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Topic: Cyprus (Ottoman Empire)

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	Ottoman Empire - MSN Encarta
		Ottoman Empire, dynastic state centered in what is now Turkey, founded in the late 13th century and dismantled in the early 20th century.
		After his death the empire experienced severe internal crises, including disorder in the provinces, unrest in the military as serious inflation caused soldiers to be underpaid or not paid at all, and succession issues due to the lack of candidates who were of age to assume the sultanate.
		To be an Ottoman one had to serve the state and the religion and know the “Ottoman way.” Serving the state meant having a position within the military, the bureaucracy, or the religious establishment that carried with it the coveted askeri status and tax exemption.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553949/Ottoman_Empire.html (6103 words)

	Cyprus History: Ottoman Period
		In the spring of 1570, the Ottoman fleet divided into three squadrons, crisscrossed the Aegean to hide its intentions and then united to carry the occupation force across to the southern coast of Cyprus, but in the background was the continuous expectation on both sides of intervention by the Christian fleet based at Crete.
		The conquest of 1571 of the island by the Ottoman Turks was a liberation for the bulk of the Greek Orthodox population.
		The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus coincided with the gradual stagnation of the Near Eastern economy due to the discovery of the Atlantic trade routes in the mid-15th century.
	www.cypnet.co.uk /ncyprus/history/ottoman/index.html (1274 words)

	Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Greek population of Cyprus were given weapons by the Venetians and fought the attacking Ottomans.
		In 1670 AD, Cyprus ceased to be a "pasaliki" for the Ottoman Empire and came under the jurisdiction of the Admiral of the Ottoman fleet.
		Gazioglu, Ahmet C. The Turks in Cyprus: A province of the Ottoman Empire (1571-1878).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cyprus_under_the_Ottoman_Empire (1870 words)

	Ottoman Empire
		The Ottoman Empire was not a Turkish empire as such, since Turks did not profit more from the benefits of the state than the peoples in non-Turkish territories.
		The empire was through most of its period not a state in the modern sense of the word, but more of a military administration.
		While the Ottoman Empire at its death bed had few friends, it still had offered its inhabitants many benefits through most of its existence.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ottomans.htm (189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		OTTOMAN LIBERATION AND TURKISH SETTLEMENT The conquest of 1571 of the island by the Ottoman Turks was a liberation for the bulk of the Greek Orthodox population.
		OTTOMAN CYPRUS IN THE 17th & 18th CENTURIES The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus coincided with the gradual stagnation of the Near Eastern economy due to the discovery of the Atlantic trade routes in the mid-15th century.
		The island remained under the nominal sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire until it was formally annexed in 1914 and given the status of a British crown colony in 1925.
	bornova.ege.edu.tr /~ncyprus/ott.html (1272 words)

	Ottoman Rule
		Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials.
		The Ottoman Turks became the enemy in the eyes of the Greek Cypriots, and this enmity served as a focal point for uniting the major ethnic group on the island under the banner of Greek identity.
		By the 1850s, the decaying Ottoman Empire was known as "the sick man of Europe," and various nations sought to profit at its expense.
	www.rivierahotel-northcyprus.com /History/Historical06.htm (1173 words)

	Cyprus History
		The Greek settlement of Cyprus began during the Iron Age in the 2nd millennium BC with the establishment of city-states by the Mycenaeans and Achaeans.
		Cyprus was ruled by Alexander’s Ptolemy descendant dynasty from 323 to 30 BC and then became a province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to 330 AD.
		Ethnic cleansing in Cyprus is still being carried out as a result of Turkish settlers being imported into the occupied territories, the destruction of Churches and Monasteries, and the theft of priceless mosaics by Turkish occupation authorities, and by the murders of Greek Cypriots by Turkish extremists in the occupied territories which still occur.
	www.greece.org /projects/themis/cyprus/annan/cyphistory.htm (602 words)

	Ottoman Empire
		This, however was not the peak of the Ottoman Empire´s power and influence; the peak of the Empire did not occur until the sixteenth century.
		Ottoman society is governed primarily by the religion of Islam; Islamic Shari’ah laws predominate, and the mosque and daily prayer rituals of Islam are prevalent in all walks of life.
		The Ottomans do not have a long knightly tradition; the battlearmoured knight on his destrier is not one of the cornerstones of their army, though the few Saracen farisi that do not fight for the Mamelukes are part of their Empire.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /rumtigger2/Nations/ottoman.htm (2742 words)

	Ottoman Empire
		It is quite apparent that the early rulers of the Ottoman's established the growth of the empire.
		The Ottoman Empire was in its zentih under the ruler Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent.
		The death of Sultan Süleyman saw the beginning of the decline of the Ottomans.
	www.muminturk.kk5.org /ottomanempire (308 words)

	CYPRUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The proportion of Turks to the total population of Cyprus is similar to that of the French Swiss in Switzerland or the Tamils in Sri Lanka and is rather smaller than the Protestant population would be in a united Ireland.
		Given the demographic situation in Cyprus this was impractical---short of a really drastic transfer of populations of the kind that had happened between Greece and Turkey in the 1920s and in East and Central Europe at the end of the Second World War.
		After Cyprus became independent in August 1960, the period up till 1974 was devoted to attempts to contrive some acceptable method of power-sharing that would not involve such a traumatic upheaval which could in practice only be undertaken by the exercise of physical force by the Turkish army.
	www.cyprus-conflict.net /narrative-main.htm (5375 words)

	Cyprus History
		Cyprus stands at the crossroads of Africa, Asia and Europe and this exotic mix is well-reflected in Cyprus' cultural history.
		Cyprus has ten city-kingdoms and by 800 BC it is a flourishing and prosperous country.
		IN1878, under the Cyprus Convention, Britain assumes administration of the island although it remains part of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.cyprusexplorer.com /history.htm (471 words)

	BBC NEWS
		The island is said to be the birthplace of the ancient goddess of love, Aphrodite, and her cult thrived under Roman rule until eventually being overtaken by Christianity.
		Ottoman Empire forces invaded in 1570, holding the island until the early 20th century, giving rise to the minority of Turkish speakers.
		At the end of the 19th century, Cyprus was given to Britain as a base and was formally made a British crown colony in 1925.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/shared/spl/hi/europe/04/cyprus/html/history.stm (194 words)

	[No title]
		The end to the Cyprus crisis in 1964 briefly stemmed terror, but in 1967 a military coup in Greece, in which a group of colonels seized control of the Greek government, prompted a new round of violence.
		This new internal boundary made Cyprus a Germany in the Mediterranean, long after the 1989 dismantling of the Berlin Wall, though in April 2003 the Green Line was finally opened to travel in the Turkish Cypriot north.
		To the south of the 112-milelong line lies the Cyprus of the Greeks, or what remains of the Republic of Cyprus; to the north is the Cyprus of the Turks, since 1983 a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus that lacks international recognition.
	www.epwijnants-lectures.com /cyprusproblem.html (1794 words)

	ATMG - Synopsis of Ottoman Empire
		The first Sultan Osman (from whom the name Ottoman is derived) extended his frontiers to the sea of Marmara in the west and the Black Sea in the north.
		The Empire reached the zenith of its power under Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent (known in Turkish as Kanuni or the Lawgiver) in the 16th century.
		From the ashes of the Ottoman Empire a new Republic was established on 29 October 1923: the Republic of Turkiye.
	www.atmg.org /OttomansSynopsis.html (754 words)

	British Empire: The Map Room: Asia: Cyprus
		The Ottoman Empire had just been at war with Russia and were very much in danger of losing control of their capital Constantinople.
		The Ottoman Sultan was so thankful for the British intervention that he granted the control of the island of Cyprus to the British under the Cyprus Convention.
		The British were supposed to be running Cyprus on behalf of the Ottomans, but this informal agreement would be unsubtly ended at the outbreak of World War One, when the Turks and British found themselves on opposing sides.
	www.britishempire.co.uk /maproom/cyprus.htm (436 words)

	**CYPRUS HISTORY**
		Cyprus is ruled on the feudal system and the Catholic church officially replaces the Greek Orthodox, although the latter manages to survive.
		Venetians see Cyprus as a last bastion against the Ottomans in the east Mediterranean, and fortify the island tearing down lovely buildings in Nicosia to bring the city into a tight encircled area defended by bastions and a moat which can still be seen today.
		On annexation to the Ottoman Empire, the Latin hierarchy are expelled or converted to Islam and the Greek Orthodox faith restored; in time, the Archibishop as leader of the Greek Orthodox, becomes their representative to the Porte.
	www.kypros.org /Cyprus/history.html (1292 words)

	Cyprus Coins
		During the Ottoman empire's occupation of Cyprus, some of the Turkish people settled there. Great Britain acquired the Island of Cyprus in 1878.
		In 1960, Cyprus gained independence. But the Turkish communities did not want any part of the government. Turkey sent an invasion force to Cyprus and took control of 40% of the island and forcibly separated the Greeks and Turks.
		1571 - 1878 Conquest of the island by the Ottoman Empire.
	www.geocities.com /gandapa99/cyprus.htm (631 words)

	HISTORY OF CYPRUS
		Constantine the Great's mother, Helena is said to have stopped in Cyprus on her journey from the Holy Land, with remnants of the Holy Cross and founded the monastery of Stavrovouni.
		Venetians see Cyprus as a last bastion against the Ottomans in the east Mediterranean, and fortify the island tearing down lovely buildings in Nicosia to bring the city into a tight encircled area defended by bastions and a moat which can still be seen today.
		On annexation to the Ottoman Empire, the Latin hierarchy are expelled or converted to Islam and the Greek Orthodox faith restored; in time, the Archibishop as leader of the Greek Orthodox, becomes their representative to the Porte.
	www.agiasofia.com /cyprus.html (981 words)

	History of Cyprus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Cyprus was annexed by Britain in 1925 and made a crown colony.
		Turkey repeatedly violates numerous UN Resolutions "[1]" and refers to the Republic of Cyprus as the "Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus" and refuse formal recognition against the international and European law.
		The sovereign Republic of Cyprus joins the EU on 1 May but the EU acquis is suspended in the occupied north.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Cyprus (2372 words)

	The Ottoman Empire
		Ottomans were forced to borrow at ruinous rates both to modernize and to defend themselves, until even
		Istanbul, the Ottoman capital, was seized by the Allies themselves.
		Other Ottoman subjects -- the Bulgarians, Greeks, Romanians, Armenians, and others -- adopted European nationalism and began to see themselves as "peoples"who should have their own countries, but it took disaster before the Turks saw themselves as members of a Turkish nation.
	www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/ottoman/modernization.html (958 words)

	The Cyprus Issue and Facts
		In accordance with a defence alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain, the administration of the island passed over to Britain in 1878.
		The Turkish citizens of Cyprus Republic were the last obstacle standing in the way of unification of the island with Greece.
		The refugees that came from South Cyprus to North and the refugees that went from North Cyprus to South have all deserted their properties in their original locations.
	www.cyprus-house.com /north-cyprus-properties-issue-and-facts.htm (769 words)

	Style Tours \| Group Holidays, Pilgrimage, Study Trips, Villas and Village Houses in Cyprus
		The Ottoman Empire captured the island in 1571 and held it until 1878, when it was defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 and 1878.
		Although the agreements were not very positive for Cyprus, Makarios had to accept them for fear that, if the British withdrew from Cyprus and abandoned the Greek population, Turkish troops might have invaded the island.
		The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Commonwealth and the Non-Aligned Movement.
	www.styletours.com /cyprusHistory.shtml (769 words)

	Cyprus :: Treatment of GC's under Ottoman rule...
		Some should finally realize that we now live in the 21 century and they can not insist that the population of a country can still be divided in a racist Apartheid way because it suits them now as it suited them back in 1792.
		The Ottoman Empire was not a nationalistic in outlook but more religious in nature.
		If the Ottoman Empire had done 1/100 of what Britain did in India or Spain did in South America, you all would be speaking Turkish now and wouldn't be complaining like broken tapes.
	www.cyprus-forum.com /cyprus8180.html (883 words)

	Cyprus \| General Info \| History \| Ottoman Rule
		The collection of taxes was administrated by Agas who had purchased their positions from Sublime Porte, which was the court of the Ottoman Empire.
		The Ottoman Empire was now experiencing trouble within as one of its governor’s established and independent dynasty in Egypt and war with Russia continued.
		For almost hundert years Russia had been chipping away at the borders of the Ottoman Empire and after first gaining access through the Bosporus they were then given parts of Anatolia.
	www.cyprus.com /cyprus-general-info-history-ottoman-rule.php (476 words)

	Promoting Turkey - Page 16 - Wired New York Forum
		In the Persian Empire, Cyprus formed part of the fifth satrapy and in addition to tribute it had to supply the Persians with ships and crews.
		Richard became the new ruler of Cyprus, gaining for the Crusade a major supply base that was not under immediate threat from the Turks as was Tyre.
		She says that from the archievs it is obvious that Ottomans were ruling the Empire with such people from the lands being conquered by the Ottomans.....
	www.wirednewyork.com /forum/showthread.php?p=125764 (6068 words)

	conquest-of-cyprus-ottomans-txt-1
		It was essential by conjuncture to take Cyprus and Crete after the conquest of Egypt.
		This was one of the most significant factors which served as a basis for the Ottomans to conquer the island...
		Therefore, the Ottoman Empire issued a diplomatic note to Venice on 11 February 1570.
	www.allcrusades.com /CASTLES/CYPRUS/conquest-cyprus-ottomans.html (185 words)

	Cyprus Lost to the Ottoman Turks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Following the fall of Constantinople in 1453, through a series of intermittent wars extending over more than a century, Ottoman Turkish forces surged inexorably through the territories of Venice's empire in the Eastern Mediterranean.
		By 1570 the Ottomans were ready to assault the greatest source of Venetian wealth and power in the Eastern Mediterranean: the island of Cyprus.
		Venice cobbled together an alliance with the Pope and the Spanish Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, but the allied fleets wasted the spring and early summer in dithering.
	www.boglewood.com /timeline/cyprusloss.html (352 words)

	Kings Court Hotel and Famagusta history
		Barnabas, a Cypriot from Salamis visited the island accompanied by St Paul and St Mark and was later martyred in Salamis in 52AD The church of St Barnabas is preserved exactly as it was since abandoned in 1976.
		His body was handed over to Emperor zeno, and in return the Church of Cyprus was granted its independence, and the monastery was built where St. Barnabas body had been found in 477 AD.
		After its destruction in 1571, the Venetians' Palace was used during the Ottoman Empire as a prison, and among the prisoners was Namik Kemal, the National poet of the Ottoman Empire, who was held there between 1873 and 1876, after having been exiled to Cyprus by the Sultan.
	www.cyprus-holiday.com /flash-site/famagusta.html (705 words)

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