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	Cynognathus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cynognathus was a metre-long predator of the Lower Triassic.
		Cynognathus is presently the only recognized member of family Cynognathidae.
		All of these features indicate that Cynognathus was an endothermic animal: a "warm blooded" creature with a relatively high metabolic rate, which needed to be able to process food and oxygen quickly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cynognathus (412 words)

	Eucynodontia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This overview is concentrated on the proto-mammals, which are known from the Lower Triassic until the Lower Cretaceous, both divisions of the Mesozoic era ("the age of the Dinosaurs").
		Cynognathus is the only known representative of a family called Cynognathidae.
		In mammals, (with the exceptions of the most basal representatives), the dentary is the only lower jaw bone; where present, the teeth are strongly differentiated; the inner ear has three bones for processing sound (incus, malleus and stapes); the jaw joint is the articular-quadrate (it’s at least overwhelmingly dominant among the basal representatives).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eucynodonts (1389 words)

	Cynognathus Printout - Enchanted Learning Software
		Cynognathus (pronounced sy-nog-NAY-thus) was a cynodont (a mammal-like reptile, not a dinosaur) that was the size of a wolf.
		Anatomy: Cynognathus was a quadruped (it walked on four legs) that was flat-footed.
		Cynognathus means "dog jaw." Fossils have been found in South Africa and Argentina.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/therapsids/Cynognathus.shtml (242 words)

	Triassic Cynodonts; Cynognathia, an internet directory
		Cynognathus is the most basal known cynognathian, and the sole clear carnivore in the taxon.
		It's referred to as the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, and that genus is present during the whole sequence.
		Botha J and Chinsamy A (2000), Growth patterns deduced from the bone histology of the cynodonts Diademodon and Cynognathus, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (4), p.705-711.
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/cynoga.htm (7089 words)

	Digimorph - Diademodon sp. (Cynodont)
		Fossils of Diademodon are found mainly in the Lower Triassic Cynognathus zone of the Karroo Basin of South Africa.
		The postcranial skeleton of Diademodon is poorly known and virtually indistinguishable from Cynognathus in the absence of cranial material (Jenkins, 1971).
		It was scanned along the coronal axis for a total of 410 slices, each slice 1.0 mm thick with an interslice spacing of 0.8 mm (for a slice overlap of 0.2 mm).
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Diademodon_sp (639 words)

	ISGS: A Cynognathus
		A large and powerful predator, and dominant animal for many millions of years, Cynognathus was one of the largest cynodonts.
		Although a very successful animal, Cynognathus died out during the middle Triassic period, to be replaced by the smaller carnivorous Chiniquodontids and the small to large herbivorous Traversodontids.
		It is likely that the very arid conditions of the Triassic worked against the mammal-like Cynognathus and in favour of the reptilian archosaurs (the Thecodonts) which had become the unchallenged masters of the land by the middle Triassic.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /faq/fossils/pdq252.html (614 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Their fossilized remains are found in the same deposits and, in the absence of diagnostic cranial material, the postcranial skeletons of these animals are considered indistinguishable from one another.
		This study of Diademodon and Cynognathus is the first detailed examination of the bone histology of representatives of the Triassic Cynodontia.
		The characteristic patterns of bone histology in Diademodon and Cynognathus have directly revealed information about their growth strategies and has demonstrated the use of bone histology to distinguish between the genera when associated cranial material is absent.
	www.vertpaleo.org /jvp/20-705-711.html (288 words)

	Cynognathus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Cynognathus had a more or less worldwide distribution.
		Cynognathus is presently the only recognized member of a family called Cynognathidae.
		These are all seen as indications that Cynognathus was an endothermic animal; a ‘warm blooded’ creature with a relatively high metabolic rate, which needed to be able to process food and oxygen quickly.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/cynognathus (527 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 410.000 Cynodontia Overview
		By Early Triassic times, cynodonts had diverged into large predaceous carnivores such as Cynognathus and moderate large omnivorous and herbivorous types such as Trirachodon and Diademodon.
		From this family evolved the highly specialized and extremely mammal-like Tritylodontidae of the Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic, the "rodents" of the early Mesozoic and culmination of the herbivorous cynodont radiation.
		It is interesting that as the archosaurian reptiles were becoming larger, the cynodonts became smaller, perhaps nocturnal.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/410Cynodontia/410.000.html (1753 words)

	The Fremouw Formation, Triassic times in Antarctica
		The fossils described in the 1990 study were from 200 metres higher up in the same formation, and are somewhat younger.
		The upper subunit is 300 metres of volcanistic sandstone, and the Cynognathus fauna occurs towards the top of the first eight metres; for clarity, that's relatively near the base.
		One fragment is the middle part of a lower left jaw, which is at least very similar to Cynognathus.
	www.geocities.com /trevor_dykes/fremouw.htm (1389 words)

	Cynognathidae
		Although a very succesful animal, Cynognathus died out during the middle Triassic period, to be replaced by the smaller carnivorous Chiniquodontids and the small to large herbivorous Traversodontids.
		It is likely that the very arid conditions of the Triassic worked against the mammal-like Cynognathus and in favour of the reptilian archosaurs (the Thecodonts) which had become the unchallanged masters of the land by the middle Triassic.
		Remarks: Generic and specific distinctions within the Cynognathidae have been based on characters which vary with age (tooth number and morphology, skull proportions) and are influenced by postmortem deformation.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/therapsida/Cynognathidae.html (669 words)

	Cryptozoology.com
		Although I think you're right; cynognathus and andrewsarcus were primitive mammals.
		I'm pretty sure that Andrewsarchus and the like were not closely related to Canids at all, and I don't think they were even part of Carnivora, they were a form of hoofed mammal and their group gave rise to the cetaceans as well.
		Cynognathus was a mammal-like reptile, so it's obviously not a canine.
	www.cryptozoology.com /forum/topic_view_thread.php?tid=17&pid=278850 (150 words)

	FOSSIL FISHES OF THE LYSTROSAURUS AND CYNOGNATHUS ASSEMBLAGE ZONES, BEAUFORT GROUP, SOUTH AFRICA: CORRELATIVE ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		New fish fossils from the Cynognathus assemblage zone include two chondrichthyan fin spines, numerous lungfish tooth-plate specimens, two rare and unusual actinopterygian jaw fragments (provisionally assigned to Saurichthys, a global marine and freshwater genus of long-snouted fish), part and counterpart to a small actinopterygian post-cranial specimen, an actinopterygian maxilla, and a large micro-ichthyofauna.
		The global distributions of the various fossil fish species are briefly examined and ichthyofaunal comparisons with faunas from Australia and Russia confirm indications that the lower part of the Cynognathus assemblage zone (subzone A) bears ecological and taxonomic similarities to the fauna of the Blina Shales, and the Arcadia and Knocklofty Formations of Australia.
		The age of subzone A of the Cynognathus assemblage zone is currently held to be Upper Olenekian (Spathian) and appears to be very similar to that of the Blina Shales, with the Arcadia and Knocklofty Formations probably being slightly older.
	www.geoscience.org.za /whatsnew/bull136.htm (375 words)

	Triassic Eucynodonts
		This overview is concentrated on the proto-mammals, which are known from the Lower Triassic until the Lower Cretaceous.
		In general, non-mammalian, terrestrial vertebrates, (land-living critters with backbones), have a less dominant dentary than the aforementioned Cynognathus and, when equipped with gnashers, and have only one kind of tooth.
		In extant mammals, (but not all Mesozoic representatives), the dentary is the only lower jaw bone; where present, the teeth are strongly differentiated; the inner ear has three bones for processing sound (incus, malleus and stapes); the jaw joint is the articular-quadrate, (it's at least overwhelmingly dominant amongst the basal members).
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/trias.htm (1474 words)

	STRATIGRAPHIC AND SEDIMENTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONTACT BETWEEN THE LYSTROSAURUS AND THE CYNOGNATHUS ASSEMBLAGE ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The uppermost two biozones of the Beaufort Group, the Lystrosaurus and the Cynognathus Assemblage Zones, correspond to the Katberg and Burgersdorp Formations and are considered to be one of the best records in the world of Early to Middle Triassic terres trial faunas.
		Faunal turnover at the contact between the Lystrosaurus and Kestrosaurus Assemblage Zones is drama tic and short lived, and represents the arrival of an immigrant fauna in the Karoo basin.
		The spatial and stratigraphic distribution of third-order depositional sequences in the Katberg and Burgersdorp Formations is explained by the complex interactions of dynamic subsidence and flexural behaviour of the lithosphere (due to tectonic loading in the orogen), which controlled subsidence, and therefore also sediment accumulation, in the Karoo basin during the Early Triassic.
	www.geoscience.org.za /whatsnew/bulletin137.htm (727 words)

	South African Museum - Fossil Reptiles of the South African Karoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The primitive Thrinaxodon is well removed from the immediate ancestry of mammals, but later cynodonts show some of the changes that brought the group close to the mammal boundary.
		Cynognathus itself was a powerful flesh-eating cynodont, but numbers of plant- eating types such as Diademodon and Trirachodon were also present.
		In Trirachodon transversely elongated upper and lower post-canine teeth met during the chewing process, and food was actively broken down in the mouth prior to its being swallowed.
	www.museums.org.za /sam/resource/palaeo/cluver/later.htm (1027 words)

	[No title]
		This is almost certainly in error, for Cynognathus and later forms were more mammal-like.
		Cynodonts were at least partially if not completely warm-blooded, covered with hair, which would have insulated them and helped to maintain a high body temperature.
		It is interesting that as the archosaurian reptiles were becoming larger, the cynodonts became smaller, perhaps in the end nocturnal.
	bioweb.wku.edu /courses/Biol459/f2000/protected/mammevol.htm (3112 words)

	JVP Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Two new mastodonsaurid temnospondyls are described from the Early to Middle Triassic Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of the Upper Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa.
		Although the intrarelationships of mastodonsaurids remain largely unresolved, the two most recent analyses are similar in the identification of an 'advanced' mastodonsaurid clade whose members are characterized by laterally directed tabular horns.
		The Cynognathus Assemblage Zone is characterized by three subzones of differing ages and faunas, with no overlap in the temnospondyls between the subzones.
	www.vertpaleo.org /jvp/23-054-066.html (235 words)

	Is "Progressive Creation" Still a Helpful Concept?
		Cynognathus had a rather large skull that was dog-like in appearance.
		These and other specializations of Cynognathus show that it was an active, carnivorous reptile that was approaching a mammalian stage of development in many respects.
		Cynognathus is only one example from a very large class of extinct tetrapods that display characteristics that are intermediate between the reptiles and the mammals.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/topics/Evolution/PSCF12-98Davis.html (6281 words)

	South African Journal of Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This sequence is further renowned for its wealth of terrestrial tetrapod fossils, which have permitted the biostratigraphic subdivision of these rocks.
		The uppermost biozones of the Beaufort Group in South Africa, the Lystrosaurus and overlying Cynognathus assemblage zones, provide one of the best records in the world of Early to Mid-Triassic terrestrial life and have been considered the type sequence of Early to Mid-Triassic terrestrial faunas.
		Recent investigation of the contact between the two biozones led to the recognition of a fossil fauna in strata previously considered to be barren.
	www.nrf.ac.za /sajs/abnov99m.stm (259 words)

	alb21-3
		Identification of the Lystrosaurus and/or Cynognathus "beds" or "zones" has long been possible in Antarctica, South America, India, China and Russia because of the cosmopolitanism of Early Triassic tetrapods, especially the genera Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus.
		The end of the Lootsbergian is equivalent to the beginning of the Nonesian, which is defined by the FAD of the cynodont Cynognathus.
		The end of the Nonesian is the beginning of the Perovkan LVF, which is defined by the FAD of the dicynodont Shansiodon.The Nonesian LVF is characterized by the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone from the upper two- thirds of the Burgersdorp Formation in the Karoo basin of South Africa (Kitching, 1995).
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/kerp/Albart14.htm (3493 words)

	Triassic
		Following the Lystrosaurus interlude a new fauna characterized by the large carnivore Cynognathus and the large herbivore dicynodont Kannemeyeria.
		Cynognathus has a long history in dinosaur figure sets going back to the Marx playsets.
		Above are two figures from the PlayVision mini dinosaur set.
	members.aol.com /rsknol/Triassic.html (572 words)

	Family Galesauridae
		Horizon: Late Permian to early Triassic period: Beaufort Series (Upper Daptocephalus Zone to Cynognathus Zone, most abundant in Lystrosaurus Zone) of South Africa; Fremouw Formation of Antarctica.
		In modern cladistic arrangements it is usually placed in a seperate, mono-specific, family, but it can certainly be retained in the Galesauridae.
		Horizon: early Triassic: Cynognathus Zone of South Africa.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/therapsida/Galesauridae.htm (1143 words)

	South African Museum - Fossil Reptiles of the South African Karoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One group, of which Youngina is a well-known example, is known from the Upper Permian and appears to be connected with the ancestry of lizards and snakes, while Mesosuchus, of the Triassic Cynognathus Zone, is a distant member of the reptile group Rhyncocephalia, represented today by Sphenodon, the New Zealand Tuatara.
		Euparkeria, smaller than Chasmatosaurus, was a lightly-built, partly bipedal form which lived in the succeeding Cynognathus Zone.
		The primitive archosaur Euparkeria, from the lower Triassic Cynognathus Zone of the Karoo.
	www.museums.org.za /sam/resource/palaeo/cluver/archosau.htm (1082 words)

	Triassic
		In the lower left a paper Thrinaxodon and upper right the aquatic paper Protersuchus note the hook at the end of the snout.
		At the close of the Early Triassic or it may actuall be Middle Triassic, following the Lystrosaurus interlude, a new fauna characterized by the large carnivore Cynognathus and the large herbivore dicynodont Kannemeyeria.
		Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames.
	www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com /TriassicA.html (753 words)

	Paleontology and Geology Glossary: Cr to Cy
		Some carnivorous cynodonts included Cynognathus, Probainognathus, and Thrinaxodon.
		(pronounced sy-nog-NAY-thus) Cynognathus (meaning "dog jaw") was a cynodont (a mammal-like reptile, not a dinosaur) the size of a wolf that lived during the early to middle Triassic period, roughly 230-245 million years ago.
		This early therapsid was a fast-moving carnivore (meat-eater) that had four legs and a short tail.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/indexc6.shtml (1547 words)

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