information itself is completely redefined as a logical block address, such as an address found in SCSI.
		Ultimately, a request from the application must be translated into a specific cylinder, head, and sector on the hard disk.
		Three solutions to the barrier have emerged: the "hard-wired" approach, which is simple to implement but imposes capacity limitations; Logical Block Addressing (LBA), which requires major software retrofitting; and Extended Cylinder, Head, Sector (CHS) addressing, which represents a "middle-of-the-road" approach.
	www.melbpc.org.au /pcupdate/9504/9504article7.htm (1468 words)

	TestDisk - Technical Notes
		CHS (Cylinder, Head, Sector) value is limited by storage in the partition table to 1023,254,63.
		It gets the numbers of cylinder, head, sector from function 8/int 0x13, but this function is limited to small harddisk (maximum values are 1024 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors: 8GB at best).
		Exemple: The harddisk logical geometry is 255 heads per cylinder and 63 sectors per head.
	www.cgsecurity.org /testdisk_doc/TechnicalNotes.html (230 words)

	Large harddisks in Toshiba Libretto
		In detail: = / /
		If you call LDS100ct with the number of cylinders to set as parameter, it is possible that the calculated number of cylinders reserved for hibernation is less than 0.
		Compatible in qoutation marks because the translation is only compatible up to cylinder 1023 (only 10 bits in the BIOS interface).
	bockey.ipcon.de /MB_DOS/LDS100CT.HTM (1859 words)

	Extended Cylinder Head Sector (ECHS)
		In this instance, the hard disk's cylinder count is usually divided by two, and the head count is multiplied by two to get the translated values from those actually stored in the BIOS Setup Utility setup.
		Standard CHS addressing is limited to 16 heads and 1024 cylinders, translating to 504 megabytes (MB) (528,000,000 bytes).
		Use this setting if the hard disk has fewer than 1024 cylinders or if the hard disk is to be used with a non-DOS operating system that does not understand translation.
	www.support.gateway.com /s/MOTHERBD/shared/echs.shtml (179 words)

	ADSM V3 DRM Disk Image Dump and Restore
		The cylinder component of the logical disk geometry, when expressed in terms of cylinder/head/sector.
		The sector component of the logical disk geometry, when expressed in terms of cylinder/head/sector.
		The head component of the logical disk geometry, when expressed in terms of cylinder/head/sector.
	www.pik-potsdam.de /~glauer/adsm_doc/admdrmdi/a45cdr44.htm (106 words)

	Logical Block Addressing
		In essence, LBA is a means by which a drive is accessed by linearly addressing sector addresses, beginning at sector 1 of head 0, cylinder 0 as LBA 0, and proceeding on in sequence to the last physical sector on the drive, which, for instance, on a standard 540 Meg drive would be LBA 1,065,456.
		When the 8.4 GB limit of the Int13h interface was reached in 1998-1999, it became impossible to express the geometry of large hard disks using cylinder, head and sector numbers, regardless of whether translated or not, while remaining below the Int13h limits of 1,024 cylinders, 256 heads and 63 sectors.
		Prior to the advent of Logical Block Addressing, all hard drives were accessed via CHS (Cylinder, Head, Sector) or Extended CHS, which means that the drive was accessed by specifying its cylinder, head and sector address.
	www.dewassoc.com /kbase/hard_drives/lba.htm (834 words)

	Man page for LILO
		Generate 24-bit linear sector addresses instead of cylinder/head/sector addresses.
		00 no error01 invalid disk command0A bad sector flag0B bad track flag20 controller failure40 seek failure (BIOS)40 cylinder>1023 (LILO)99 invalid second stage index sector (LILO)9A no second stage loader signature (LILO)AA drive not readyFF sense operation failedError code 40 is generated by the BIOS, or by LILO during the conversion of
		Override boot sector check for filesystems (e.g., swap, XFS,...) which might be destroyed by the installation of the LILO boot sector on the first sector of the partition.
	www.doc.ic.ac.uk /lab/labman/lookup-man.cgi?LILO(8) (1468 words)

	d97138r0.doc
		BIOS software cannot support a device with more than 1,024 cylinders, 16 heads and 63 sectors per track without translating an input logical geometry to a different output logical geometry.
		Today, 1024 cylinders is less of a problem, and the issue of the day has moved to the 7.9/8.4 GB limitation (drives with more than 16,383 cylinders) imposed by the BIOS/OS interface.
		However, the host system may create conditions where there are a larger number of orphans sectors by issuing the INITIALIZE DEVICE PARAMETERS command with values other than the values in words 3 and 6.
	www.t13.org /technical/d97138r0.doc (1221 words)

	disk recovery. enter
		Cylinder,head,sector(chs)addressing a method of referencing the sectors on a as a collection of unique cylinder,head and sector addresses.
		Dedicated landing zone the designated radial zone of the,usually at the inner portion of the,where the heads are stored to avoid contact with the database cylinders when power to the is off.
		Cylinder the cylindrical surface formed by identical track numbers on vertically stacked disks.
	www.datarecoveryharddrive.com /disk-recoveryli.html (306 words)

	Glossary of Computer Threat Terms
		Good examples of boot sectors that do not normally contain boot code are those at the head of extended partitions - under DOS and Windows OSes, such partitions cannot be made bootable so those OSes usually only place a partition table (which they do require) in such boot sectors.
		The boot sector at the beginning of a hard drive (sector location 0,0,1 in CHS notation) is known as the master boot sector or, more commonly, the master boot record.
		When the viral boot code is read from the boot sector and executed, the virus copies itself to a 'safe' place in memory, hooks disk I/O functions, infects the hard drive and remains resident, lying in wait for uninfected boot sectors to present themselves (these will usually be on diskettes accessed in the floppy drives).
	www.localtelonline.com /spyware/glossery_computer_threat_terms.htm (13258 words)

	HICAP_HD.HTML
		The cylinders, heads and sectors printed on the label for use in the CMOS table are purely logical geometry, and do not represent the actual physical parameters.
		For example, sector 1- head 0 - cylinder 0 is addressed as LBA 0.
		Because it is simpler to use a single linear number to access sectors on a hard drive compared to the cylinder-head-sector method, use this method if it is supported by your drive.
	scs.une.edu.au /StudentFiles/StudentsPapers/hardware/hicap_hd.htm (382 words)

	ADSM V3 DRM Disk Image Dump and Restore
		The geometry of a disk drive is the combination of the numbers of cylinders, heads, and sectors that the drive has, along with the size of each sector.
		For example, modern SCSI disk drives that are less than 1GB have the same number of heads and sectors.
		A cylinder is the set of tracks on all the platters that are at the same position.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /~jhu/DOCS/ADSM/admdrmdi/a45cdr32.htm (663 words)

	docs.sun.com: System Administration Guide: Basic Administration
		In this method, you must specify explicitly the three logical components of the block number: the cylinder, head, and sector values.
		The following are some examples of cylinder, head, and sector entries:
		The other way to specify a block number is by the cylinder/head/sector designation.
	docs.sun.com /app/docs/doc/816-4552/6maoo3108?a=view (387 words)

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In the News (Thu 17 Dec 09)