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Topic: Cytochrome p450

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	Cytochrome P450 oxidase - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cytochrome P450 homologs have been sequenced from all lineages of life, including mammals, birds, fish, insects, worms, sea squirts, sea urchins, plants, fungi, slime molds, bacteria and archaea.
		Cytochromes P450 are present in many other tissues of the body including the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, and play important roles in hormone synthesis and breakdown (including estrogen and testosterone synthesis and metabolism), cholesterol synthesis, and vitamin D metabolism.
		Genes encoding for the P450 enzymes, and the enzymes themselves, are designated with the abbreviation CYP, followed by an Arabic numeral indicating the gene family, a capital letter indicating the subfamily, and another numerals for the individual gene.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cytochrome_P450 (921 words)

	Cytochrome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cytochromes are generally membrane-bound proteins that contain heme groups and carry out electron transport or catalyze reductive/oxidative reactions.
		Cytochromes are thus capable of performing oxidation and reduction.
		Because the cytochromes (as well as other complexes) are held within membranes in an organized way, the redox reactions are carried out in the proper sequence for maximum efficiency.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cytochrome (319 words)

	Electron transfer proteins of cytochrome P450 systems
		The average ratio of P450 reductase to total cytochromes P450 in rat and human livers was estimated as 1:15 and 1:7 respectively (Shephard et al., 1983; McManus et al., 1987).
		The binding of adrenodoxin to P450 is strongly influenced by the binding of substrate and the redox states of the proteins.
		Chemical modification studies indicated that the interaction of cytochromes P450 and b5 is dependent on carboxyl groups of the b5 which are considered to be paired with complementary charges on the P450 (Tamburini et al., 1985; Schenkman, 1993).
	www.science.co.il /hi/pub/1996-P450-Review.asp (10587 words)

	CE: Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
		The term "cytochrome P450" refers to a group of enzymes that are responsible for, among other things, the metabolism of many of the drugs in use today.
		Drugs that inhibit a certain cytochrome P450 enzyme are not necessarily metabolized by that enzyme, and by the same token, drugs that are metabolized by an enzyme do not necessarily inhibit that enzyme.
		The cytochrome P450 enzymes are the most important drug-metabolizing enzymes in humans, and as such, play a major role in many drug-drug and drug-food interactions.
	www.geocities.com /hupiteekki/paihde01.htm (2936 words)

	Cytochrome P450 Resources: MCS Canadian Sources
		Cytochrome P450s in Humans by David Nelson Ph.D. "Cytochrome P450 proteins in humans are drug metabolizing enzymes and enzymes that are used to make cholesterol, steroids and other important lipids such as prostacyclins and thromboxane A2.
		Mutations in cytochrome P450 genes or deficiencies of the enzymes are responsible for several human diseases.
		Inhibition of P450 by St. John's Wort Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by constituents of St. John's Wort, an herbal preparation used in the treatment of depression.
	www.mcscanadian.org /p450.html (541 words)

	Directed Evolution of Cytochrome P450
		Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) constitute a superfamily of heme-containing proteins found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.
		The evolved alkane P450 hydroxylase was found to have even higher activity on fatty acids, the presumed biological substrates for P450 BM-3, which was already one of the most efficient P450s known.
		Regioselectivity and activity of cytochrome P450 BM-3 and mutant F87A in reactions driven by hydrogen peroxide.
	www.che.caltech.edu /groups/fha/p450.html (1582 words)

	Cytochrome P450 Mediated Drug and Carcinogen Metabolism using Monoclonal Antibodies
		In 16 HLM phenacetin metabolism is catalyzed primarily by P450 1A2 (64-84%).
		Interindividual differences in metabolism and P450 protein content and further NADPH P450 oxidoreductase, cytochrome b5 and the membrane lipid environment may significantly influence the metabolic role of a P450 in human liver are not considered with the expressed P450s.
		Hepatic cytochrome P450 catalyzed metabolism is central to drug disposition and thus important to the clinical value of a drug.
	home.ccr.cancer.gov /metabolism/mab1.htm (3175 words)

	Cytochrome P450 Information for Investigators
		Liver oxidative metabolism reflects the activity of several cytochrome P450 enzymes that are located in the liver microsomal fraction.
		Cytochrome P450’s are found in animals, plants and bacteria.
		Cytochrome P450 activity and lipogenesis are NADPH dependent and it has been demonstrated that CHO-based PN patterns are more lipogenic than lipid-based PN patterns.
	gcrc.med.unc.edu /investigators/diet/diet_cyp450.html (973 words)

	Bioreagents.com: Cytochrome P450 2A6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The cytochrome P450 (P450) superfamily of enzymes is one of three enzyme systems which metabolize the fatty acid arachadonic acid (AA) to regulators of vascular tone.
		P450 enzymes are monooxygenase enzymes which require several co-factors such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and P450 reductase.
		Cytochrome P450 3A4 is abundantly expressed in liver and small intestine and is inducible by barbiturates, glucocorticoids and rifampicin.
	bioreagents.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/PA1-342 (243 words)

	Cytochrome p450
		Oxidative metabolism by cytochrome p450 enzymes is a primary method of drug metabolism.
		Drug interactions involving the cytochrome p450 system are common, and generally result from either enzyme inhibition or induction.
		Cytochrome p450 enzymes are often designated by the letters CYP followed by a set of letters and numbers that distinguish enzyme isoforms.
	www.hospitalist.net /highligh.htm (494 words)

	Monoclonal Antibodies to Cytochrome P450
		The cytochrome P450 enzymes collectively metabolize xenobiotics which include almost all drugs, carcinogens, and environmentally relevant small molecules and activate chemicals to their mutagenic or carcinogenic forms.
		Thus, studies of the cytochrome P450 enzyme complex are important for the understanding of differences in human sensitivity to drugs, carcinogens, environmental chemicals and the regulation of certain endogenous metabolism.
		The monoclonal antibodies are used to determine the amount of an individual cytochrome P450 protein in a tissue and its contribution to the total metabolism of a substrate in a tissue containing multiple cytochrome P450s.
	rex.nci.nih.gov /RESEARCH/basic/lmc/mab1.htm (427 words)

	Pfam 20.0 : p450 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Cytochrome P450s are haem-thiolate proteins [6] involved in the oxidative degradation of various compounds.
		P450 enzymes usually act as terminal oxidases in multicomponent electron transfer chains, called P450-containing monooxygenase systems and are involved in metabolism of a plethora of both exogenous and endogenous compounds.
		All P450 enzymes can be categorised into two main groups, the so-called B- and E-classes: P450 proteins of prokaryotic 3-component systems and fungal P450nor (CYP55) belong to the B-class; all other known P450 proteins from distinct systems are of the E-class PUBMED:7678494.
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?acc=PF00067 (348 words)

	The Molecular Perspective: Cytochrome P450 -- Goodsell 6 (2): 205 -- The Oncologist
		The cytochrome P450 enzymes are remarkable not for their specificity, but for their lack of it.
		This bacterial cytochrome P450 is free-floating in the cell, whereas our own enzymes are typically tethered to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.
		Cytochrome P450 adds an oxygen atom (shown with an arrow), forming a reactive three-membered epoxide ring.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/6/2/205 (819 words)

	The Official Cytochrome p450 Webpage: REAL ULTIMATE POWER
		Cytochromes p450 are a widespread family of heme-containing monooxygenases.
		I heard that there was this bacterial p450 who was binding to propane, and when some peroxide molecules collided with the p450, he used his peroxide shunt pathway to monooxygenate the whole town.
		Cytochromes p450 are so rad, they even have their own annual conference, which is bragable.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~atobias/RUP-p450.html (416 words)

	Bioreagents.com: Cytochrome P450 4A
		PA3-033 detects cytochrome P450 4A (P450 4A) from feline, rabbit and rat tissues.
		The cytochrome P450 (P450) family of enzymes is one of three enzyme systems which metabolize the fatty acid arachadonic acid (AA) to regulators of vascular tone.
		P450 enzymes are monooxygenase enzymes which require several co-factors such as NADPH and P450 reductase.
	www.bioreagents.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/PA3-033 (291 words)

	BIOLOGY OF CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE
		Unlike the cytochromes P450, however, CPR levels are not readily modulated by "inducers" of the P450 system; typically a strong P450 inducer, such as phenobarbital or pregnenolone-16
		Transcriptional induction of hepatic NADPH: cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase by thyroid hormone.
		Thyroid regulation of NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase: identification of a thyroid-responsive element in the 5'-flank of the oxidoreductase gene.
	www.uky.edu /Pharmacy/ps/porter/CPR_biology.htm (1037 words)

	CYTOCHROME P450 Antibodies available through RESEARCH DIAGNOSTICS INC
		P450 antibodies give 90% inhibition of prototypic reactions catalyzed by the corresponding Ag in intact liver microsomes.
		Reconstitution: To assess substrate metabolism, combine 10 pmole cytochrome P450 (example: 10ul of a 1 nmole/ml solution) with 0.3 units cytochrome P450 reductase (example 10ul of a 30 unit/ml solution) and 30ug freshly prepared lipid (example 10ul of a 3 mg/ml solution) and incubate on ice for 10 minutes.
		Below are some of the various compounds with known inhibition activity of the cytochrome P450 enzyme.
	www.researchd.com /cyp450/rdicyp1.htm (527 words)

	The Worldwide Physiologist : cytochrome P450
		The reason why absorption occurs at this wavelength is related to one of the six 'ligands' associated with the iron atom contained in the haem.
		The first is in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the protein involved is called NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase - electrons pass from NADPH to FAD to FMN and thence to heme.
		An excellent Cytochrome P450 webpage is David Nelson's.
	www.anaesthetist.com /physiol/basics/metabol/cyp/cyp.htm (2706 words)

	Cytochrome P450 1A2 Is a Hepatic Autoantigen in Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 -- Clemente et al. 82 (5): ...
		Cytochrome P450 1A2 Is a Hepatic Autoantigen in Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 -- Clemente et al.
		P450 scc is expressed in adrenals, gonads, and placenta (8).
		C, Lysates from cells induced by IPTG carrying the empty vector (control) and expression vector for cytochrome P450 1A2 were analyzed by Western blot using the serum of patient 1, who is suffering fom APS1-related autoimmune hepatitis.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/5/1353 (4181 words)

	Cytochrome P450 Data CYP1 to CYP2
		The reductase sequence at the end of this gene seems to be a cloning error, because it cannot be found in the genomic DNA sequence.
		Acta 1184, 299-301 (1994) Cyp2c29 mouse PIR A61268 (16 amino acids) Bornheim, L.M. and Correia, M.A. Purification and characterization of a mouse liver cytochrome P-450 induced by cannabidiol.
		Cloning and expression of CYP2F3, a cytochrome P450 that bioactivates The selective pneumotoxins 3-methylindole and naphthalene submitted CYP2F4 rat GenEMBL AF017393 R. Michael Baldwin and Alan Buckpitt submitted to nomenclature committee 2G Subfamily CYP2G1 human GenEMBL S80997, S80998, S80999 Sheng J, Ding X Biochem.
	www.icgeb.org /~p450srv/biblioA.html (8924 words)

	Arabidopsis Cytochrome P450s
		There are currently 1932 P450 ESTs over 39 gene families and 67 gene subfamilies in TAIR's Arabidopsis EST dataset.
		Cytochromes P450 were located on a BAC, YAC, or P1 clone, and the nearest Lister and Dean RI marker to this clone was located using the Illustra Database's
		Williams PA, Cosme J, Sridhar V, Johnson EF, McRee DE (2000) The crystallographic structure of a mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase: Structural adaptations for membrane binding and functional diversity.
	www.p450.kvl.dk /p450.shtml (498 words)

	cytochrome_p_450
		Cytochrome P450, CYP, is a protein complex that catalyzes oxidation of a variety of natural and synthetic substrates.
		Moreover, their content in the injured tissue is much lower than micromolar amounts, which usually required reproducing the inflammatory effects and the metabolic inhibitors of COX and LOX are also relatively ineffective in suppressing of the inflammatory response.
		Schwartzman's lab at NYMC was the first lab in the US that established importance of cytochrome P-450 dependent pathway for the development of inflammatory responce in cornea.
	www.geocities.com /mesentsev/Hetre/cytochrome_p_450.html (1326 words)

	HIV+ : What Lies Ahead : p450 Metabolism
		In general, a P450 substrate is any drug that uses the cytochrome p450 enzyme pathway.
		P450 enzymes are classified using Roman numerals and letters.
		Regularly updated p450 drug-interaction sites include the American College of Clinical Pharmacology (www.accp.com/p450.html), Georgetown Medical Center (www.dml.georgetown.edu/depts/pharmacology/davetab.html), and San Francisco General Hospital (insite.ucsf.edu).
	www.aidsinfonyc.org /hivplus/issue1/ahead/p450.html (338 words)

	Cytochrome P450
		Cytochrome P450 is a family of the body's more powerful detox enzymes.
		Over 60 key forms are known, with hundreds of genetic variations possible, producing a wide variety of susceptibility to specific toxins.
		P450 production may be inhibited or substantially used up by H2 blockers, some antacids, SSRI's (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, etc.,) and perhaps one fifth of all medications.
	www.mall-net.com /mcs/p450.html (219 words)

	Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Psychopharmacology
		The principal P450 enzyme is the one that is normally responsible for most of the biotransformation of a drug.
		The goal is to determine the potency of a drug for inhibiting a specific P450 enzyme by using a model substrate which is known to be principally and (ideally) exclusively dependent on a single P450 enzyme for its biotransformation.
		Obviously, the answer to that question involves several considerations, including the nature of the prescribed dose (e.g., a benzodiazepine vs. a tricyclic antidepressant) and the dose that was initially prescribed (e.g., a quite low dose or a dose that was already near the upper end of the drug's therapeutic range).
	www.acnp.org /G4/GN401000086/CH085.html (6880 words)

	John Dawson cytochrome P450 research
		“Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize caffeine, so if you’re one of those people who can drink coffee in the evening and still fall asleep, you’ve probably got a high level of those enzymes,”; Dawson said.
		Because of the complexity of these enzymes—there are at least 50 different types of cytochrome P450 in humans and hundreds more in plants—Dawson’s research has focused on their fundamental functions and structure.
		Over the years, several of his 26 Ph.D. graduates have gone to work for pharmaceutical manufacturers who are eager to use their expertise in cytochrome P450.
	www.sc.edu /usctimes/articles/2004-05/dawson_research.html (507 words)

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