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	Cytokine - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Cytokines are soluble proteinaceous substances produced by a wide variety of haemopoietic and non-haemopoietic cell types, and are critical to the functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
		The effects of cytokines are mediated by their binding to a specific cell-surface receptor and the subsequent initiation of various intracellular signalling cascades that produce a wide variety of effects on the functioning of the cell.
		Cytokines have been variously named as lymphokines, interleukins and chemokines, based on their presumed function, and their cell of secretion or target of action.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Cytokine (1001 words)

	Cytokine Storm and the H5N1 Influenza Pandemic: The Bird Flu
		A cytokine storm, also called "systemic inflammatory response syndrome" (SIRS) is the systemic expression of a healthy and vigorous immune system resulting in the release of more than 150 inflammatory mediators (cytokines, oxygen free radicals, and coagulation factors).
		Both pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, InterLeukin-1, and InterLeukin-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin 10, and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist) are elevated in the serum, and the fierce and often lethal interplay of these cytokines is referred to as a "Cytokine Storm".
		Cytokine storm can also result from viral infections such as influenza, and an exaggerated systemic immune response to that particular viral infection (designated a type A, subtype "H1N1" virus) may have been the cause of high lethality seen in the influenza pandemic of 1918 to 1919.
	www.cytokinestorm.com (1415 words)

	Cytokines & Sepsis Background Information available thru Research Diagnostics Inc
		The sudden increase in the concentration of these cytokines, also called a "cytokine storm", is believed to be the underlying reason for the onset of the shock.
		Support for the notion that cytokine "friendly fire" is a major factor responsible for the severity of sepsis and the likelihood of death, came from animal models showing that neutralizing antibodies to TNF-a, the first cytokine elaborated in the septic inflammatory cascade, prevented death in mice exposed to lethal injections of E. coli or endotoxin.
		During endotoxemia, the sharp increase in the concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines is accompanied by elevated serum levels of nitric oxide(NO).
	www.researchd.com /cytokines/sepsis.htm (886 words)

	H5N1 Avian Flu Virus Therapy: Conventional and Herbal Options
		But many cytokines are inflammatory and are damaging to the body if present in too high levels, or for too long.
		Some people object to the use of the term cytokine storm, as it carries weather related images that may not apply to hypercytokinemia.
		The cytokine that is most widely recognized by the public is Interferon (there are actually several interferons, but they are lumped together by most people).
	www.med-owl.com /health/H5N1-Virus-Therapy.html (3465 words)

	What is the Cytokine Storm?
		This propagates a Cytokine storm where far too many immune cells are caught in an endless loop of calling even more.
		The Cytokine storm ends up inflaming the tissue of the lungs and crowding air passages, causing breathing difficulties.
		Therefore, researchers are pursuing other methods of preventing the Cytokine storm by bioengineering a drug that could slow the snowball effect of antibodies.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-the-cytokine-storm.htm (380 words)

	Infinite Monkeys: How the Flu Kills You: The Cytokine Storm
		Medical researchers have identified the stages of the Cytokine storm and are working on treatments, other than flu vaccines, to weaken an overactive immune response.
		The Cytokine storm ends up inflaming the tissue of the lungs and crowding air passages, causing breathing difficulties....This is what makes the Cytokine storm so deadly in certain epidemic strains, such as bird flu.
		The pervesre thing about The Cytokine Storm is this: the stronger your immune system is, the stronger the cytokine reaction.
	blog.infinitemonkeysblog.com /archive/001792.html (830 words)

	City Pages - Bird Flu: "This thing just continues to march" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Cytokines are toxic not only to infectious agents in the body but to the body itself: Much of the pain and discomfort that accompany illnesses like the common flu, for example, are in effect hangover symptoms from the toxic effects of the body's own immune response.
		The term "cytokine storm" refers to the immune response that occurs when the body is confronted with an infectious agent that reproduces at great speed and in huge volume.
		This "viral storm" generates an equally huge immune response—the cytokine storm—that can take such a toll on lung tissue (the main battleground where the virus and the immune system face off) that it deprives vital organs of enough oxygen to function, and sets off cascading organ failure.
	www.citypages.com /databank/27/1320/print14219.asp (2921 words)

	CIDRAP >> Lab study supports idea of 'cytokine storm' in H5N1 flu
		The H5N1 viruses were "more potent inducers" of cytokines and chemokines—chemical messengers that trigger inflammation—than H1N1 viruses were, says the report by a team led by J.S.M. Peiris of the University of Hong Kong.
		The different cytokine responses are not explained by different viral growth rates, because all three virus subtypes replicated with similar efficiency, the article says.
		Proinflamatory cytokine responses induced by influenza A(H5N1) viruses in primary human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells.
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/news/nov1605cytokine.html (607 words)

	CurEvents.com - A Global Current Events Discussion Forum - H5N1 causes cytokine storms
		There are multiple studies showing that steroids in ARDS (one of the manifestations of cytokine storm) are associated with negative outcomes in patients whose ARDS was due to an infection (viral or bacterial).
		Cytokine storm or not if H5N1 hits with the same virulence as the 1918 strain it is something that will be remembered for centuries.
		Chemokines and cytokines are the "messengers of the immune system" and are critical in coordinating and regulating the immune response.
	www.curevents.com /vb/showthread.php?t=27743 (3441 words)

	CurEvents.com - A Global Current Events Discussion Forum - To boost, or not to boost the immune system
		The logic is that a cytokine storm is caused by your own immune system "over reacting" and thus flooding/clogging your lungs with t-cells.
		Everything I have read on cytokine storms is very simplistic, or so complicated I can only aborbs the "essence" of what they are trying to say.
		Cytokine storms appear to be age and health related.
	www.curevents.com /vb/showthread.php?t=18808&page=1 (4568 words)

	Trivia: Cytokine Storms - MedHunters
		Cytokines are proteins that alert our immune system to the presence of a foreign a body, such as a virus or bacteria.
		Currently, researchers are interested in the mechanism of these storms because of the historical role that they played in deaths during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, and fears that they will represent a similarly destructive factor in an Avian flu pandemic, if one were one to happen.
		It's now believed that the Spanish flu virus induced a cytokine storm in sufferers, which signaled their bodies to attack their lungs, which led to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
	www.medhunters.com /articles/trivia102505.html (490 words)

	Why mysterious pig deaths in Thailand are cause for alarm
		In addition, a flu that caused widespread cases of cytokine storm would leave health authorities short of the medical equipment most needed to treat it.
		In a cytokine storm, a healthy and vigorous immune system goes into an uncontrolled response to the flu virus.
		The great influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 was a global disaster of a similar scale, and Osterholm said that cytokine storm appears to be the reason it killed so many young, healthy people.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /national/231490_flustorm07.html (850 words)

	Is avian-flu death rate tied to immune response? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A cyto-kine storm triggers an overreaction by the immune system's first responders, which normally help by rushing to kill germs and infected cells until the body can mount an effective antibody response.
		In a storm, these cells and chemicals over-proliferate and run amok, killing not just virus-infected cells but healthy bystander cells as well.
		But until research yields answers, the way to weather the cytokine storm of bird flu is faster diagnosis, timely Tamiflu and intensive care.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05350/623617.stm (789 words)

	Surviving the pandemic - beyond Tamiflu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		First, reseveratrol can help prevent the "cytokine storm" that causes lung tissue to swell up and cause death in H5N1, and secondly, it has proven to be a strong inhibitor of influenza replication.
		Their immune systems were strong enough to unleash a cytokine storm.
		"Resveratrol inhibits inflammatory cytokine release from alveolar macrophages in COPD.
	discuss.agonist.org /yabbse/index.php?board=6;action=display;threadid=21836 (4633 words)

	FuturePundit: H5N1 Avian Flu Causes Dangerous Cytokine Storm
		Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota, says cytokine storm caused excessive immune response in 1918 pandemic victims and this caused organ damage and high fatality rates.
		A cytokine storm is the release of a chemical in the body that stimulates the human immune system to respond to the virus infection.
		On these hypotheses, macrophages' sensitivity to paracrine calcitriol may restrain them from producing the "cytokine storm." Thus, proper immune response to an influenzal infection may require vitamin-D3 sufficiency so that there will be enough circulating calcidiol to allow its uptake and conversion to calcitriol by macrophages at the infection site.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/003115.html#003115 (3408 words)

	Flu virus - cure for infection found? - BUPA UK health news
		This is called a "cytokine storm" and it is thought that this causes damage to the lungs.
		Ways to stop the cytokine storm have focused on blocking all T cells, but this stops the patient's immune system from clearing the virus and leaves the body open to other infections.
		The goal is to prevent the storm forming without stopping the T cells attacking the flu virus.
	www.bupa.co.uk /health_information/html/health_news/281003flu.html (1823 words)

	Mike the Mad Biologist: Influenza and Quacks
		The author argues that many influenza deaths in young, healthy people occur due to a "cytokine storm" where the immune system overreacts and causes massive inflamation and tissue damage, ultimately leading to death.
		In fact, this is a plausible explanation for some deaths because a cytokine storm would be consistent with a virus that preferentially kills healthy, young people (it's hard for a cytokine storm to kill those with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly).
		I was intrigued because the post had the word cytokine in the title.
	mikethemadbiologist.blogspot.com /2005/11/influenza-and-quacks.html (1017 words)

	Instapundit.com -
		Experiments with human cells have found the H5N1 virus can trigger levelsof inflammatory proteins called cytokines and chemokines that are more than 10 times higher than those that occur during a bout of the common flu.
		This massive increase in cytokine and chemokine activity can inflame airways, making it hard to breathe.
		"This is basically a cytokine storm induced by this specific virus, which then leads to respiratory distress syndrome," Osterholm said.
	instapundit.com /archives/026810.php (199 words)

	Preparing For A Bird Flu Pandemic - A Hutton Commentaries Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It appears that cytokine storm is also playing a major role in the H5N1 deaths in Southeast Asia today.
		He said that “cytokine storm even under the best of conditions is extremely difficult.
		The reason for this is that boosting the immune system alone may actually put the patient more at risk for cytokine storm, since cytokine storm is essentially the overreaction of a strong immune system.
	www.huttoncommentaries.com /Other/Health/H5N1/bird_flu_pandemc_prep.htm (8541 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Bird flu Causes Immune "Storm", Study Finds
		The H5N1 virus caused immune system chemicals known as cytokines to rush to infected lung tissue -- evidence of a so-called cytokine storm, an immune system overreaction that can be fatal.
		The H5N1 viruses brought in a storm of cytokines -- the immune system's signalling chemicals -- including IP-10, interferon beta, RANTES and interleukin-6.
		But if patients develop respiratory distress from a cytokine storm, even that may be too late, he said.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/5-11-10/34428.html (582 words)

	EINet - Lab study supports idea of 'cytokine storm' in H5N1 flu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The researchers sought to test their hypothesis that the H5N1 virus's ability to trigger a flood of cytokines may contribute to the unusually severe disease it causes in humans.
		They used H5N1 viruses isolated from a patient who died of the infection in Hong Kong in 1997 and from 2 Vietnamese patients who were infected in 2004, plus an ordinary H1N1 virus isolated in Hong Kong in 1998.
		The different cytokine responses are not explained by different viral growth rates, because all 3 virus subtypes replicated with similar efficiency, they say.
	depts.washington.edu /einet/?a=printArticle&print=1122 (326 words)

	Why Avian Flu Is So Lethal To Humans
		Scientists from the University of Hong Kong, working with researchers in Vietnam, looked at the amounts of a group of proteins called cytokines in human lung cells infected with the H5N1 bird flu virus, which has infected at least 125 people so far in Southeast Asia, killing 64 of them.
		But if the immune system is over-stimulated, it can unleash a "cytokine storm," causing massive damage to tissues.
		The researchers compared the levels of cytokines produced by strains of the H5N1 bird flu that circulated in Hong Kong in 1997, and in Vietnam in 2004, with a human flu virus.
	www.rense.com /general68/whya.htm (564 words)

	Differential In Situ Cytokine Profiles of Langerhans-Like Cells and T Cells in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Abundant ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The cytokine profile of the 14 LCH specimens is shown in Table 2.
		Double immunohistochemical labeling was used to determine cytokine profiles of T cells and LCH cells in frozen sections of LCH biopsies.
		Cytokine IL-1 is a highly inflammatory cytokine and affects nearly every cell type, often in concert with other cytokines.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/94/12/4195 (4469 words)

	Alternative Medicine-Alternative Medical Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The avian or bird flu, H5N1, is especially lethal because it apparently causes the immune system to overreact and flood the body with inflammatory proteins, called cytokines, that cause excessive lung inflammation.
		One study found that bird flu produces cytokines that are 10 times higher than the common human flu virus H1N1.
		In addition, one study found that resveratrol was excreted in the urine and did not reach the body's cells when taken orally.
	www.altmedicine.com /Article.asp?ID=3692 (1830 words)

	Medbroadcast Health News
		Many influenza authorities are suffering sleepless nights, eyes trained on Asia where they fear a viral monster is readying itself to unleash a perfect storm of flu on the world.
		More worrisome still is the fact that H5N1 is currently behaving much like the dreaded Spanish flu, which had the astonishing capacity to swiftly kill people in the prime of life.
		It's believed that virus sparked what's called a cytokine storm - a cascading hyper-reaction of the immune system so severe that attacking the invader actually killed the host.
	www.medbroadcast.com /health_news_details_pf.asp?news_id=5281&news_channel_id=1000 (1126 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		KUWAIT CITY: Kuwait has found the deadly H5N1 virulent bird flu strain in one of the two infected birds destroyed by the authorities, Deputy Director General of Public Authority for Agricultural and Fish Department Dr Mohmmad Al-Muhanna told the Arab Times Friday.
		Scientists in Hong Kong said H5N1 apparently causes a “storm” of immune system chemicals that overwhelms the patient.
		The H5N1 virus caused proteins known as cytokines to rush to infected lung tissue — evidence of a so-called cytokine storm, an immune system overreaction that can be fatal.
	www.arabtimesonline.com /arabtimes/kuwait/view.asp?msgID=5631 (1234 words)

	The primacy of the gastrointestinal tract as a target organ of acute graft-versus-host disease: rationale for the use ...
		Thus the GI tract is critical to propagating the "cytokine storm" characteristic
		These cytokines increase the expression of MHC antigens and adhesion molecules on host tissues, enhancing the recognition of MHC and minor histocompatibility antigens by mature donor T cells.
		Damage to the GI tract in this phase, principally by inflammatory cytokines, amplifies LPS release and leads to the "cytokine storm" characteristic of severe acute GVHD.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/95/9/2754 (5533 words)

	Bird flu 'storm' seems to hit young, healthy \| Arizona Daily Star ®
		The H5N1 virus caused proteins known as cytokines to rush to infected lung tissue - evidence of a so-called cytokine storm, an immune system overreaction that can be fatal.
		The study, published in the online medical journal Respiratory Research, might suggest that if H5N1 does cause a pandemic, it could disproportionately affect the young and healthy as compared with seasonal flu, which kills many elderly people but few young adults.
		The H5N1 viruses brought in a storm of cytokines - the immune system's inflammatory chemicals - including IP-10, interferon beta, RANTES and interleukin-6.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/printDS/101940 (509 words)

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