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Topic: Cynghanedd

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	Clywed Cynghanedd -- Geirfa dechnegol
		Yn aml ceir cynghanedd bengoll rhwng gair cyrch a hanner cyntaf y llinell a'i ganlyno.
		Ceir cynghanedd yn y llinell gyntaf o flaen y gwant; rhaid bod cynghanedd gytseiniol yn y naw sillaf, ac odl gyrch rhwng y ddegfed yn y llinell gyntaf a gorffwysfa (neu gorodl a rhagodl) yn y nawsill a'i dilyna.
		Ceir cynghanedd yn y llinell gyntaf o flaen y gwant; a rhaid bod cynghanedd tridarn (sain neu bengoll) yng ngweddill y pennill, gyda gorffwysfa ar ddegfed sillaf y pennill; mae hi'n arfer gorffen y pennill ar acen ysgafn.
	www.comlab.ox.ac.uk /oucl/users/geraint.jones/cynghanedd/geirfa (1824 words)

	Cynghanedd - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cynghanedd (literally " harmony "), in Welsh language poetry, is the basic concept of sound-arrangement within one line.
		The various forms of cynghanedd show up the definitions of all formal Welsh verse forms, such as the awdl.
		Cynghanedd has been used from very early times and continues in common use today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cynghanedd (293 words)

	The Sounds of Welsh and Welsh Ve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cynghanedd lusg ("trailing") has only rhyme, the accented penultimate syllable (that is, the second-to-last syllable) of the line rhyming with a word, accented or unaccented, earlier in the line.
		Cynghanedd sain ("sound") combines rhyme and alliteration: a word early in the line rhymes with a later word; that later word alliterates with the word ending the line.
		Cynghanedd groes ("cross") repeats a sequence of consonants from the first half of the line in the second half of the line.
	www.richardloomis.com /soundsofwelsh.htm (2077 words)

	Cynghanedd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Like cynghanedd groes, except only some of the consonants are repeated.
		The first and second parts rhyme ; the consonants of the second part are repeated in the third part.
		The first accented syllable in the line rhymes with the second-to-last syllable of the line.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/cy/cynghanedd.html (313 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While the rules of cynghanedd use the term acen 'accent' to refer to the stressed penult, we must bear in mind that this term is borrowed from Latin and is greatly influenced by English and that it is used with reference to the phonological systems of these other languages.
		The advent of this new European rhythmic singing was marked by an immediate reaction in the highly formal metrical form of cynghanedd known as the cywydd.
		In the mid seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, such poets as Huw Morus composed a new 'accentuated' cynghanedd, in which "the musical phrase was always very strictly observed and the words made to conform to the framework of the tune" (Parry 1962:552; compare B.J. Williams 1989:227).
	www.celtic-cultural-studies.com /papers/griffen/change.html (4011 words)

	Welsh poetry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		cynghanedd, a word which literally means ‘harmony’, and which refers to the way in which sounds are utilised within a line of poetry, providing an alternative metrical pattern to effectively offset over-emphasis of the main rhyme.
		cynghanedd, as poetry, emphasises the patterns of sound and rhythm which are the essence of Welsh, which are of the language and which are the language itself.
		Many observers are especially interested in the effect which the recent establishment of the National Assembly in Cardiff may have on the language, fearing a result similar to that experienced when the Republic of Ireland attained independence from Britain, to the obvious detriment of the native tongue.
	elt.britcoun.org.pl /poetry.htm (2057 words)

	cynghanedd -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Cynghanedd had developed by the 13th century from the prosodic devices of the early bards and was formally codified at the Caerwys Eisteddfod (Assembly of Bards) of 1524.
		A rhupunt is a verse composed of three, four, or five four-syllable sections linked by cynghanedd (an intricate system of accentuation,...
		The most popular form is the englyn unodl union (“direct monorhyme englyn”), which is a combination of a cywydd, a type of rhyming couplet, and another form and...
	www.encyclopaedia.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9028404 (296 words)

	The problem with Under Milk Wood is that nothing happens. Is this an accurate assessment of the play?
		Cynghanedd comes in three forms- firstly there is Cynghanedd gytsain an example of this in the play is " Only you can hear the houses Sleeping in the Streets in the Slow deep Salt and Silent fl".
		Secondly, there is Cynghanedd sain the example of this Cynghanedd is "invisible down to the sloefl, slow, fl, crowfl, fishing bobbing sea".
		This Cynghanedd use is the use of alliteration and rhyme within the same line.
	www.coursework.info /i/59868.html (974 words)

	Literary Review: Houdinis of the Strict-Metres: The Poetry of Twm Morys and Emyr Lewis - Critical Essay
		The tradition of performing poetry, in particular, cynghanedd or the strict metres, is nothing new of course.
		Cynghanedd could be understood as a language within language.
		In that sense, the cynghanedd system was particularly adept at bringing a memorable touch to more general, and sometimes banal thoughts.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2078/is_2_44/ai_71317869 (1363 words)

	Guide to Verse Forms - Englyn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As well as syllable counts and rhyme, there is the important matter of cynghanedd, a concept peculiar to Celtic poetry.
		Cynghanedd is an attribute of a line of poetry, and there are several kinds of it.
		The first line exhibits cynghanedd lusg, the second cynghanedd groes (which is hard to do in English), the third cynghanedd draws, and the fourth cynghanedd sain.
	www.noggs.dsl.pipex.com /vf/englyn.htm (345 words)

	Cylwe - Glossary
		The term cynghanedd means literally 'harmony', and refers to the system of alliteration and internal rhyme which adorns Welsh strict-metre poetry.
		The simplest is cynghanedd lusg, in which the penultimate syllable of the last word in the line rhymes with a word earlier in the line, e.g.
		In cynghanedd draws a sequence of consonants at the beginning of the line is repeated at the end, e.g.
	www.cyfwe.org /reference/main.cfm (1455 words)

	GO BRITANNIA! Wales: Welsh Literature - Poets of the Gentry
		In the 14th century, cynghanedd (with the literal meaning "harmony") was added as compulsory ornamentation within each line, thus increasing the complexity of what had been a rather simple form.
		There were four main types of cynghanedd: cynghanedd lusg, cyhghanedd groes, cynghanedd draws and cynghanedd sain.
		The cynghanedd is primarily intended for the listener, not the reader.
	www.britannia.com /wales/lit/lit7.html (2129 words)

	BBC - History - Dafydd ap Gwilym and Welsh literary tradition 1320 - 1370 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Their poets produced a distinguished body of verse, largely written in strict metre embellished with cynghanedd - the intricate system of sound chiming so characteristic of Welsh poetry.
		Most of his poems consist of cywyddau in full cynghanedd, each line consisting of seven syllables and arranged in couplets in which a stressed syllable rhymes with an unstressed one.
		His mastery of such a complicated medium is astonishing, and he gave such prestige to the cywydd that it was, for 300 years, the preferred poetic form of all ambitious Welsh poets.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/wales/literary.shtml (420 words)

	An Englyn
		There is one end-rhyme, but in the first line one, two or three syllables layer the rhyming word, and are echoed in the first words of the second line.
		Cynghanedd (literally "harmony", where there is an internal alliteration - certain consonants are made to recur regularly within a line) is necessary.
		Cynghanedd is a complex system of interplay between vowels and consonants resulting in internal and end rhyme and complex alliteration.
	www.tourwales.org.uk /index.php?id=51 (275 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By moving with the main cynghanedd (metrical consonance) in the cywyddau, the music’s metre becomes completely clear and natural.
		The metre is kept regularly in the harpist’s "lower hand," while the "upper" hand decorates the tunes.
		Three pieces of music with regular beats were chosen to be played together with the bardic cynghanedd, in various keys to correspond to the spirit and feeling of the poetry.
	www.tns.lcs.mit.edu /harp/events/aphuw/ap_9.html (226 words)

	Griffen, Literary Assumptions PIPA Volume 2 (1999)
		This might not be wrong in all cases, but rhyme ( odl) must be avoided as must proest (half-rhyme, where the consonants are identical and the vocalic elements belong to the same class).
		It is a general rule that odl and proest must be avoided between the emphasized words in a line of cynghanedd.
		That the overriding importance of basing the patterns upon the stress accent should date from the particular period of the cywydd is by no means surprising.
	www.eiu.edu /~ipaweb/pipa/volume2/griffen.htm (2764 words)

	Morfablog » Archif » Clywed Cynghanedd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clywed Cynghanedd, cwrs yn y clec, gan Myrddin ap Dafydd.
		Dylai fod yn ôl mewn print erbyn y Steddfod, yn ôl y sôn, ond dal ar gael ar y we.
		The full text of Myrddin ap Dafydd’s highly accesible course in cynghanedd, the intricate system of alliteration, assonance, and sheer bloody mindedness which is the basis of all that is good and pure and beautiful in Welsh strict meter verse.
	morfablog.com /archif/2003/07/27/clywed-cynghanedd (112 words)

	Krautrock Album Database - Lang'syne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Many of the lyrics and much of the music appear to have a dark, longing quality which results in the album sounding a bit mystical, and occasionally even Renaissance-style.
		'Cynghanedd' begins like an Eastern-influenced ballad, or "Melodie der Natur" as described in the CD sleeve.
		This track utilizes natural sound of birds and insects and ends with an interesting interplay of 'dueling'-guitar chord sequences.
	www.krautrockgroup.com /Langsyne.html (245 words)

	Seiat y Cynganeddwyr: Fforwm cynghanedd a barddoniaeth
		Re: Enwau ar ffurf cynghanedd Y Cyfarwydd 09 Dec 2000
		Re: Cynghanedd gymysg iawn Madog 30 Oct 2000
		Re: Cynghanedd gymysg iawn Y Bilwg 30 Oct 2000
	llionj.tripod.com (3389 words)

	'Cywydd Hiraeth' by Goronwy Owen, c. 1756, page 1 of 6 :: Gathering the Jewels
		Goronwy Owen (1723-69) was one of Wales's most important poets of the eighteenth century and a master of the cynghanedd (described in the University of Wales dictionary as 'a system of consonance or alliteration in a line of Welsh poetry in strict metre').
		This manuscript includes a draft copy of his cywydd 'Hiraeth' in the hand of another of the century's leading figures, Lewis Morris (1701-65).
		His father, Owen Gronw, was an artisan who could compose cynghanedd to some extent.
	www.gtj.org.uk /en/item1/25385 (624 words)

	biddulph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Henry Vaughan might be writing with a Welsh accent, but his work in the Saesneg stands with the "Metaphysicals" of England rather than with the bardic traditions still current in the Cymraeg.
		The difficulties experienced in producing the true Cynghanedd in the Saesneg (as distinct from a a pale imitation using limited assonance, internal rhyme, etc.) should illustrate the point: no poem ever produced in English could fulfil the artistic canons of the Caerwys Eisteddfod or any other court of poetic form in the Welsh language.
		Although the Welsh language poet is not obliged to write in Cynghanedd, the Cynghanedd is just over the hill, so to speak, like Carmarthenshire, and roots the writer in the tradition.
	www.benybont.co.uk /triolet/letrs/biddulph.htm (219 words)

	LABARA 4
		To learn the rules of cynghanedd he had to have the full treatment, and this usually meant a costly live-in apprenticeship.
		Unless he was amply endowed with the ready cash, or had very pretty blue eyes, this course of instruction would have been beyond him, and and he never would have achieved acceptance as a bard.
		The highest prize at the National Eisteddfod is the Chair, awarded for strict-meter poetry using cynghanedd, and the volume of entries and adjudications of this and other major competitions is a Welsh-language bestseller each year.
	www.summerlands.com /crossroads/celticlanguage/labara4.html (2249 words)

	The Digital Mirror - Manuscripts - Goronwy Owen NLW MS 11568B (Cywydd Hiraeth) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Goronwy Owen (1723-1769) was one of Wales's most important poets of the eighteenth century and a master of the cynghanedd (described in the University of Wales dictionary as 'a system of consonance or alliteration in a line of Welsh poetry in strict metre').
		NLW MS 11568B includes a draft copy of his cywydd 'Hiraeth' in the hand of another of the century's leading figures, Lewis Morris (1701-1765).
		His mother, Siân Parry, had been a maid at Pentre-eiriannell, the home of the famous Morris family.
	www.llgc.org.uk /drych/drych_s048.htm (528 words)

	GWYBODIADUR: Eisteddfod glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cadeirio Chairing of the Bard, the ceremony in which a hand-carved throne is awarded to the winner of the competition for a long poem in cynghanedd (“strict metrical verse”)
		Coroni Crowning of the Bard, the ceremony in which a crown is awarded to the winner of the “free” verse competition, i.e.
		cynghanedd Traditional Welsh verse-form involving complex patterns of rhyme and alliteration, sometimes known as “strict metrical verse”
	gwybodiadur.worldonline.co.uk /eisteddfod/eistgloss.htm (372 words)

	Gomer Press - SINGING IN CHAINS by Mererid Hopwood - ESSAYS AND TALKS
		The word cynghanedd means 'harmony', and it is the music of Welsh poetry throughout the ages that Mererid Hopwood celebrates in this accessible handbook.
		In it she explores the intricacy and beauty of the art, inviting the reader (or rather, listener) to marvel at its clarity and complexity.
		What is more, the book places the phenomenon of cynghanedd in its social and historical context, reminding us that it has been, and continues to be, inextricable from the Welsh language itself.
	www.gomer.co.uk /gomer/en/gomer.ViewBook/isbn/1843234025/category/17 (345 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Soft mutation of Cyfeillion fel - so ("fel" can mean many things) na - no dde^l - to come (from dod) rhyfel - War mwy - more so if we play around with the word order, we get: Let us be friends, so war comes no more.
		Or to put it into modern context: Make love not war (man) There's actually something poetic in the phrase in Welsh, but there's no Cynghanedd in there as far as I can see.
		Oh sorry, Cynghanedd is a poetry form in Welsh, the formation of each line in a poem sticks to fairly rigid rules.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/archives/welsh-l/welsh-l/1994/Jul/Translation-:-Byddwn-gyfeillion-fel-na-dde^l-rhyfel-mwy (192 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Books \| Special Reports \| A Wales of a time
		A further insight into Welsh heritage is provided by Mererid Hopwood and her discussion of cynghanedd (correspondence) poetry, in which consonants in one part of the line correspond in order to those in another part of the line.
		Hopwood describes cynghanedd, one of the world's oldest verse forms, as "one of the unsung glories of European civilisation".
		Playing Mercy, a debut novel by Cardiff-based author Matthew David Scott, is being touted by its publishers as the "first chav novel".
	www.guardian.co.uk /Books/hay2005/story/0,15880,1487783,00.html (697 words)

	Cynghanedd: GWEdd newydd ar hen grefft : Meirion MacIntyre Huws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cynghanedd: GWEdd newydd ar hen grefft : Meirion MacIntyre Huws
		Croeso i weflog prosiect arloesol sy'n archwilio'r posibliadau a gynigir gan y berthynas rhwng y dechnoleg newydd a hen grefft cerdd dafod.
		Llion Jones ar 07.07.04 am 12:25 yh [ ychwanegu sylw ] [ 6 sylw ]
	www.bangor.ac.uk /cyf/meimac (92 words)

	Wales on the Web: The All Wales Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Talwrn provides online access to Radio Cymru's Talwrn programme where two teams of bards contest against each other and are given just a few minutes to complete a verse or couplet in cynghanedd.
		There are also two websites devoted to the cynghanedd.
		The website of Clywed Cynghanedd is an online guide to writing Welsh language poetry to the strict metre of cynghanedd.
	www.cymruarywe.org /cayw/guides/en/15 (1664 words)

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