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Topic: Cytokine release syndrome

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	Cytokine release syndrome - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Cytokine release syndrome is a common immediate complication occurring with the use of anti-T cell antibody infusions such as ATG, OKT3 and TGN1412.
		The cytokines released by the activated T cells produce a type of systemic inflammatory response similar to that found in severe infection characterised by hypotension, pyrexia and rigors.
		Deaths due to cytokine release syndrome with OKT3 have been reported, and it can cause life-threatening pulmonary oedema if the patient is fluid overloaded.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Cytokine_release_syndrome (238 words)

	Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Cytokine release syndrome Cytokine release syndrome is an common immediate complication occurring with the use of anti-A...
		Release A Release is a chain of title for any work if it is later published, broadcast, shown in a public cinema or othe...
		Release consistency Release consistency is one of the consistency models used in the domain of the distributed transacti...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/release.html (284 words)

	Patent 6,838,471
		A proinflammatory cytokine is a cytokine that is capable of causing any of the following physiological reactions associated with inflammation: vasodialation, hyperemia, increased permeability of vessels with associated edema, accumulation of granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, or deposition of fibrin.
		In many instances, proinflammatory cytokines are produced in an inflammatory cytokine cascade, defined herein as an in vivo release of at least one proinflammatory cytokine in a mammal, wherein the cytokine release affects a physiological condition of the mammal.
		A method of inhibiting the release of a proinflamniatory cytokine from a mammalian cell in need thereof, the method comprising treating the cell with an agonist selective for the.alpha.-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in an amount sufficient to decrease the amount of proinflammatory cytokine that is released from the cell, wherein the cell is a macrophage.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2005/Jan2005/010405/6838471_Cytokine010405.htm (3565 words)

	Cytokines : by Ray Sahelian, M.D. cytokine research
		Cytokines by Ray Sahelian, M.D. Definition of Cytokine : A cytokine is a small protein released by cells that has a specific effect on the interactions between cells, on communications between cells.
		Cytokines include a number of groups which are called interleukins, lymphokines and cell signal molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor and the interferons, which trigger inflammation and respond to infections.
		Cytokines also are known to spark symptoms of malaise and the study concludes that an onslaught of these proteins affected the rats' psychosocial responses.
	www.raysahelian.com /cytokines.html (1087 words)

	Drug fever.
		Cytokine release also seems to be the underlying mechanism in fever associated with amphotericin B infusion.
		Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotic drugs such as phenothiazines, butyrophenones, thioxanthenes and risperidone, but has also been seen after abrupt withdrawal of antiparkinsonian agents and treatment with dopamine-depleting agents or lithium.
		It has been argued that the syndrome may not be a rare idiosyncratic condition with a high mortality but the extreme end of a continuum of effects induced by neuroleptics, such as Parkinsonism and dystonia.
	psyweb.com /Glossary/drugferver.jsp (2140 words)

	Cytokine release syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Cytokine release syndrome is an common immediate complication occurring with the use of anti-T cell antibody infusions such as ATG and OKT3.
		The cytokines released by the activated T cells produce a type of systemic inflammatory response similar to that found in severe infection characterised by hypotension, pyrexia and rigors.
		Deaths due to cytokine release syndrome with OKT3 have been reported, and it can cause life-threatening pulmonary oedema if the patient is fluid overloaded.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/cytokine_release_syndrome (236 words)

	Drug fever.
		Cytokine release also seems to be the underlying mechanism in fever associated with amphotericin B infusion.
		Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotic drugs such as phenothiazines, butyrophenones, thioxanthenes and risperidone, but has also been seen after abrupt withdrawal of antiparkinsonian agents and treatment with dopamine-depleting agents or lithium.
		It has been argued that the syndrome may not be a rare idiosyncratic condition with a high mortality but the extreme end of a continuum of effects induced by neuroleptics, such as Parkinsonism and dystonia.
	www.psyweb.com /Glossary/drugferver.jsp (2140 words)

	Immune-Mediated Tissue Injury
		In addition, there are syndromes caused by massive cytokine release that are not usually referred to as hypersensitivity reactions, although (in accord with the definition) they should be included in that category.
		Massive cytokine release is also a complication of anti-CD3 mAb therapy due to activation of T cells (50,51).
		Rabinovitch A. Immunoregulatory and cytokine imbalances in the pathogenesis of IDDM.
	www.medicine.mcgill.ca /mjm/issues/v01n01/bsr.html (5129 words)

	Anti-thymocyte globulin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the United States it is frequently given at the time of the transplant to prevent rejection, although many European centres prefer to reserve its use for the treatment of steroid-resistant acute rejection, as European centres generally serve more homogenous populations and rejection tends to be less of a problem.
		ATG is associated with cytokine release syndrome when it is used, and in the longer term may increase the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder as well as (theoretically) impairing the development of immunological tolerance.
		Anti-IL-2Rα receptor antibodies such as basiliximab and daclizumab are increasingly being used in place of ATG as an induction therapy, as they do not cause cytokine release syndrome and (theoretically) improving the development of tolerance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anti-thymocyte_globulin (206 words)

	ASTP Abstract kkt076.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The release of cytokines can be accompanied by high fever, chilling, headache, pulmonary edema and gastrointestinal symptoms (cytokine release syndrome).
		The present studies were performed to test the hypothesis that cytokine release syndrome arises from rampant production of nitric oxide (NO) induced by the cytokines.
		In summary, subjects receiving OKT3 but not ATGAM or CSA developed symptoms of the cytokine release syndrome which was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the production of nitric oxide.
	www.a-s-t.org /abstracts/kkt076.htm (363 words)

	CHEST: Potential treatment of sepsis syndrome with cytokine-specific agents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Cytokine receptors have been described, characterized, and cloned for TNF-[alpha],[10-12] IL-1[beta],[13-15] IL-2,[16] IL-4,[17-19] IL-6,[20,21] and IL-8.[6,22] These receptors are all transmembrane glycoproteins which have an extracellular binding domain specific for a particular cytokine and an intracellular signal-transducing domain that initiates signal transduction.
		Cytokines appear in the bloodstream of animals experimentally treated with endotoxin and the bloodstream of humans with serious spontaneous Gram-negative bacterial infections.[23] Since cytokines have been implicated as important mediators of sepsis, it seems sensible to devise ways to interrupt or mitigate their actions on target cells.
		Spinas et al[24] recently reported that cytokine inhibitors were present in the plasma of six human volunteers who were treated with a bolus intravenous injection of endotoxin at a dose of 4 ng/kg.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n2_v102/ai_12593878 (1320 words)

	RxMed: Pharmaceutical Information - ORTHOCLONE OKT
		Cytokine Release Syndrome: Temporally associated with the administration of the first few doses of muromonab-CD3 (particularly, the first 2 or 3 doses), most patients have developed Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS), an acute clinical syndrome, that has been attributed to the release of cytokines by activated lymphocytes or monocytes.
		Management of Cytokine Release Syndrome: Manifestations of the Cytokine Release Syndrome may be prevented or minimized by pretreatment with 8 mg/kg of methylprednisolone (i.e., high dose steroids), given 1 to 4 hours prior to administration of the first dose of muromonab-CD3 therapy, and by closely following recommendations for dosage and treatment duration.
		Severe Cytokine Release Syndrome Versus Anaphylactic Reactions: It may be very difficult, even impossible, to distinguish between an acute hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis, angioedema, etc.) and the Cytokine Release Syndrome.
	www.rxmed.com /b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-%20(General%20Monographs-%20O)/ORTHOCLONE%20OKT.html (4511 words)

	Rituximab or Mabthera
		This syndrome is characterised by a hyperuricaemia, hyperkaliemia, hypocalcaemia, increased LDH and acute renal insufficiency.
		Therefore, rapid recovery from a cytokine release syndrome may be followed by a rapid deterioration.
		After such acute syndromes and their full recovery, patients treated again with a much slower flow rate, rarely experience further severe cytokine release.
	www.oncoprof.net /Generale2000/g11_AutresTraitements/gb11_at06.html (466 words)

	Data Sheet
		Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS)] that has been attributed to the release of cytokines by activated lymphocytes or monocytes.
		This clinical syndrome has ranged from a more frequently reported mild, self-limited, "flu-like" illness to a less frequently reported severe, life-threatening shock-like reaction, which may include serious cardiovascular and central nervous system manifestations.
		Manifestations of the Cytokine Release Syndrome may be prevented or minimised by pretreatment with 8 mg/kg of methylprednisolone (i.e.
	www.medsafe.govt.nz /Profs/datasheet/o/Orthocloneokt3inj.htm (5545 words)

	Health Digest .org: Health, Drug & Fitness Resources.: muromonabcd3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Following the first two to three doses, a cytokine release syndrome due to the release of cytokines by activated lymphocytes or monocytes may occur.
		Clients at greatest risk for cytokine release syndrome are those with unstable angina, recent MI, symptomatic ischemic heart disease, heart failure, pulmonary edema, COPD, intravascular volume overload or depletion, cerebrovascular disease, advanced symptomatic vascular disease or neuropathy, history of seizures, or septic shock.
		Cytokine release syndrome (CRS): Flu-like symptoms, such as pyrexia, chills, dyspnea, N&V, chest pain, diarrhea, tremor, wheezing, headache, tachycardia, rigor, and hypertension.
	www.healthdigest.org /drugs/nursing/muromonabcd3.php (658 words)

	Kinetic analysis of cytokine gene expression in patients with GVHD after donor lymphocyte infusion
		The T cell-derived cytokines of phase 2 activate various inflammatory mediators, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells which culminates in the destruction of the host tissues (phase 3).
		The secretion of type 1 cytokines is generally associated with activation of macrophages, inflammatory cytokine production, and the activation of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, whereas the secretion of type 2 cytokines is associated with the down-regulation of cell-mediated immune responses.
		The expressions of cytokine genes in PBMC from six normal healthy donors are shown in Figure 1.
	www.nature.com /bmt/journal/v27/n4/full/1702799a.html (3433 words)

	Mabthera 500mg , SPC from the eMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Severe cytokine release syndrome is characterised by severe dyspnoea, often accompanied by bronchospasm and hypoxia, in addition to fever, chills, rigors, urticaria, and angioedema.
		This syndrome may be associated with some features of tumour lysis syndrome such as hyperuricaemia, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, acute renal failure, elevated LDH and may be associated with acute respiratory failure and death.
		Patients who develop severe cytokine release syndrome should have their infusion interrupted immediately (see section 4.2) and should receive aggressive symptomatic treatment.
	emc.medicines.org.uk /emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?DocumentID=2569 (5854 words)

	Cytokine release syndrome Immunology
		Cytokine release syndrome is an common immediate complication occurring with the use of anti-T cellantibodyinfusions such as ATGand OKT3.
		The cytokinesreleased by the activated T cells produce a type of systemic inflammatory responsesimilar to that found in severe infectioncharacterised by hypotension, pyrexiaand rigors.
		Deaths due to cytokine release syndrome with OKT3 have been reported, and it can cause life-threatening pulmonary oedemaif the patient is fluid overloaded.
	www.lumrix.com /medical/immunology/cytokine_release_syndrome.html (193 words)

	ORTHOCLONE®
		The mechanism for this effect is not understood but might be related to the release of cytokines altering membrane permeability.
		Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS): is a clinical syndrome mostly experienced in patients following the first few doses of ORTHOCLONE.
		Gastrointestinal fluid loss secondary to diarrhoea and/or vomiting resulting from Cytokine Release Syndrome may be significant when treating small children and may require parenteral hydration.
	home.intekom.com /pharm/janssen/orthocln.html (3110 words)

	Horst Ibelgaufts'COPE: Cytokines Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A clinical syndrome observed after treatment with OKT3, an antibody directed against CD3 (see also: CD antigens), which is part of the T-cell receptor complex.
		This syndrome is characterized by the excessive release of cytokines such as TNF, IFN-gamma and IL2 into the circulation.
		Transplantation 52: 674-9 (1991); Alegre ML et al Cytokine release syndrome induced by the 145-2C11 anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in mice: prevention by high doses of methylprednisolone.
	www.copewithcytokines.de /cope.cgi?7291 (258 words)

	Modulation of Endotoxin- and Enterotoxin-Induced Cytokine Release by In Vivo Treatment with beta -(1,6)-Branched beta ...
		Leukocytes activated by endotoxin or enterotoxins release proinflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to the cascade of
		The cytokine levels in the culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with paired cytokine-specific antibodies, and the amounts of cytokine are expressed in nanograms or picograms per milliliter, standardized against mouse recombinant cytokines.
		The cytokine levels in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA with paired cytokine-specific antibodies, and the amounts of cytokine are expressed in nanograms or picograms per milliliter standardized against mouse recombinant cytokines.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/1/244 (4330 words)

	Characterization of the Cytokine Immune Response in Children Who Have Experienced an Episode of Typical ...
		Cytokine levels in plasma determined by stimulation assays with whole blood from patients with a history of D+ HUS and controls, matched by age and sex where appropriate
		Cytokine levels in plasma of whole blood from patients with a history of D+ HUS and controls and during an acute episode of HUS determined by stimulation assays
		Profiles of circulating inflammatory- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome due to E. coli O157 infection.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/10/6/1090 (3581 words)

	Chloroquine inhibits proinflammatory cytokine release into human whole blood -- Karres et al. 274 (4): 1058 -- AJP - ...
		and release of proinflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner.
		cytokine synthesis is due to its weak base effect.
		Decrease in macrophage antigen catabolism caused by ammonia and chloroquine is associated with inhibition of antigen presentation to T cells.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/4/R1058 (3263 words)

	Mechanism of First-Dose Cytokine-Release Syndrome by CAMPATH 1-H: Involvement of CD16 (Fcgamma RIII) and CD11a/CD18 ...
		Cytokine release is dependent on antibody specificity as well as isotype.
		Cytokine release is not a consequence of complement activation.
		Moller(1977)Mitogenic response of mouse spleen cells and gelation of limulus lysate by lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pestis and evidence for neutralization of the lipopolysaccharide by polymyxin B. Infect.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/98/12/2819 (5142 words)

	Cytokine Inflammation and Management in Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
		It is thought that highly elevated cytokine levels found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients contribute to their symptoms.
		She explains, "with regard to the immune system, we have a system that is hyperactive but not working properly." As part of this hyperactive state, Dr. Klimas has seen unusually high amounts of cytokines in CFS patients, and she feels that this in turn may cause the hormonal imbalances of such persons.
		While cytokine related drug therapies are starting to have some benefit for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, that is not the case yet for FM and CFS.
	www.immunesupport.com /library/showarticle.cfm/ID/3748/e/1/T/CFIDS_FM (1879 words)

	Novel peptides prevent alcohol-induced spatial learning deficits and proinflammatory cytokine release in a mouse model ...
		Novel peptides prevent alcohol-induced spatial learning deficits and proinflammatory cytokine release in a mouse model of fetal alcohol syndrome.
		Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, including details on pregnancy, birth defects, causes, symptoms, treatment.
		In addition, because specific cytokines are known to effect long-term potentiation, a model of learning at the molecular level, we studied the effect of these novel peptides on tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma levels.
	fetalalcoholsyndrome.researchtoday.net /archive/1/9/30.htm (493 words)

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