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Topic: Cypress Hills Massacre

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1873 in Canada

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Allan Blakeney

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Cypress Hill

Sam Steele

Massacre

	Virtual Saskatchewan - Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park
		Cypress Hills park — Canada’s first interprovincial park — is divided into two sections: the centre block, where the amenities and most of the campgrounds are located; and the west block, an undeveloped wilderness area adjacent to Fort Walsh National Historic Site.
		The infamous Cypress Hills Massacre, in which several dozen Assiniboia men, women and children were slaughtered by a group of "wolfers" who wrongly suspected the Indians of stealing ponies, occurred in what’s now the west block of the park.
		Cypress Hills Provincial Park can be enjoyed not only for what it is, a vibrant and verdant oasis that beckons exploration and recreation, but also for what it was.
	www.virtualsk.com /current_issue/lodgepole_legacy.html (1432 words)

	Cypress Hills Massacre
		As the authority of the Hudson's Bay Company slowly eroded across the West in the late-1860s, the region around Cypress Hill, close to the international border, became a haven for American desperadoes seeking their fortune in an illegal whiskey trade.
		In 1873, a bloody "battle" known as the Cypress Hills Massacre took place when American wolfers, who were stopped at one of the posts, lost some horses.
		The massacre convinced Sir John A. McDonald to pass a bill establishing a force known as the North West Mounted Police -- a force that would later become the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, or the Mounties.
	www.mysteriesofcanada.com /Saskatchewan/cypress_hills_massacre.htm (515 words)

	TransCanadaHighway.com Cypress Hills, Alberta
		Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, is a large park that protects unique environment that straddles the Alberta and Saskatchewan boundary.
		The Cypress Hills (actually covered with lodgepole pines, but misidentified by early Metis settlers) are the largest hills between Thunder Bay and the Rocky Mountains, some 700 metres higher than the surrounding prairie at Medicine Hat.
		The Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park began as a forest reserve in 1906, that was expanded in 1910 to cover its present area of 1,300 square kilometres.
	www.transcanadahighway.com /alberta/CypressHills.htm (490 words)

	List of massacres - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Furthermore, the distinction between genocide and massacres may be difficult and controversial, this categorization mustn't be seen as definitive nor authoritative.
		Massacre of Poles and Jews in Uman during the Koliyivschyna rebellion.
		In reprisal for the Malmedy massacre sixty German soldiers are executed by a unit of the U.S. 11th Armored Division outside the town of Chenogne.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_massacres (5117 words)

	Cypress Hills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1873 the Cypress Massacre brought peace to the settlement and reserves.
		Cypress Hills is the highest point in Saskatchewan.
		Cypress Hills is the highest elevation of 1466 meters above sea level.
	www.saskschools.ca /~msd/2003/wittke/cypresshills.html (195 words)

	Cypress Hills History: Explorer - Canadian Geographic Magazine
		Archeological digs on the north slope of Cypress Hills have found much evidence of a human presence in the area, including stone and bone tools and butchered and charred bone scraps.
		The massacre convinced Sir John A. McDonald to pass a bill establishing a force known as the North West Mounted Police — a force that would later become the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, or the Mounties.
		Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, established in 1989, merged the adjoining provincial parks in Saskatchewan and Alberta.
	www.canadiangeographic.travel /travel/tourism/explorer/jf05/three.asp (666 words)

	White Dove's Native American Indian Site Assiniboine
		The Cypress Hills, massacre in 1873, in which Assiniboines led by Little Soldier were attacked and killed by wolfers and whiskey traders, brought the new Dominion of Canada into the region of the Canadian west known as Whoop-Up country.
		A constabulary known as the North-West Mounted Police was established as a direct result of the violence, and the Canadian Government established posts at Fort McLeod and at Fort Walsh in the Cypress Hills.
		As the buffalo herds began to disappear, the Cypress Hills, Wood Mountain, and the Moose Mountains increasingly became refuges to starving Indians, the Assiniboines among them.
	users.multipro.com /whitedove/encyclopedia/assiniboine.html (1053 words)

	History - Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, Alberta Community Development
		The Cypress Hills Massacre helped shape the destiny of western Canada and encouraged the Canadian government to establish the North West Mounted Police.
		Ranching remains the prime land use in the Cypress Hills and the surrounding area.
		Elkwater and the surrounding Cypress Hills have had a long tradition as a recreation area.
	www.cd.gov.ab.ca /enjoying_alberta/parks/featured/cypresshills/history.asp (581 words)

	Col. James Macleod
		The whiskey peddlers thought Macleod and his men would never make it through the winter, but the initial arrests made eventually amounted to success in the matter and Macleod was able to report an end to the illegal whiskey trade in the area by the end of the year.
		The hunt for those responsible for the Cypress Hills Massacre came to a head in 1875 when a number of the suspects were located in Helena, Montana.
		The massacre had caused outrage in Canada, but in Helena, there were demonstrations in the street in favour of the suspects but, in the end, the extradition was denied on the grounds that it could not be proved the crime had been committed in Canada.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~dsucha/mountie/macleod.html (1370 words)

	Swift Current, Saskatchewan GenWeb Project - History
		For years Cypress Hills was a sacred area where peaceful meetings could take place.
		During this same year, Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear) led the Plains Cree in the Cypress Hills Massacre against the Métis Leader, Gabriel Dumont who wanted the right to hunt on the "High Plains".
		By 1876, the only Bison left to sustain the first nation traditional life style were to be found in the Cypress Hill area.
	www.rootsweb.com /~skswiftc/SwiftCurrent/history.html (780 words)

	Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
		His father purchased a farm at Richmond Hill, north of Toronto, near the lands of John Beverley Robinson* and the late William Warren Baldwin*, and in 1845 he enrolled James, who had been educated at home to this point, at Upper Canada College.
		While there Macleod began proceedings for the extradition of several Americans accused of the 1873 massacre of a band of Assiniboin Indians in the Cypress Hills near Battle Creek (Sask.) [see Hunkajuka*].
		Most of his attention that summer was absorbed by the Cypress Hills massacre extradition case.
	www.biographi.ca /EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=40378 (2844 words)

	ALBERTA - Cypress Hills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Then, as now, the Cypress Hills contained types of animals and plants found nowhere else in Canada, for it had never felt the sting of the ice seas that had burdened the world for an eon.
		The Cypress Hills overflow with the ghosts of tragedy, the specters of hope, the phantoms of visions; and are studded with graves that were the sorrowful rewards of brave and energetic hopefuls.
		They remain unaware that the beauty of the Cypress Hills is an illusion designed to lull one into false and blundering conclusion.
	www.travelscribbles.com /alberta.html (753 words)

	Crowsnest Highway
		At the south-eastern prominence at the Porcupine Hills, some 18 kilometres north of Highway 3, is one of the pre-eminent archæological sites in the world; the Head-Smashed-In buffalo jump, where 300 generations of Aboriginal hunters stampeded herds of bison over the bluff and butchered the animals where they fell on the flats below.
		The murder of a least 22 innocents in the Cypress Hills was the last straw as far as Alexander Morris, the new Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, was concerned.
		In September, having heard of the Massacre and the unrest it was stirring in the Native population, Morris sent a blistering missive to Prime Minister Macdonald demanding to know the status of the Police.
	www.crowsnest-highway.ca /cgi-bin/citypage.pl?city=fort_macleod (16527 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / History Comes To The Plains
		For the Forty-ninth Parallel was an agreement, a rule, a limitation, a fiction perhaps but a legal one, acknowledged on both sides; and the coming of law, even such limited law as this, was the beginning of civilization in what had been a lawless wilderness.
		This was another distinct step in their measuringworm march; it brought them onto the Third Prairie Steppe, the driest and highest part of the northern Plains, and to the territory where the flow of streams was uncertain and often alkaline.
		Once it had been necessary to outrun your pursuing enemy until you were well within your own country where he did not dare follow; now all you had to do was outrun him to the line, and from across that magical invisible barrier you could watch him pull to a halt, balked, furious, and helpless.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1957/4/1957_4_14.shtml (4623 words)

	Chronological History - Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, Alberta Community Development
		1873 - The exaggerated reports of the Cypress Hills Massacre were the last straw in convincing Sir John A. MacDonald to pass a bill establishing the force known as the North West Mounted Police.
		The battle of Little Bighorn was a direct consequence of the discovery of gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota (a Sioux Indian Reserve), whereby the American government tried to force the Sioux from the valuable land.
		A number of NWMP outposts remained active in the Cypress Hills.
	www.cd.gov.ab.ca /enjoying_alberta/parks/featured/cypresshills/timescale.asp (1569 words)

	Cypress Hills massacre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.csres.utexas.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Cypress Hills massacre was a massacre which occurred on June 1, 1873 in the Cypress Hills region of Battle Creek, Saskatchewan, involving a group of American wolf hunters or "wolfers", American and Canadian whiskey traders, Metis cargo haulders or "freighters" and a camp of Nakoda (or Assiniboine) people.
		All of the "wolfers" were arrested and tried, but none were ever convicted.
		Part of the site of the Cypress Hills massacre has been preserved at Fort Walsh National Historic Site, along with reconstructions of Farwell's and Solomon's trading posts.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Cypress_Hills_massacre (323 words)

	Community
		The traditional gathering place of the Nakoda people was the Cypress Hills.
		In 1873 a group of American wolfers (men who used poisoned carcasses as bait to kill wolves) murdered dozens of our people in what is known as the Cypress Hills Massacre.
		Cypress Hills has since become an Inter-provincial Park.
	www.saskschools.ca /~noec/comm.html (280 words)

	Report of the British War Office on the Cypress Hills Massacre, 1875 - The Canadian West - Exhibitions - Library and ...
		Although the North-West Territories were officially in Canadian hands, and had been for a number of years, the report demonstrates that Britain still had a vested interest in the region.
		Unfortunately, it was not until the situation got completely out of hand in the summer of 1873 that the federal government was forced into action.
		The sudden change in policy was brought about by the massacre of some 20 to 30 Assiniboine Indians by a group of Montana frontiersmen in the Cypress Hills of present-day southwestern Saskatchewan.
	www.collectionscanada.ca /05/0529/052920/05292019_e.html (325 words)

	cypress2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Rebuilt on top of a burial ground containing the remains of 28 Indians that were shot down by the wolfers on June 1, 1873.
		The Cypress Hills Massacre prompted the government to hasten the process of forming the North West Mounted Police.
		The massacre was approximately 200 metres in front of this building, along the banks of the Battle Creek.
	members.shaw.ca /mierau/cypress2.html (172 words)

	Museums and Archives
		In fact, Cypress Hills is Canada’s first and only interprovincial park, with portions in both Saskatchewan and Alberta.
		Because of this, the hills were not covered by glaciers during the last ice age.
		The Cypress Hills also have the distinction of being a Rocky Mountain Natural Region outside the Rocky Mountains.
	www.albertaheritage.net /museums/display.php?institution=54 (305 words)

	Past President's Address 1999
		It is an historical fiction that combines a narrative of the 1873 Cypress Hills massacre of a group of Assiniboine by revenge-seeking American wolfers with a fictional narrative of Hollywood’s 1920s rendering of this same event into a film entitled Besieged.
		By evocatively re-creating the Cypress Hills Massacre, Vanderhaeghe returned to the “last plains frontier” of Stegner’s subtitle: in his book, the historical act, the historical fact, is rendered now, rendered complex, rendered human.
		This is the precipitating moment of the Cypress Hills Massacre—though we don’t know that yet—the point of departure that begins the crossing of the frontier—first by Fine Man and the other Natives with their stolen horses and then by the wronged wolfers, seeking those horses and their revenge through Native deaths.
	www.usu.edu /westlit/pastpresadd1999.htm (2959 words)

	Story:Cypress Hills Massacre in Southern Alberta - Canadawiki
		In the late spring of 1873, a ragged band of about 250 Nakota (Assiniboine) Indians were camped at a bend in Battle Creek in the Cypress Hills, near Abe Farwell's trading post 64 km south of Medicine Hat.
		But there were plentiful antelope and deer in the hills.
		But Farwell reported the massacre to American authorities, who passed on the information to Ottawa in late August.
	canadawiki.org /index.php/Story:Cypress_Hills_Massacre_in_Southern_Alberta (407 words)

	Plains Folk: Tales Told and Untold
		The wolfers pursued them to a place on the west side of the Cypress Hills, in present-day Alberta.
		The Cypress Hills Massacre, as it was dubbed, became an international incident.
		The plot turns on this character named Shorty MacAdoo, a young fellow who falls in with bad company—the wolfers—and thus rides into the middle of the Cypress Hills Massacre.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extnews/newsrelease/1998/020598/10plains.htm (633 words)

	Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
		On 18 September they halted and established a camp in the Sweet Grass Hills (Alta/Mont.).
		He also gathered evidence about the Cypress Hills massacre.
		The government approved his plan to leave most of his force in the Belly River area while he trekked northeast to establish headquarters at Swan River (Livingstone, Sask.).
	www.biographi.ca /EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=42051 (1354 words)

	The Cypress Hills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		My knowledge of the area's history was sketchy until I delved into this book and learned what a pivotal position the Cypress Hills region occupies in the history of the west.
		There are many versions of the history of the Cypress Hills, it often depends at which kitchen table you happen to be sitting.
		Both authors are historical researchers who have worked at the Fort Walsh National Historic Site in the Cypress Hills and have written on historical and Aboriginal issues.
	www.purichpublishing.com /cypress.htm (286 words)

	Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Image:Nwmp lancer.jpg The RCMP was created as the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) on May 23, 1873 by Sir John A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada, with the intent of bringing law and order to (and asserting Canadian sovereignty over) the North-West Territories (which then included modern day Alberta, Nunavut and Saskatchewan).
		This need was particularly urgent with reports of American whisky traders, in particular those of Fort Whoop-Up, causing trouble in the region, culminating in the Cypress Hills Massacre.
		The force was initially to be called the North West Mounted Rifles, but that was rejected as too military in nature, Macdonald fearing that this could antagonize both the First Nations and the Americans.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/RCMP (3386 words)

	Virtual Saskatchewan - Guy Vanderhaeghe
		Vanderhaeghe, born in 1951, splashed onto the Canadian literary scene in 1982, garnering a Governor General's Award for Fiction for his first published book - a collection of short stories entitled "Man Descending".
		His new award winner, "The Englishman's Boy", uses dual narratives to connect 1920s Hollywood to the 1873 massacre of Assiniboia Indians at Cypress Hills, in what is now southwestern Saskatchewan.
		His success, international in scope, is particularly noteworthy because he achieved it while remaining in Saskatchewan and writing stories mainly set in Saskatchewan.
	www.virtualsk.com /current_issue/guy_vanderhaeghe.html (677 words)

	POLICING
		The establishment of the force did not proceed very quickly, however, until after the Cypress Hills Massacre of 1873 in what is now Saskatchewan, when American whisky traders murdered several Assiniboine Indians.
		Most people assume that the NWMP were founded in response to the Cypress Hills Massacre, when American whisky traders murdered several Assiniboine Indians in May, 1873.
		However, the fact that the force represented the interests which were rapidly destroying the Indian economy and way of life, and that the force was frequently called upon to protect those same interests, led to a state of ongoing tension between the police and Indian nations across the West.
	www.ajic.mb.ca /volumel/chapter16.html (16771 words)

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