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Topic: Cytostome

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	Cytostome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A cytostome or cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove.
		Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuoles.
		Only certain groups of protozoa, such as the ciliates and excavates, have cytostomes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cytostome (102 words)

	B332 Lab - Ciliates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		cytostome, food vacuole(s), contractile vacuole at posterior end the cell.
		Focus carefully through the specimen and note how the cytostome of the Didinium cell has opened to accommodate the prey.(11.8 x 100.3).
		Focus carefully through the specimen and note how the cytostome of the Didinium cell has closed after the prey has been 'swallowed'.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /courses/bio332/Labs/ciliatelab.htm (935 words)

	Euglenid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prey such as bacteria and smaller flagellates are ingested through a cytostome, supported by microtubules.
		This shades a collection of light sensitive crystals near the base of the leading flagellum, so the two together act as a sort of directional eye.
		The cytostome is vestigial, although nutrients may still be obtained by absorption.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Euglenid (592 words)

	CiliatesNotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These are the cytostome (cell mouth, CS in drawing below), cytoproct (cell anus, cp in drawing below) and the contractile vacuole pore(cvp in diagram below).
		In ciliates the cytostome is typically surrounded by two different types of compound flagellar organelles.
		Polykineties are rectangular arrays of basal bodies with flagella that lie on the left side of the cytostome.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /courses/bio332/Ciliates/ciliatesnotes.htm (1019 words)

	Who are the protozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The cytostome is often associated with various organelles in the surrounding cytoplasm, in particular bundles of microtubles, which play a role in the transport of the captured particles.
		The complexity of the cytostome and its associated ciliary structures depends on the taxonomic status and the feeding biology of the ciliate.
		The well‑developed cytostome lies near the base of the tentacle at the bottom of a highly distensible cone‑shaped depression surrounded by trichocysts, mucocysts and a system of contractile striated fibres.
	www.jyu.fi /bio/hyb/temp/Protozoa.htm (11636 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These flagellates are characterised by conspicuous cytostomes and live as comensals in the digestive tract of man, other vertebrate, and various invertebrates.
		Kinetosomes, the vesicular nucleus, and cytostome are located in the anterior part of the cell.
		The shape and dimensions of the cytostome as well as the type and arrangement of fibrils associated with it differ in parasites of various genera and species.
	www.natur.cuni.cz /flegr/etoeko/molbiol/Retortamonadida.htm (408 words)

	Chilomastix mesnili (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The single nucleus is evident, as is the characteristic "tear-drop" shape.
		Another characteristic of this species is the cytostome ("cell mouth"), but this can not be seen in this plane of focus; approximate size = 20 µm.
		The dark line next to the nucleus is one edge of the cytostome; approximate size = 12 µm.
	ryoko.biosci.ohio-state.edu /~parasite/chilomastix.html (161 words)

	THE ENDOCYTIC PATHWAY (The Reservosome of Trypanosoma cruzi Epimastigotes: an Organelle of the Endocytic Pathway with a ...
		Figueiredo and Soares (1996) showed that incubation of the parasites at 12°C (a condition that hinders the fusion of endocytic vesicles with early endosomes in mammalian cells) blocked the pinching of endocytic vesicles at the cytostome, inhibiting the uptake of nutrients by the cells.
		Labeling could be found in the cytostome, but not inside the flagellar pocket or intracytoplasmic vesicles.
		From these experiments, it was concluded that early endosomes are lacking; cargo vesicles coming from the cell surface (cytostome and flagellar pocket membranes) should shuttle their content directly to the reservosomes.
	memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br /94sup1/03end.html (719 words)

	Trafficking of plasmepsin II to the food vacuole of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum -- Klemba et al. 164 ...
		of the cytostomal vacuole or hemoglobin transport vesicles are
		ER to cytostomal vacuoles, and in cytostomal vacuoles to the
		The vesicles migrate to the cytostome (possibly via a Golgi-like compartment) and fuse with the outer membrane of the cytostomal vacuole, which is topologically contiguous with the parasite plasma membrane.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/164/1/47 (6729 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Pond Life Digital Movie Gallery - Vorticella (Protozoa)
		The cilia lining the "cup" of this cup-and-stalk shaped ciliate beat water currents bearing food into the cytostome for ingestion.
		The digestion ultimately takes place within the food vacuoles, or vesicles, that form at the end of the cytostome from detached cell membrane.
		When habitat conditions degrade, individuals are able to morph into motile forms, and the cilia, beating in unison, propel the unicellular animals through the water.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/vorticella (338 words)

	Protozoa C
		Among oligotrichs, water is propelled away from the central mouth; particles retained on the inside of the membranelle zone accumulate at the cytostome.
		The flagellum drives a water current against the cytostome and particles are phagocytized.
		The cytostome is strengthened by microtubular rods as in Peranema.
	www.nova.edu /ocean/messing/protozoaC.html (1114 words)

	Protist Images: Uronema marinum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Genus: Cytostome at or ahead of equator (Illustrated Guide, 1985; cytostome behind equator -->> Uropedalium, Urocyclon, Homalogastra).
		Anterior region not ciliated; cytostome on the ventral side close to left border in the anterior half; contractile vacuole terminal (Kudo, 1966).
		Ovoid, pyriform or elongate; cytostome small just above the equator; caudal cilium; somatic ciliation bipolar; a macronucleus anterior; a contractile vacuole posterior (Carey, 1992).
	protist.i.hosei.ac.jp /PDB/Images/ciliophora/uronema/sp_1.html (183 words)

	Kinetoplastid Molecular Cell Biology Meeting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Scanning electron microscopy revealed tcj1-/- epimastigotes to have an invagination in the surface membrane in the exact location near the flagellar pocket in all cells, which is not visible upon complementation by a tcj1-expressing episome.
		Uptake of several small molecules is reduced by approximately 50 percent in the tcj1-/- mutant compared to wildtype or complemented lines, further linking the invagination with the process of nutrient uptake.
		Inhibition of tbj1 by RNA interference is underway to determine the role of this protein in the biology of T.
	www.mbl.edu /kmcb/abstracts/abstract.php?id=143 (264 words)

	Epidinium spp from the rumen of a sheep (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is a mutualistic ciliate which has its cilia confined to its cytostome.
		The cytostome can be seen opening to the upper left.
		There are no external cilia but the cilia are found in the cytostome.
	workforce.cup.edu /buckelew/epidinium_spp1.htm (73 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU Movie Gallery: Bursaria (Protozoan) Video No. 1
		Bursaria organisms are large enough to be barely visible, and are characterized by a distinctive "big mouth" or cytostome, which they use to scoop up protozoan prey.
		Once it has entered the cavity, the prey organism is surrounded and enclosed by a digestive vacuole.
		In some ciliates, the cilia around the cytostome have become modified into sheets called membranelles, which create a feeding current and act as a sieve to trap food particles.
	www.microscopyu.com /moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/bursaria/t1/bursaria01.html (199 words)

	PID - Cafeteria Ultrastructure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ejectile organelles (extrusomes) with a characteristic pattern dot the surface of the cell, especially in the vicinity of the cytostome.
		The cytoskeleton is based on an asymmetrical system of two flagellar bases, three microtubular roots, and a forked rhizoplast.
		The broader (12 microtubules) of these two roots is subdivided distally into three subunits that, together, define the feeding basket or cytostome.
	megasun.bch.umontreal.ca /protists/cafe/ultrastructure.html (214 words)

	Biology of Protists - DVD ÒExtrasÓ Guide.
		The cytostome is located in the in-curved region and appears to have an extension that may “unzip” to engulf large items.
		A feeding groove, with associated cilia, extends part way down the elongated cell with a cytostome at its end.
		Once brought to the cytostome located at the base of the neck, the prey is engulfed with the aid of trichites.
	ebiomedia.com /prod/protistdvdExtras.html (2688 words)

	MPM 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Hemoglobin is endocytosed through a double membrane invagination of the parasite membrane and the parasitophorous membrane through the cytostome, which traffic to and fuse with the DV.
		We are also planning to investigate how DV proteins traffic to the parasite membrane and cytostome using Jasplakinolide and other actin inhibitors.
		The targeting of known DV proteins is being investigated using serial truncations to screen for common conserved targeting motifs.
	www.mbl.edu /mpm/mpm-2005/abstracts/abstract.php?id=164 (285 words)

	The Ciliated Protozoans - How They Feed
		Ciliates have only one opening on their single-cell bodies where food can enter.
		It is called a cytostome, meaning "cellular mouth".
		Food are usually directed into the cytostome by cilia lining an elongated furrow in the cell surface called the oral groove.
	ebiomedia.com /gall/ciliates/ciliate3.html (272 words)

	Seventeen a-Subunit Isoforms of Paramecium V-ATPase Provide High Specialization in Localization and Function -- Wassmer ...
		Depending on the situation, "trains" of these vesicles (g, inset, arrows) from phagosomes back to the cytostome can be observed (g), whereas in other cells mainly the cytostome is strongly and the membrane of the youngest phagosomes is weakly stained (h; asterisk).
		In contrast, in control cells the vesicles rapidly fuse with phagosomes that have been released from the cytostome (a).
		a1-1 is localized in the cell cortex as visible in surface (a) or median sections (b) in a punctate pattern (arrowheads) with enrichment at the cytostome (arrow), paralleling the observations made by the transformation of paramecia with a1-GFP (compare Figure 2, a and b).
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/17/2/917 (7791 words)

	MICROSCOPY UK / MICSCAPE - Protozoa. Didinium the master feeder.
		It is not a collision-stimulated response as it bumps into many other protozoans without releasing them.
		When it captures a paramecium a food vacuole begins to form inside Didinium and the cytostome expands to ingest it.
		It then somehow (using the anterior band of pectinellae?) moves the Paramecium to one end and then manoeuvres this end into its cytostome.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/art97/dingley3.html (466 words)

	IngentaConnect Regulation of corticotype in Trithigmostoma steini (Kinetofragmin... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		However, the disappearance of a different number of marginal kineties from the left side ensures that cells in pairs have one kinety fewer on average.
		During the post-conjugational reorganisation, the increase in the number of kineties is accompanied by marked growth of the exconjugants.
		However, the mechanism underpinning this growth is different from that observed during cell division, entailing the splitting of kineties (most often beneath the cytostome in the central part of the cell) and the growth of their fragments between the already-existing kineties.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/urban/301/2001/00000037/00000001/art00800 (302 words)

	PROTISTAN ECOLOGY
		Prey cells are captured on the outside of the collar and are drawn into the cell by pseudopodia arising from the base of the collar.
		- In paramecium-type (oligohymenophoran) ciliates, water currents are driven through cilia on the right side of the mouth, seiving particles which collect at the cytostome and are ingested.
		64) use their flagella to propel prey particles to the cytostome, where particles are ingested.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/mb460x/fieldk/ecology.html (1750 words)

	trans Expression of a Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-rich Protein II (HRPII) Reveals Sorting of Soluble Proteins in ...
		that it is ingested from the red cell by the cytostome along with
		newly developing cytostome, which ingests hemoglobin (11, 14).
		Hemoglobin (light gray) is delivered to the fv by the formation of a double-walled cytostome.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/32/28923 (6948 words)

	PID - Caecitellus Ultrastructure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The compound root R3 arises on the right side of the basal body, initially with ca.
		The outer and middle subunits define the outer margin of the cytostome, while the inner subunit defines the margin of the posterior flagellar groove.
		The R3 root is connected to the two basal bodies by a striated fiber.
	megasun.bch.umontreal.ca /protists/caec/ultrastructure.html (296 words)

	Dileptus' Dessert
		Its cytostome is near the midpoint of its body, and this membrane directs bacteria and other appropriately sized particles into it.
		If the neck encounters prey, it sweeps it toward and into the cytostome that opens where the neck and the body join.
		A sort of lip materializes in front of the Cyclidium, and the little swimmer is smoothly and swiftly sucked inside.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artapr01/dileptus2.html (1172 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Membrane vesicles are pinched off DV-I and recycled to to cytostome region
		DV-I becomes smaller (DV-II) and fuses with secondary lysosomes to become larger DV-III
		Vesicles move along microtubule tracks of oral ribs, to cytostome region
	www.uri.edu /cels/bmmg/m414lec05.html (228 words)

	Glossary - Droplet - Microscopy of the Protozoa
		Cell mouth (the oral cavity), the region where food is taken in and food vacuoles are formed.
		Nonciliated tubular channel leading from the cytostome into the cytoplasm (syn.
		Region about the cytostome, usually ciliated to aid in feeding.
	www.pirx.com /droplet/glossary.html (446 words)

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