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Topic: Cyphertext

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Cryptography

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	tropes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is crucial: "cypherteXt" operates as a kind of counter-troping trope, a figure of radical nonfigurability that signals the intersections and interactions among "texts, temporality, telegrapher, and technology" (214).
		The counter-troping trope of the cypherteXt, however, housing as it does an expropriating chiasmus, exposes an irrepresentable imminence (a permanent "to-come") that indicates the radical inappropriability of meaning and being.
		CypherteXt is no ordinary metaphor; it functions as a condition of possibility for MOOving "into the present and across new codes for living inside publication, but also for publishing that lives at the intersection of a new dis/order of publication" (215).
	english.ttu.edu /Kairos/6.2/reviews/davis/trope.htm (129 words)

	Digital Signaturel...Encryptoo.com
		The method depends on the fact that anyone can transform a message into cyphertext using a public key, but that the 'matching' private key is needed to reverse that transformation.
		For quality algorithms (at least in the belief of those well-informed on the subject), once encrypted using Bob's public key, the cyphertext cannot be descrambled or decrypted without the private key.
		The cyphertext version is Bob's digital signature for the message because anyone can use Bob's public key to verify that Bob created it.
	www.encryptoo.com /digsig.html (763 words)

	Monoalphabetic Substitution
		We recall that Monoalphabetic substitution is a system of encryption where every occurrence of a particular plaintext letter is replaced by a cyphertext letter.
		Keep in mind that the definition of a monoalphabetic substitution allows for the possibility that two distinct plaintext letters are replaced by the same cyphertext letter.
		The plaintext (cyphertext) will be encoded (decoded) as you enter the key.
	math.ucsd.edu /~crypto/java/EARLYCIPHERS/Monoalphabetic.html (719 words)

	Basic Cryptography, Part 10. Block Ciphers- Sierra Times.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		where the characters (a, b) are the cyphertext obtained by multiplying the plaintext characters (x, y) by the two by two matrix (l, m ; n, p).
		This is the essence of a Hill cypher with a 2 by 2 encryption matrix.
		All of this is driven by the requirement, stated last week, that message expansion (cyphertext longer than the plaintext) is not desirable.
	www.sierratimes.com /03/10/01/science.htm (1289 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Encryption transforms plaintext into an unreadable form called cyphertext and decryption transforms the cyphertext back into the original plaintext.
		Stream cypers produce a continuous stream of random bytes that are exclusive-ored with the plaintext to produce the cyphertext.
		DES is a block substitution cypher in which a 56 bit key is combined with 64 bits of plaintext (message block) to produce 64 bits of cyphertext (a cypherblock).
	www.cis.temple.edu /~stafford/thunder9899/sp99/week12/encrypt.txt (1808 words)

	Basic Cryptography, Part 9. Review and Regroup - Susanna Harding - Sierra Times.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Before the advent of computers, these criteria included that the security lay in the key and only in the key; that any error in one part of the encryption and transmission not be propagated throughout the cyphertext; and that little or no message expansion occur.
		Finally, with modern data channels being what they are, message expansion is not a problem, and as we have seen some very good cypher systems depend on message expansion for their operation (e.g., last week’s discussion of steganography).
		Of the three methods of attack, the last is the most dangerous, because it allows him to force the operation of the cypher in the manner of his choosing, and he may then deduce how it works.
	www.sierratimes.com /03/09/19/energy.htm (1143 words)

	CypherText - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We found 2 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word CypherText:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "CypherText" is defined.
		CypherText : Free On-line Dictionary of Computing [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=CypherText (77 words)

	frequency analysis
		These cyphers replace one letter of the plaintext with another to produce the cyphertext, and any particular letter in the plaintext will always, in the simplest and most easily breakable of these cyphers, turn into the same letter in the cypher.
		In practice the use of frequency analysis consists of first counting the frequency of cyphertext letters and then assigning "guessed" plaintext letters to them.
		This fact was the basis of Edgar Allan Poe's claim, in his famous newspaper cryptanalysis demonstrations in the middle 1800's, that 'no cypher devised by man could defeat him'.
	textalyser.net /frequency_analysis.html (714 words)

	Cryptography
		Cyphertext only: The intruder has intercepted the cyphertext material and has general knowledge of an opponent's messages and statistical properties of the language (e.g., frequency of letters or words).
		The requirement of most present-day commercial and government agencies is that the cryptosystem be able to withstand a chosen plaintext attack.
		Given the key and the cyphertext, the receiver uses the same method to reproduce the plaintext.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~dewan/242/f97/notes/prot/node17.html (955 words)

	Solitaire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Here are a plaintext and a deck that has been keyed with a secret passphrase.
		Use the former to key a fresh deck, then encrypt the latter and copy the resulting cyphertext into the box below.
		Finally, decrypt the cyphertext and copy the resulting plaintext into the second box below.
	www.ma.umist.ac.uk /cgi-bin/mrm/392/solitaire_form.pl (136 words)

	Code Breaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Once one knows the permutation, one can apply its inverse to other encrypted messages (cyphertext) to recover the original text (plaintext).
		Write a program that will read (plaintext, cyphertext1, cyphertext2) triples, and for each (plaintext, cyphertext1) pair determine whether or not a periodic permutation encryption method has been used.
		If no periodic permutation can be found (with period less than or equal to the length of the plain and cyphertext1 strings) that transforms the plaintext into the cyphertext, then print cyphertext2 unchanged.
	acm.uva.es /p/v1/179.html (315 words)

	More remarks about the El Gamal Cryptosystem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		That is, unlike all other cryptosystems we have studied, for this system the cyphertext depends not only on the cleartext and the key but also on some random stuff.
		This might sound like a disadvantage (``the cyphertext is unpredictable!'') but it is usually an advantage: an eavesdropper who intercepts multiple cyphertexts cannot tell which of them correspond to identical cleartexts.
		There is a disadvantage: the cyphertext is at least twice as long as the cleartext--it consists of two numbers, each having at least as many digits as the cleartext--because it depends on more than just the cleartext.
	www.cs.brown.edu /courses/cs007/elgamal/node3.html (282 words)

	[No title]
		Prior to encryption, the data is known as plaintext and after the encryption as cyphertext.
		Therefore, when deciding on a particular encryption algorithm we must assume that the message can always be intercepted and recorded, that the intruder knows the context in which the message is being sent and used and the type of information that is being exchanged.
		For example, we can define a cyphertext alphabet by shifting the plaintext alphabet with n places, where n is the key.
	www.eng.warwick.ac.uk /~es786/ES154/CMLect20.doc (739 words)

	Cypher sample screens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The object is to change the lowercase cyphertext letters into uppercase plain text letters.
		It will also remove the letter from the cyphertext line and add the new letter to the PLAINTEXT line so that you will always know which letters still have to be changed and which letters still have to be found.
		The FREQUENCY line tells you the relative frequency of each cyphertext letter with the most frequent on the left.
	pages.prodigy.net /daleharris/cypher.htm (311 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I decided to see if I could reverse engineer the algorithm used to generate the cyphertext, at least it might be cyphertext.
		This is where plain text is submitted to the algorithm and based on what is returned modified to provide more insight as to what calculations the algorithm is performing to transform plain text to cypher text.
		This sounds harder then it is, all this consisted of (since this cypher was so simple) was submitting a as a password, checking the cyphertext output (in this case it was "=") then b as a password, checking the cyphertext output (in this case it was "G") and so on and so on.
	vapid.dhs.org /vuln-des.html (807 words)

	Learn more about Cryptography in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A major class of encryption technique is called encoding (yielding codetext), after which the receiver decodes the codetext.
		The other major class is called enciphering (yielding, naturally, cyphertext), after which the receiver decyphers the cyphertext.
		The exact operation of the encryption and decryption, for all schemes with any pretense to security, is controlled by one or more keys.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/cr/cryptography_1.html (4042 words)

	RSA in VB.NET: The Strongest Encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cyphertext: MMeiests imses iaptp itMhies sbirsisdigpep iaMti smsiidsnsiigphpti.
		If you want to edit or add information to that cyphertext later, the file is decrypted via another cryptostream in RAM, sent to your monitor, and then encrypted within RAM.
		Because the RSA algorithm computes the plaintext raised to the exponent (modulo the modulus), with a 128-byte modulus, the plaintext has to be less than 128 bytes.
	www.devx.com /security/Article/17455/1954?pf=true (2230 words)

	22C:116, Lecture 36, Fall 2000
		Translation of cyphertext to plaintext using a decryption key.
		The name makes an analogy with the keys used to lock and unlock doors, but it is frequently useful to think of the key as a password.
		The examination of cyphertext for the purpose of recovering either the key, the plaintext or both.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~jones/opsys/fall00/notes/36.html (1467 words)

	The Encryption Algorithm of Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (RSA)
		The security lies in the fact that, while the relationship between n, e, and d is widely published and well understood, the reality of actually computing d given sufficiently large n and e is simply impracticable.
		CypherText = (PlainTextd) mod n PlainText = (CypherTexte) mod n
		All of this being as it may, the encryption and decryption algorithms stated previously are, themselves, quite simple.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/price000/pfc/htc/zz_rsaalg.html (1519 words)

	Cryptography FAQ (03/10: Basic Cryptology) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		To summarize, the basic types of cryptanalytic attacks in order of difficulty for the attacker, hardest first, are: cyphertext only: the attacker has only the encoded message from which to determine the plaintext, with no knowledge whatsoever of the latter.
		A cyphertext only attack is usually presumed to be possible, and a code's resistance to it is considered the basis of its cryptographic security.
		known plaintext: the attacker has the plaintext and corresponding cyphertext of an arbitrary message not of his choosing.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/cryptography-faq/part03 (1796 words)

	Introduction to Cryptography
		Each block of the plaintext is encyphered to make a block of the cyphertext.
		The plaintext block is XORed with the previous cyphertext block before it is encrypted.
		After a block is decrypted, it is XORed with the previous block's cyphertext.
	www.vmeng.com /mc/Slides2/Frantz.html (1982 words)

	Encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The encrypted data is referred to as 'cyphertext'.
		The process of transforming the cyphertext back to data is called decryption.
		The receiver having received the cyphertext would use the secret information to recover the data.
	www.shu.ac.uk /schools/cms/teaching/rh1/ebiz/what_is_encryption.htm (688 words)

	RIPA Part III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As "they" can't know what's in any cyphertext before you provide the decryption, don't you think they will just demand decryptions for all your cyphertext?
		If you use anonymity or untraceability then they have to demand decryptions of all messages.
		As you might have stored a message they didn't intercept, they have to demand plaintext to all your cyphertext.
	www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /pipermail/ukcrypto/2003-April/025074.html (351 words)

	DevSolutions: India Bangalore - Company Information
		Specializes in: devsolutions, encryption, blowfish, cryptography, security, decryption, certificate, cyphertext, symmetric key, mars, components, serpent, crypt, file, devsolutions crypt
		cyphertext, certificate, components, file, symmetric key, crypt, cryptography, mars, devsolutions crypt 1 0, blowfish, encryption, tdes, serpent, decryption, security, devsolutions, devsolutions crypt
		blowfish, cyphertext, certificate, components, file, tdes, encryption, serpent, symmetric key, crypt, cryptography, mars, decryption, security, devsolutions, devsolutions crypt
	www.soft411.org /company/DevSolutions/about.html (217 words)

	Abuse of Usenet: Tutorial on Signing messages
		The way most encryption systems work is that they involve an encryption algorithm, which is a set of rules by which the substitution from plaintext to cyphertext is made.
		If you have the key, you can translate plaintext into cyphertext, which is hopefully unreadable by anyone who doesn't have the secret key, and you can tranlate the cyphertext back into plain text.
		Rather than using the same key to translate the plaintext to cyphertext and cyphertext to plaintext, these systems use two keys, one to encrypt, the other to decrypt.
	www.jahitchcock.com /cyberstalked/pgp1.html (921 words)

	Slides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Without the key, the plaintext is very hard to reconstruct from the cyphertext
		Suppose sender and receiver both have the same secret list (the key) of as many random bits as there are bits of data to send.
		The receiver XORs the cyphertext with the key to get the plaintext.
	www2.ics.hawaii.edu /~esb/1997fall.ics651/nov12.html (728 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This encryption system is vulnerable to a biletter-frequency analysis, since letters that are close together in the plaintext message, tend to stay close together in the cyphertext message.
		Upon pressing the Random Cyphertext button, the Applet will display some text which is Rectangular Transposition encrypted by a randomly selected key.
		A look at the resulting text will make it clear if all of your guesses were correct or which, if any, need to be changed.
	math.ucsd.edu /~crypto/java/EARLYCIPHERS/RectTran.html (360 words)

	ITU Talk 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The textual nature of MOO architecture and discourse calls for new definitions of writing and new conceptions of text
		The word cyphertext (cyber/ hyper/ text) is meant to evoke a "three-dimensional" notion of textuality, but it is also a play on the notion of cipher and how we encipher and decipher personal ethos through textual means
		We coined the word to describe a thematic conjunction between electricity and the streams of writing that spill forth in cyphertexts--a discourse that resists traditional ways of organizing and controlling the flow of conversation
	lingua.utdallas.edu /jan/talks/ituslides/itu2.html (119 words)

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