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Topic: Cytokine

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Interleukin

Histocompatibility molecule

Natural killer cell

B cells

Mast cell

Chemokine

Epithelial cells

Macrophage

Tumor necrosis factor

Antigen

Immunoglobulin

Interferon

Prostaglandin

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	Encyclopedia: Cytokine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cytokine and cytokine receptor genes in the susceptibility and resistanc to organ-specific autoimmune diseases......
		Cytokine and cytokine receptor genes in the susceptibility to rheumatoid ar hritis....
		Pro-inflammatory cytokine and cytokine receptor genes and susceptibility to IDDM....
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cytokine (349 words)

	Cytokine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cytokines are small protein molecules that regulate communication among immune system cells and between immune cells and those of other tissue types.
		Cytokines are said to be pleiotropic, meaning that the same cytokine can have different effects on a cell depending on the state of the cell.
		Cytokines weigh from 8 to 30 kDa and are active in picomolar concentrations (Clark, 2005).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cytokine (488 words)

	BD Biosciences : Pharmingen : Protocols : Cytokine ELISA Protocol
		Another consideration is that cytokine protein concentrations, measured at any one time point, may reflect the concurrent processes of cytokine secretion, cytokine uptake by cells and cytokine protein degradation.
		In conclusion, cytokine sandwich ELISA are useful indicators of the presence and levels of cytokine and chemokine proteins but they do not actually provide information concerning the biological potency of the detected proteins.
		The linear region of cytokine ELISA standard curves are generally obtainable in a series of eight two-fold dilutions of the cytokine standard, from 2000 pg/ml to 15 pg/ml.
	www.bdbiosciences.com /pharmingen/protocols/Cytokine_ELISA.shtml (1934 words)

	Cytokines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The student should be familiar with the sources and functions of cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis, initiate and regulate inflammatory responses, and regulate the growth and differentiation of lymphocyte populations.
		Cytokines are secreted proteins that induce cells to 1) proliferate, 2) differentiate to mediate some immune function, or 3) proliferate and differentiate.
		Cytokines serve as `second signals' to drive the growth and differentiation of antigen-activated lymphocytes.
	www.hsc.wvu.edu /micro/test/cytos/cytokine.html (1978 words)

	One Lambda - Product (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Researchers are currently investigating the role of cytokine expression levels in diseases such as cancer, AIDS, and autoimmune diseases.
		Cytokines are crucial in cellular communication and are key elements in controlling the immune response.
		Research suggests that polymorphic variants of cytokine genes may be associated with acute and chronic transplant rejection.
	www.onelambda.com /product/product.asp?productid=42&productlineID=4 (171 words)

	Diabetes: Aberrant Macrophage Cytokine Production Is a Co... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Another cytokine derived from M[Phi], IL-12, is required for the development of Th1 responses (18) and appears to contribute to disease in NOD mice by enhancing [Gamma]-interferon (IFN-[Gamma]) production and subsequent [Beta]-cell destruction by infiltrating Th1 [CD4.sup.+] and [CD8.sup.+] T-cells (19).
		However, it remains to be determined whether cytokine dysregulation in NOD M[Phi] results from a genetic predisposition, as opposed to a modulation of cytokine expression by the disease process itself.
		We interpret these findings, in sum, to indicate that although cytokine defects are not themselves capable of causing disease, they are sufficiently disruptive to appropriate immune function that they are rarely, if ever, seen in normal animals but appear as a common element in diverse models of autoimmunity.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:63713277&refid=holomed_1 (7529 words)

	Cytokine Polymorphism Component
		Cytokine gene polymorphisms have increasingly become a topic of interest in laboratories that traditionally have engaged in histocompatibility testing and transplantation.
		This interest is due to the fact that certain of these polymorphisms have been shown to correlate with cytokine plasma levels in vitro or with the survival of kidney, heart or lung allografts.
		If you are interested in participating in the Cytokine Polymorphism Component please submit the on-line form or alternatively, you may download and print the attached Microsoft Word document (form).
	www.ihwg.org /components/cytokine/cytover.htm (599 words)

	Antioxidants attenuate the plasma cytokine response to exercise in humans -- Vassilakopoulos et al. 94 (3): 1025 -- ...
		The stimulus or stimuli for this exercise-induced cytokine
		Flow cytometric detection of cytokines was performed as previously described (38, 43, 44).
		with leukocyte infiltration; the cytokine response that eccentric
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/94/3/1025 (5093 words)

	The Cellular Origin of Plasma Cytokine Expression After Acute Exercise -- Febbraio et al. 282 (4): 1253 -- AJP - ...
		Intracellular monocyte and serum cytokine expression is modulated by exhausting exercise and cold exposure.
		Differences in MFI for all cytokines were measured on a single parameter FL2 histogram using a linear scale (arbitrary units scaled from 0-10,000) after subtracting MFI values obtained from corresponding isotype-matched negative controls.
		Gabriel, H, Urhausen A, Brechtel L, Muller HJ, and Kindermann W. Alterations of regular and mature monocytes are distinct, and dependent on intensity and duration of exercise.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/4/R1253 (2904 words)

	Modulation of Cytokine Profiles by the Mycoplasma Superantigen Mycoplasma arthritidis Mitogen Parallels Susceptibility ...
		Cytokine profiles elicited by microorganisms and their products play a key role in disease expression in their natural hosts.
		Cytokines induced by cells from MAM-injected mice at 24 h.
		Cytokines play a very important role in immunoglobulin isotype selection in vitro and in vivo (25).
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/3/1142 (5683 words)

	Ureaplasma urealyticum Modulates Endotoxin-Induced Cytokine Release by Human Monocytes Derived from Preterm and Term ...
		cytokine, was undetectable in lung lavages of intubated preterm
		cytokine release by monocytes in response to bacterial endotoxin,
		Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine: induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/6/3906 (3669 words)

	Growth Factors and Cytokines
		Cytokines are a unique family of growth factors.
		A large family of cytokines are produced by various cells of the body.
		CSFs are cytokines that stimulate the proliferation of specific pluripotent stem cells of the bone marrow in adults.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/growth-factors.html (2547 words)

	01_main
		The University of Maryland Cytokine Core Laboratory (CCL) was established March 31, 1995.
		The CCL is a full-service research core laboratory focused on the measurement of cytokines and growth factors using immunoassays.
		This is a multiplex system that allows the testing of several cytokines and growth factors on a small sample volume.
	www.cytokines.com (146 words)

	Th1 Cytokine Patterns in Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection -- Scott et al. 6 (5): 751 -- Clinical and Vaccine ...
		Cytokine RT-PCR results for four cytokines from two subjects (lanes 3 and 4) and a positive (lane 1) and negative (lane 2) control for each cytokine.
		Subjects b and f each had cytokine data available from three consecutive visits, which are detailed in Table 2.
		Constitutive in vivo cytokine and hematopoietic growth factor gene expression in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of healthy individuals.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/6/5/751 (3666 words)

	OUP: Cytokine Network: Balkwill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the past five years, this bewildering array of more than 100 effector molecules and associated cell surface receptors has been simplified by study of cytokine and cytokine receptor structure; elucidation of convergent intracellular signalling pathways; and molecular genetics, and targeted gene disruption to 'knock-out' production of individual cytokines in mice.
		Cytokine and cytokine antagonists have shown therapeutic potential in a number of chronic and acute diseases.
		The Cytokine Network: Frontiers in Molecular Biology is not a survey of individual cytokines, but guides the reader through the latest research on the cytokine network as a whole covering genomics, signalling pathways, control of the immune response, and therapeutics.
	www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-963702-4 (443 words)

	Academic Press: Cytokine Reference: Individual License
		License: You are granted a license to access and use Cytokine Reference for your personal research purposes for a period of 24 hours after guest registration.
		Systematic downloading and/or archiving of materials from Cytokine Reference, copying of a significant number of any items/articles from Cytokine Reference or creation of multiple copies of individual items for classroom or instructional use is prohibited.
		The use of Cytokine Reference is governed by the terms of this License.
	www.apnet.com /companions/0122526708/demolicense.htm (502 words)

	IngentaConnect Anti-cytokine autoantibodies: Epiphenomenon or critical modulator... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Their levels, although highly variable, are increased in the circulation of patients subjected to cytokine therapy or suffering from a variety of immunoinflammatory diseases.
		The antibodies may prevent the binding of a cytokine to its specific cell surface receptor thereby neutralizing its biological activity in vivo.
		High-titered autoantibodies induced by cytokine therapy are of clinical concern since their occurrence is often associated with the loss of response to treatment.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/klu/biot/1997/00000010/00000001/00129236 (384 words)

	Cytokine Bioassays
		Biological activity of cytokines and their concentrations are commonly measured by cellular proliferation of primary cell cultures or isolated cell lines that are dependent and/or responsive to a specific growth factor.
		Note: In setting up bioassays, the possibility of contaminating cytokines in the sample should be eliminated since many of the available indicator cell lines are responsive to more than one cytokine, and several cytokines share signaling receptors.
		Bacterial endotoxins are effective inducers of cytokines; hence, their presence in the bioassay cultures should be eliminated.
	www.ebioscience.com /ebioscience/appls/BAC.htm (759 words)

	Intracellular monocyte and serum cytokine expression is modulated by exhausting exercise and cold exposure -- Rhind et ...
		Intracellular monocyte and serum cytokine expression is modulated by exhausting exercise and cold exposure -- Rhind et al.
		Relationship between gastro-intestinal complaints and endotoxaemia, cytokine release and the acute-phase reaction during and after a long-distance triathlon in highly trained men.
		The impact of exercise on cytokines and receptor expression.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/1/R66 (5475 words)

	Intracellular Cytokine Staining
		A modification of the basic immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometric analysis protocol can be used for the simultaneous analysis of surface molecules and intracellular cytokines at single-cell level.
		In vitro stimulation of cells is usually required for detection of cytokines by flow cytometry since cytokine levels are typically too low in freshly-prepared cells.
		In contrast to detection of secreted cytokines by ELISA, for detection of intracellular cytokines, it is necessary to block secretion of cytokines with reagents such as Monensin or Brefeldin A during the last few hours of the stimulation.
	www.ebioscience.com /ebioscience/appls/FCI.htm (833 words)

	Detection of intracytoplasmic cytokine using flow cytometry and directly conjugated anti-cytokine antibodies.
		This staining was further examined using differential two color staining for intracellular and extracellular cytokine, clearly demonstrating no cells staining exclusively for extracellular cytokine, confirming a lack of passive transfer of cytokine to nearby cells.
		We show that cytokine flow cytometry is useful in examining the increased IL-5 production characteristic of eosinophilic states and that IL-5 production is limited to the CD27 negative subpopulation.
		In summary, using directly conjugated anti-cytokine antibodies, cytokine flow cytometry becomes a specific and versatile technique for the assessment of complex cytokine production phenotypes in fresh ex vivo T cell subpopulations.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1996/apr/M9640183.html (592 words)

	C2479 Cytokine Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cytokines act in a complex network where one cytokine can influence production of, and response to other cytokines.
		This book covers the study of cytokine and cytokine receptor structure, elucidation of convergent intracellular signaling pathways, molecular genetics, and targeted gene disruption to 'knock-out' production of individual cytokines in mice.
		It is not a survey of individual cytokines, but a guide to the cytokine network covering genomics, signaling pathways, control of the immune response, and therapeutics.
	www.sigmaaldrich.com /catalog/search/ProductDetail?ProdNo=C2479&Brand=SIGMA (131 words)

	Differential Role for Competitive Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Intracellular Cytokine Staining ...
		cytokine staining of the isolated graft-infiltrating cells was
		Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for staining with anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibody is given on the x axis, and MFI for staining with anti-cytokine antibody or isotype control on the y axis, for which the percentages of positive cells are indicated.
		Dallman MJ: Cytokines as mediators of organ graft rejection and tolerance.
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/157/5/1453 (2871 words)

	SOCS Proteins: Negative Regulators of Cytokine Signaling -- Krebs and Hilton 19 (5): 378 -- Stem Cells
		Lipopolysaccharide induces in macrophages the synthesis of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and suppresses signal transduction in response to the activating factor IFN-gamma.
		Signals transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)-induced STAT inhibitor-1 (SSI-1)/suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) suppresses tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced cell death in fibroblasts.
		The conserved SOCS box motif in suppressors of cytokine signaling binds to elongins B and C and may couple bound proteins to proteasomal degradation.
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/19/5/378 (5407 words)

	Inhibitors of Cytokine Signal Transduction -- Wormald and Hilton 279 (2): 821 -- Journal of Biological Chemistry
		Cytokines are secreted proteins that regulate diverse biological
		A, activation of signaling occurs when a cytokine binds to its receptor at the cell surface, leading to dimerization of the receptor and activation of receptor-associated JAKs.
		SOCS proteins are induced in response to cytokine signaling and can inhibit JAK activity or target signaling components for ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/2/821 (3352 words)

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