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Topic: Cynodont

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	Walking with Dinosaurs - Fact File: Cynodont
		The term "cynodont" refers to a broad group of extinct mammal-like reptiles, the Cynodontia.
		The presence of whiskers implies body hair and suggests cynodont was warm blooded.
		The cynodont and Placerias were distant relatives but the cynodont was more mammal-like.
	www.abc.net.au /dinosaurs/fact_files/dried/cynodont.htm (143 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 410.000 Cynodontia Overview
		Even the earliest cynodonts, the Procynosuchidae of the Late Permian, show many advanced mammalian characteristics, such as a reduced number of bones in the lower jaw, a secondary bony palate and a complex pattern of the crowns of their cheek teeth.
		Cynodont and early mammalian brains were larger than sauropsid (reptilian) brains not because they were more intelligent, but because of the enlarged olfactory and auditory bulbs.
		The principle issues are (a) the development of the characteristic mammalian jaw musculature and jaw articulation (b) the enlargement of the brain (c) the evolution of the mammalian middle ear, and (d) the beginnings of the unique mammalian feeding style and molar dentition.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/410Cynodontia/410.000.html (1753 words)

	The Cynodontia
		The non-mammalian cynodonts are particularly significant as the group is considered to be the best documented example in the fossil record of an evolutionary sequence connecting two major structural grades: namely the reptiles and the mammals (Hopson, 1987).
		The non-mammalian cynodonts are regarded as transitional representatives between “reptiles” and the extant mammals and possess morphological characteristics that are found in both groups.
		Cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile Thrinaxodon liorhinus.
	www.nasmus.co.za /PALAEO/jbotha/the_cynodontia.htm (3010 words)

	Cynodont - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Cynodonts have nearly all the characteristics of mammals.
		The cynodonts themselves are part of a group of therapsids called theriodonts, together with the extinct gorgonopsians and the therocephalians.
		During their evolution, cynodonts changed their teeth from being designed for catching and holding prey and then swallowing whole, to adding specialized teeth, including molars, designed for better mastication of food allowing for quicker digestion.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Cynodont (481 words)

	Cynodont - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The presence of whiskers implies body hair and suggests that the cynodont was warm blooded.
		The cynodont and Placerias were distant relatives, but the cynodont was more mammal-like.
		"A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of non-mammalian cynodonts." Bull.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Cynodonts (163 words)

	[No title]
		The extremely mammal-like structure of cynodonts has been known for nearly one hundred years, but only within recent years have we learned enough about them and about the very early mammals to say with confidence that all mammals are indeed descended from a single group of cynodonts.
		Cynodonts were at least partially if not completely warm-blooded, covered with hair, which would have insulated them and helped to maintain a high body temperature.
		In the end, the small advanced cynodonts and their mammalian descendents became nocturnal, depending on hearing and smell and leaving the day to the visual-orientated archosaurs (thecodonts and dinosaurs).
	bioweb.wku.edu /courses/Biol459/f2000/protected/mammevol.htm (3112 words)

	Theriodontia
		In advanced herbivorous cynodonts, like the tritylodonts, the ability to move the lower jaws in a fore-aft direction was ex- ploited for the purpose of cutting up plant material by the cheek dentition.
		The cynodonts, or 'dog teeth', were the most successful and one of the most diverse groups of therapsids, constituting a latest Permian and Triassic evolutionary radiation including such forms as large carnivorous cynognathids, equally large herbivorous traversodonts, and small and extremely mammal-like tritylodontids and ictidosaurs.
		In the end, the small advanced cynodonts and their mammalian descendents became nocturnal, depebnding on hearing and smell and leaving the day to the visual-orientated archosaurs (thecodonts and dinosaurs).
	www.kheper.net /evolution/therapsida/Theriodontia.htm (1480 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some scientists believe that the mammals arose from this group of cynodonts, however, some say that mammals arose from the Trithelodontidae, another group of specialized cynodonts.
		The tritylodonts were among the last of the cynodonts, which evolved from the Traversodontidae in latest Triassic period, and their lineage survived into the Jurassic period.
		The tritylodontids are the resolute of the evolution of the herbivorous cynodont.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Tritylodontidae (720 words)

	EZGeography - Mammal-like reptiles
		The term is most commonly used to describe the group Therapsida (although it can be also used as a more broad term to describe any of the Synapsids that are non-mammalian).
		The Cynodonts were the most mammal-like of the Therapsids.
		The term is not considered a formal one by most experts, for, technically speaking, the mammal-like reptiles are closer on the evolutionary branch to mammals than to the traditionally defined reptiles (thus, 'reptile-like mammals' would be a more accurate term).
	www.ezgeography.com /encyclopedia/Mammal-like_reptile (111 words)

	Pangea Dinosaurs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The term cynodont is not the scientific name for just one animal, but it's actually a relatively large group of mammal-like reptiles - the Cynodontia.
		The cynodonts were very similar to mammals - more similar than most others from the group.
		Cynodonts would have also dug for little roots and also may have ate eggs.
	www.christianhospitality.org /ip.php?url=/pangaea/cynodont.htm (166 words)

	Walking with Dinosaurs - Part 1 - New Blood
		Cynodont, the missing link between reptiles and mammals, with a rat-like face and a dog-lizard body that has a little hair, is the poster child of this episode.
		Pressed by predatory Coelophysis, a Cynodont pair eat their young and steal off in the night to survive another day.
		As the water supply dwindles during a dry summer, "cannibalism is common," we are told; and we glimpse animatronic closeups of a Coelophysis carcass with ripped head and neck, and another small one dangling from a live reptile’s mouth.
	www.documentaryfilms.net /Reviews/WalkingWithDinosaurs/1NewBlood.htm (212 words)

	Lord of Gondwanaland :: Astrobiology Magazine - beginning study of life - Origin - evolution - life beyond Earth - ...
		The cynodont was a small predator only a foot and a half in length, and looked something like a future evolutionary descendant that it would someday spawn: a small dog.
		The cynodont was the most intelligent creature ever to have evolved on Earth until that time, intelligent enough to be wary of whatever might hide in the piles of large boulders adjoining the water hole.
		Past the cringing cynodont the menacing shape of a gorgon lunged, ten feet of coiled muscular fury.
	www.astrobio.net /news/article386.html (1274 words)

	Cynodont
		Cynodont was a reptile which had mammalian like features which lives in pairs.
		It laid eggs and took care of them and the young ones.
		The cynodont later evolved to become the modern mammal today by evolving teeth from canine of holding and catching prey to molars for grinding food
	planet.uwc.ac.za /nisl/biodiversity/vincent/page_08.htm (175 words)

	Estes, R., 1961
		In contrast to adult cynodonts, the pterygoids enclose a small interpterygoid vacuity on each side of the cultriform process of the parasphenoid.
		Dorsally the basipterygoid processes are smooth, and articulate on correspondingly smooth vertical faces of the pterygoids, just forward of the internal, carotid foramina ventrally, the median ridges of the pterygoids curve mediad, do not meet the cultriform process, and have a digitate suture with the basipterygoid processes.
		The ear region and the foramina of the cynodont skull.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /synapsids/rowe/estes.html (4321 words)

	Cynognathus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cynodonts were a carnivorous suborder of therapsids, the group of mammal-like reptiles that also included the herbivorous (plant-eating) dicynodonts.
		Most cynodonts and all dicynodonts became extinct at the end of the Triassic Period.
		Changes in the plant life of that time are thought to have contributed to the extinction of the cynodont and dicynodont herbivores.
	autocww.colorado.edu /~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/PaleontologyAndFossils/cynognathus.htm (216 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, when the term is used cladistically, the taxon also includes the mammals, which are descended from the cynodont therapsids.
		Like all land animals, the therapsids were seriously affected by the end Permian extinction event, with the very successful gorgonopsians dying out altogether and the remaining groups being represented by only one or two families of a few species, each surviving into the Triassic.
		Of these, the dicynodonts, now represented by a single family of large stocky herbivores, the Kannemeyeridae, and the medium-sized cynodonts (including both carnivorous and herbivorous forms), flourished worldwide, throughout the Early and Middle Triassic.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Therapsida (436 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Apomorphies of the quadrate (incus) among the advanced non-mammalian cynodonts favor a sister-group relationship of tritheledontids and mammals.
		These modifications would simplify the quadrate-cranial joint and increase the mobility of the quadrate (incus) relative to the cranium while a functioning tympanic membrane was maintained on the mandible, improving the sensitivity of the postdentary tympanum.
		Probainognathus is among the earliest known non-mammalian cynodonts with a concave contact facet and a rotated dorsal plate in the quadrate.
	www.vertpaleo.org /jvp/14-341-374.html (287 words)

	THERAPSIDA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DICYNODONTIA - these very successful therapsids owed their success to greatly enlarged synapsid openings in the skull that allowed for longer, stronger jaw muscles, and a hinge between lower jaw and skull that enabled them to eat with a strong shearing action ideal for herbivores.
		CYNODONTS - (dog teeth) were the longest lived (80 million years) and most successful therapsids and the direct descendants of the mammals.
		Perhaps the best known are the carnivores Thrinaxodon and Cynognathus, but there were also herbivores such as Massetognathus and Oligokyphus (the only cynodont to survive into the Jurassic).
	www.dinoruss.org /de_4/5c5d4a6.htm (223 words)

	Basal cynodonts, an internet directory
		Until now the cynodont rock group were first known to be strutting their stuff during the last couple of million years of the Upper Permian (according to Botha et Al, 2007 at least).
		An analysis of 18 theriodonts (ten cynodonts, seven therocephalians and one gorgonopsian) and 59 characters of the skull and teeth was undertaken.
		It was part of the early cynodont recovery from oblivion, and that cynodont radiation was ultimately to lead to some of the most successful and bizarre animals in global history.
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/cynodonts.htm (12838 words)

	CYNODONT Articles See textCynodonts have nearly all t
		Cynodonts have nearly all the characteristics of mammals.
		The cynodonts themselves are part of a group of therapsids called theriodonts, together with the extinct gorgonopsians and the therocephalians.
		Cynodonts' evolutionary track began late in the Permian, as a small, Gorgonopsid-like theriodont.
	www.amazines.com /Cynodont_related.html (524 words)

	Triassic Walking with Dinosaurs New Blood Placerias, Postosuchus, Coleophysis, Cynodont, phytosaur Rutiodon PLateosaurus
		Dicynodonts were the most common plant eaters and cynodonts the predators.
		The term "cynodont" refers to a broad group of extinct animals, the Cynodontia.
		The Cynodont from the show is based on the two molar teeth of a large cynodont found in Arizona.
	www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com /NewBlood.html (1327 words)

	NMNH \| How Did Mammals Evolve?
		This terrier-sized cynodont from the late Permian is starting to show signs of mammalness; it has incisors, canine, and cheek teeth, just like modern mammals.
		These and other factors tell us that cynodonts were closely related to the true ancestors of modern mammals.
		The vast supercontinent of Pangea straddled the equator and was surrounded by ocen.
	www.mnh.si.edu /mammals/pages/how/index.htm (1737 words)

	Mesozoic Eucynodonts, Vocabulary
		In terms of this project, this taxon is used as meaning the most recent common ancestor of biarmosuchians and myself, and all of its descendants.
		It includes cynodonts and a number of related lineages; biarmosuchians, dinocephalians, dicynodonts (and more basal anomodontians), gorgonopsians and therocephalians.
		In terms of this project, this taxon is used as meaning the most recent common ancestor of a koala and myself, and all of its descendants.
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/vocab.htm (6558 words)

	CMNH Vertebrate Paleontology
		This study is focused on several skull structures that underwent fundamental changes through the transition from nonmammalian cynodonts to mammals (mammaliforms”; of Rowe, 1988).
		The main purposes of the research are to explore new morphological data in early fossil mammals and the advanced cynodont relatives of mammals, to test the phylogenetic hypotheses of nonmammalian cynodonts and early mammals, and to elucidate the pattern of phylogenetic transformation in derived structures in the mammal skull.
		Previously it was not clear how the accessory mandibular (postdentary) bones of cynodonts (close relatives to mammals) could migrate from the mandible to the cranium in mammals.
	www.carnegiemnh.org /vp/media/earlymammal.htm (925 words)

	Forums \| MacLife
		Cynodonts developed quite loose quadrates and articulars that could vibrate freely for sound transmittal while still functioning as a jaw joint, strengthened by the mammalian jaw joint right next to it.
		There is disagreement about whether the tritylodontids were ancestral to mammals (presumably during the late Triassic gap) or whether they are a specialized offshoot group not directly ancestral to mammals.
		Its intracranial arteries and veins ran in a composite monotreme/placental pattern derived from homologous extracranial vessels in the cynodonts.
	www.maclife.com /forums/post/950992 (4605 words)

	Fall'96Syllabus
		In non-mammalian cynodont therapsids, molars and premolars are undifferentiated (and referred to simply as "cheek teeth").
		Just behind the maxilla is the zygomatic arch (common to mammals and their cynodont forbears) composed of outward projections of the jugal and squamosal bones.
		In addition to allowing extra room for the passage of muscles to work the lower jaw, the arch also allows for differentiation of separate muscle groups to be involved in biting and chewing.
	ijolite.geology.uiuc.edu /02SprgClass/geo143/lectures/lect20.html (1452 words)

	Trithelodontidae (Ictidosauria)
		The Trithelodontids, also and better known (especuially in earlier literature) as the Ictidosaurs, were tiny latest Triassic and early Jurassic cynodonts that neatly bridge the gap between advanced theriodonts and the primitive mammals.
		For this reason, Hopson and Kitching suggested using the family name Trithelodontidae Broom 1912 for all of the forms called "ictidosaurs", and included all these groups under the Cynodontia.
		The Trithelodonts (Ictidosaurs) are thus very advanced, probably insectivorous, cynodonts of small size in which some incisors and in some species the upper and probably postcanines have a transversely-oriented cutting edge, in others the uppers have an oblique and the lowers a longitudinal cutting edge.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/therapsida/Trithelodontidae.html (936 words)

	Resource of the American Scientific Affiliation: Taxonomy, Transitional Forms, and the Fossil Record by Keith B. Miller
		The cynodont skulls are (A) the late Permian Procynosuchus; (B) the early Triassic Thrinaxodon; (C) the middle Triassic Probainognathus; and (D) the early Jurassic Pachygenelus.
		Within the cynodont lineage, the dentary bone becomes progressively larger and the other bones are reduced to nubs at the back.
		In one group of advanced cynodonts, the dentary bone has been brought nearly into contact with the squamosal, and in another, a secondary articulation exists between the surangular (another small bone at the back of the jaw) and squamosal (Hopson, 1991).
	www.asa3.org /ASA/resources/Miller.html (6672 words)

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